Aminosalicylates

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 25, Issue 4-5, 2011, Pages 535-546

  Campregher, Christoph ^a   Gasche, Christoph ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Aminosalicylates; Colorectal cancer; Inflammatory bowel disease; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

3 AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BALSALAZIDE; MESALAZINE; OLSALAZINE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SULFAPYRIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; CROHN DISEASE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDS; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; CHEMOPREVENTION; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; CROHN DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; HUMANS; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 82455219027     PISSN: 15216918     EISSN: 15321916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.10.013     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. M. Campieri, G.A. Lanfranchi, G. Bazzocchi, C. Brignola, F. Sarti, and G. Franzin Treatment of ulcerative colitis with high-dose 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas Lancet 2 1981 270 271 (Pubitemid 11042737)
2. M. Svartz The treatment of 124 cases of ulcerative colitis with salazopyrine and attempts of desensibilization in cases of hypersensitiveness to sulfa Acta Med Scand 131 1948 465 472
3. W.C. Lim, and S. Hanauer Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 CD008870
4. N. Svartz The treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis with acid azo compounds Rheumatism 4 1948 180 185
5. T.A. Ullman, and S.H. Itzkowitz Intestinal inflammation and cancer Gastroenterology 140 2011 1807 1816
6. C.N. Bernstein, J.F. Blanchard, E. Kliewer, and A. Wajda Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study Cancer 91 2001 854 862 (Pubitemid 32173312)
7. S.H. Itzkowitz, and X. Yio Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: the role of inflammation Am.J.Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287 2004 G7 17
8. J. Terzic, S. Grivennikov, E. Karin, and M. Karin Inflammation and colon cancer Gastroenterology 138 2010 2101 2114
9. B. Vogelstein, E.R. Fearon, S.R. Hamilton, S.E. Kern, A.C. Preisinger, and M. Leppert Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development N Engl J Med 319 1988 525 532
10. E.P. Chan, and G.R. Lichtenstein Chemoprevention: risk reduction with medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterol.Clin North Am 35 2006 675 712 (Pubitemid 44314185)
11. D.T. Rubin, M.R. Cruz-Correa, C. Gasche, J.R. Jass, G.R. Lichtenstein, and E.A. Montgomery Colorectal cancer prevention in inflammatory bowel disease and the role of 5-aminosalicylic acid: a clinical review and update Inflamm Bowel Dis 14 2008 265 274 (Pubitemid 351288050)
12. S.M. Powell, N. Zilz, Y. Beazer-Barclay, T.M. Bryan, S.R. Hamilton, and S.N. Thibodeau APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis Nature 359 1992 235 237
13. L. Tarmin, J. Yin, N. Harpaz, M. Kozam, J. Noordzij, and L.B. Antonio Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutations in ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasias and cancers versus sporadic colon neoplasms Cancer Res 55 1995 2035 2038
14. M. Rutter, B. Saunders, K. Wilkinson, S. Rumbles, G. Schofield, and M. Kamm Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis Gastroenterology 126 2004 451 459 (Pubitemid 38182302)
15. D. Kornfeld, A. Ekbom, and T. Ihre Is there an excess risk for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis? A population based study Gut 41 1997 522 525
16. R. Gotti, R. Pomponio, C. Bertucci, and V. Cavrini Determination of 5-aminosalicylic acid related impurities by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with an ion-pair reagent J Chromatogr A 916 2001 175 183 (Pubitemid 32373246)
17. C. Campregher, M.G. Luciani, P. Biesenbach, R. Evstatiev, A. Lyakhovich, and C. Gasche The position of the amino group on the benzene ring is critical for mesalamine's improvement of replication fidelity Inflamm Bowel Dis 16 2010 576 582
18. R. Yppolito, N. Pappano, N. Debattista, S. Miskoski, S.G. Bertolotti, and N.A. García On the antioxidant properties of therapeutic drugs: quenching of singlet molecular oxygen by aminosalicylic acids Redox Rep 7 2002 229 233
19. E. Noble, L. Janssen, and P.J. Dierickx Comparative cytotoxicity of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) and related compounds in different cell lines Cell Biol Toxicol 13 1997 445 451 (Pubitemid 27427540)
20. J. Lehmann Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis Lancet 1 1946 15
21. M. Campieri, G.A. Lanfranchi, F. Bertoni, C. Brignola, G. Bazzocchi, and M.R. Minguzzi A double-blind clinical trial to compare the effects of 4-aminosalicylic acid to 5-aminosalicylic acid in topical treatment of ulcerative colitis Digestion 29 1984 204 208 (Pubitemid 14087394)
22. F. Daniel, P. Seksik, W. Cacheux, R. Jian, and P. Marteau Tolerance of 4-aminosalicylic acid enemas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and 5-aminosalicylic-induced acute pancreatitis Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 2004 258 260 (Pubitemid 38618256)
23. J.M. Rhodes, T.C. Bartholomew, and D.P. Jewell Inhibition of leucocyte motility by drugs used in ulcerative colitis Gut 22 1981 642 647 (Pubitemid 11018267)
24. R. Justoni, M. Terruzzi, and F. Piozzi Studies on substances with presumable antituberculous chemotherapeutic action. III. 6-aminosalicylic acid Farmaco 6 1951 849 858
25. A.I. Qureshi, and R.D. Cohen Mesalamine delivery systems: do they really make much difference? Adv Drug Deliv.Rev 57 2005 281 302 (Pubitemid 39536103)
26. P.L. Lakatos, and L. Lakatos Once daily 5-aminosalicylic acid for the treatment of ulcerative colitis; are we there yet? Pharmacol Res 58 2008 190 195
27. I. Ahnfelt-Ronne, O.H. Nielsen, A. Christensen, E. Langholz, V. Binder, and P. Riis Clinical evidence supporting the radical scavenger mechanism of 5-aminosalicylic acid Gastroenterology 98 1990 1162 1169 (Pubitemid 20143098)
28. H. Allgayer, P. Hofer, M. Schmidt, P. Böhne, W. Kruis, and R. Gugler Superoxide, hydroxyl and fatty acid radical scavenging by aminosalicylates. Direct evaluation with electron spin resonance spectroscopy Biochem Pharmacol 43 1992 259 262
29. J. Galvez, M. Garrido, M. Merlos, M.I. Torres, and A. Zarzuelo Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of UR-12746, a novel 5-ASA conjugate, on acute and chronic experimental colitis in the rat Br J Pharmacol 130 2000 1949 1959 (Pubitemid 30655808)
30. R. Reifen, A. Nissenkorn, Z. Matas, and Y. Bujanover 5-ASA and lycopene decrease the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by iron in rats with colitis J Gastroenterol 39 2004 514 519 (Pubitemid 38996892)
31. B.J. Whittle, and C. Varga New light on the anti-colitic actions of therapeutic aminosalicylates: the role of heme oxygenase Pharmacol Rep 62 2010 548 556
32. C.N. Andrews, T.A. Griffiths, J. Kaufman, N. Vergnolle, M.G. Surette, and K.P. Rioux Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) alters faecal bacterial profiles, but not mucosal proteolytic activity in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011
33. A. Swidsinski, V. Loening-Baucke, S. Bengmark, H. Lochs, and Y. Dörffel Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients with IBD colitis Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 2007 51 56 (Pubitemid 46080009)
34. C. Chidley, H. Haruki, M.G. Pedersen, E. Muller, and K. Johnsson A yeast-based screen reveals that sulfasalazine inhibits tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis Nat Chem Biol 7 2011 375 383
35. M. Madesh, and K.A. Balasubramanian Inhibition by aminosalicylates of phosphatidic acid formation induced by superoxide, calcium or spermine in enterocyte mitochondria Biochem Pharmacol 55 1998 1489 1495 (Pubitemid 28298531)
36. K. Horvath, C. Varga, A. Berko, A. Pósa, F. László, and B.J. Whittle The involvement of heme oxygenase-1 activity in the therapeutic actions of 5-aminosalicylic acid in rat colitis Eur J Pharmacol 581 2008 315 323
37. P.J. Koelink, L.J. Hawinkels, E. Wiercinska, C.F. Sier, P. ten Dijke, and C.B. Lamers 5-Aminosalicylic acid inhibits TGF-beta1 signalling in colorectal cancer cells Cancer Lett 287 2010 82 90
38. G.C. Kaiser, F. Yan, and D.B. Polk Mesalamine blocks tumor necrosis factor growth inhibition and nuclear factor kappaB activation in mouse colonocytes Gastroenterology 116 1999 602 609 (Pubitemid 29106768)
39. F.R. Greten, and M. Karin The IKK/NF-kappaB activation pathway-a target for prevention and treatment of cancer Cancer Lett 206 2004 193 199 (Pubitemid 38317289)
40. Y.H. Kim, M.H. Kim, B.J. Kim, J.J. Kim, D.K. Chang, and H.J. Son Inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion in a human colon cancer cell line by 5-aminosalicylic acid Dig Liver Dis 41 2009 328 337
41. C.L. Bos, S.H. Diks, J.C. Hardwick, K.V. Walburg, M.P. Peppelenbosch, and D.J. Richel Protein phosphatase 2A is required for mesalazine-dependent inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activity Carcinogenesis 27 2006 2371 2382 (Pubitemid 44884094)
42. A. Lyakhovich, A. Michlmayr, A. Bakulina, C. Gerner, R. Oehler, and C. Gasche Interaction of mesalasine (5-ASA) with translational initiation factors eIF4 partially explains 5-ASA anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities Med Chem 7 2011 92 98
43. D. Rachmilewitz, F. Karmeli, L.W. Schwartz, and P.L. Simon Effect of aminophenols (5-ASA and 4-ASA) on colonic interleukin-1 generation Gut 33 1992 929 932
44. L.J. Egan, D.C. Mays, C.J. Huntoon, M.P. Bell, M.G. Pike, and W.J. Sandborn Inhibition of interleukin-1-stimulated NF-kappaB RelA/p65 phosphorylation by mesalamine is accompanied by decreased transcriptional activity J Biol Chem 274 1999 26448 26453
45. M.G. Luciani, C. Campregher, J.M. Fortune, T.A. Kunkel, and C. Gasche 5-ASA affects cell cycle progression in colorectal cells by reversibly activating a replication checkpoint Gastroenterology 132 2007 221 235 (Pubitemid 46108738)
46. H. Suzuki, N. Harpaz, L. Tarmin, J. Yin, H.Y. Jiang, and J.D. Bell Microsatellite instability in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal dysplasias and cancers Cancer Res 54 1994 4841 4844 (Pubitemid 24289411)
47. C. Campregher, C. Honeder, H. Chung, J.M. Carethers, and C. Gasche Mesalazine reduces mutations in transforming growth factor beta receptor II and activin type II receptor by improvement of replication fidelity in mononucleotide repeats Clin Cancer Res 16 2010 1950 1956
48. A.K. Azadkhan, S.C. Truelove, and J.K. Aronson The disposition and metabolism of sulphasalazine (salicylazosulphapyridine) in man Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol 13 1982 523 528 (Pubitemid 13143931)
49. R.M. Lewkonia, H. Schroder, and D.A. Evans Pharmacokinetics and azo-link cleavage of salazopyrine in man Gut 14 1973 426 427
50. J.B. Houston, J. Day, and J. Walker Azo reduction of sulphasalazine in healthy volunteers Br J Clin Pharmacol 14 1982 395 398 (Pubitemid 13139138)
51. M.A. Peppercorn, and P. Goldman The role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 181 1972 555 562
52. M.A. Peppercorn, and P. Goldman Distribution studies of salicylazosulfapyridine and its metabolites Gastroenterology 64 1973 240 245
53. H. Schroder, and D.A. Evans The polymorphic acetylation of sulphapyridine in man J Med Genet 9 1972 168 171
54. U. Klotz Clinical pharmacokinetics of sulphasalazine, its metabolites and other prodrugs of 5-aminosalicylic acid Clin Pharmacokinet 10 1985 285 302 (Pubitemid 15005992)
55. H. Schroder, and D.E. Campbell Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of salicylazosulfapyridine in man Clin Pharmacol Ther 13 1972 539 551
56. H. Goebell, U. Klotz, B. Nehlsen, and P. Layer Oroileal transit of slow release 5-aminosalicylic acid Gut 34 1993 669 675 (Pubitemid 23146894)
57. P.H. Layer, H. Goebell, J. Keller, A. Dignass, and U. Klotz Delivery and fate of oral mesalamine microgranules within the human small intestine Gastroenterology 108 1995 1427 1433
58. W.J. Sandborn, and S.B. Hanauer Systematic review: the pharmacokinetic profiles of oral mesalazine formulations and mesalazine pro-drugs used in the management of ulcerative colitis Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 2003 29 42 (Pubitemid 36140432)
59. H. Sandberg-Gertzen, M. Ryde, and G. Jarnerot Absorption and excretion of azodisal sodium and its metabolites in man after rectal administration of a single 2-g dose Scand J Gastroenterol 18 1983 571 575 (Pubitemid 13089552)
60. C.P. Willoughby, J.K. Aronson, H. Agback, N.O. Bodin, and S.C. Truelove Distribution and metabolism in healthy volunteers of disodium azodisalicylate, a potential therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis Gut 23 1982 1081 1087 (Pubitemid 13196637)
61. M.C. Rijk, R.A. van Hogezand, S.A. van, and J.H. van Tongeren Disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid from 5-aminosalicylic acid-delivering drugs during accelerated intestinal transit in healthy volunteers Scand J Gastroenterol 24 1989 1179 1185 (Pubitemid 20015794)
62. A. Prakash, and C.M. Spencer Balsalazide Drugs 56 1998 83 89
63. J.R. Green, A.J. Lobo, C.D. Holdsworth, R.J. Leicester, J.A. Gibson, and G.D. Kerr Balsalazide is more effective and better tolerated than mesalamine in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. The Abacus Investigator Group Gastroenterology 114 1998 15 22 (Pubitemid 28020949)
64. W.J. Sandborn, S.B. Hanauer, and A. Buch Comparative pharmacokinetics of equimolar doses of 5-aminosalicylate administered as oral mesalamine (Asacol) and balsalazide: a randomized, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19 2004 1089 1098 (Pubitemid 38703521)
65. M. Schwab, and U. Klotz Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease Clin Pharmacokinet 40 2001 723 751 (Pubitemid 33027888)
66. L. Sutherland, and J.K. Macdonald Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 CD000543
67. J.K. Marshall, M. Thabane, A.H. Steinhart, J.R. Newman, A. Anand, and E.J. Irvine Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 CD004115
68. M.A. Kamm, W.J. Sandborn, M. Gassull, S. Schreiber, L. Jackowski, and T. Butler Once-daily, high-concentration MMX mesalamine in active ulcerative colitis Gastroenterology 132 2007 66 75 (Pubitemid 46108735)
69. L.P. Yang, and P.L. McCormack MMX(R) Mesalazine: a review of its use in the management of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis Drugs 71 2011 221 235
70. W.J. Sandborn, J. Korzenik, B. Lashner, J.A. Leighton, U. Mahadevan, and J.F. Marion Once-daily dosing of delayed-release oral mesalamine (400-mg tablet) is as effective as twice-daily dosing for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis Gastroenterology 138 2010 1286 1296
71. G.R. Lichtenstein, G.L. Gordon, S. Zakko, U. Murthy, S. Sedghi, and R. Pruitt Clinical trial: once-daily mesalamine granules for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis - a 6-month placebo-controlled trial Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 2010 990 999
72. H. Ito, M. Iida, T. Matsumoto, Y. Suzuki, Y. Aida, and T. Yoshida Direct comparison of two different mesalamine formulations for the maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized study Inflamm Bowel Dis 16 2010 1575 1582
73. H. Allgayer, U. Klotz, P. Bohne, M. Schmidt, and W. Kruis Recent therapeutic modalities in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid? Z Gastroenterol 32 1994 647 650 (Pubitemid 24372752)
74. A.C. Ford, S.V. Kane, K.J. Khan, J.P. Achkar, N.J. Talley, and J.K. Marshall Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in Crohn's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Gastroenterol 106 2011 617 629
75. A.K. Akobeng, and E. Gardener Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn's Disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 CD003715
76. M. Gordon, K. Naidoo, A.G. Thomas, and A.K. Akobeng Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn's disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 CD008414
77. S.R. Ritland, J.A. Leighton, R.E. Hirsch, J.D. Morrow, A.L. Weaver, and S.J. Gendler Evaluation of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) for cancer chemoprevention: lack of efficacy against nascent adenomatous polyps in the Apc(Min) mouse Clin Cancer Res 5 1999 855 863 (Pubitemid 29180838)
78. P.J. Bus, I.D. Nagtegaal, H.W. Verspaget, C.B. Lamers, H. Geldof, and J.H. Van Krieken Mesalazine-induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer: on the verge of a new chemopreventive era? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13 1999 1397 1402 (Pubitemid 29516250)
79. J.A. Eaden, K.R. Abrams, and J.F. Mayberry The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis Gut 48 2001 526 535 (Pubitemid 32234798)
80. D. Pinczowski, A. Ekbom, J. Baron, J. Yuen, and H.O. Adami Risk factors for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case-control study Gastroenterology 107 1994 117 120 (Pubitemid 24195353)
81. J. Eaden, K. Abrams, A. Ekbom, E. Jackson, and J. Mayberry Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 2000 145 153 (Pubitemid 30088290)
82. D.T. Rubin, A. LoSavio, N. Yadron, D. Huo, and S.B. Hanauer Aminosalicylate therapy in the prevention of dysplasia and colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 2006 1346 1350 (Pubitemid 44716744)
83. T.P. van Staa, T. Card, R.F. Logan, and H.G. Leufkens 5-Aminosalicylate use and colorectal cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease: a large epidemiological study Gut 54 2005 1573 1578 (Pubitemid 41531774)
84. J. Tang, O. Sharif, C. Pai, and A.L. Silverman Mesalamine protects against colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease Dig Dis Sci 55 2010 1696 1703
85. C.N. Bernstein, J. Eaden, A.H. Steinhart, P. Munkholm, and P.H. Gordon Cancer prevention in inflammatory bowel disease and the chemoprophylactic potential of 5-aminosalicylic acid Inflamm Bowel Dis 8 2002 356 361
86. G.A. Moody, V. Jayanthi, C.S. Probert, H. Mac Kay, and J.F. Mayberry Long-term therapy with sulphasalazine protects against colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study of colorectal cancer risk and compliance with treatment in Leicestershire Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8 1996 1179 1183 (Pubitemid 26413548)
87. B.U. Lindberg, U. Broome, and B. Persson Proximal colorectal dysplasia or cancer in ulcerative colitis. The impact of primary sclerosing cholangitis and sulfasalazine: results from a 20-year surveillance study Dis Colon Rectum 44 2001 77 85 (Pubitemid 32105878)
88. B.A. Lashner, S.V. Kane, and S.B. Hanauer Colon cancer surveillance in chronic ulcerative colitis: historical cohort study Am J Gastroenterol 85 1990 1083 1087 (Pubitemid 20348390)
89. J. Eaden Review article: the data supporting a role for aminosalicylates in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 Suppl. 2 2003 15 21 (Pubitemid 37174712)
90. C.N. Bernstein, Z. Nugent, and J.F. Blanchard 5-Aminosalicylate is not chemoprophylactic for colorectal cancer in IBD: a population based study Am J Gastroenterol 106 2011 731 736
91. U. Broome, R. Lofberg, B. Veress, and L.S. Eriksson Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential Hepatology 22 1995 1404 1408
92. G. Fornaciari, S. Maccari, P.P. Borgatti, R. Rustichelli, N. Amelio, and I. Lattuada Nephrotic syndrome from 5-ASA for ulcerative colitis? Complicated by carcinoma of the colon and sclerosing cholangitis J Clin Gastroenterol 24 1997 37 39 (Pubitemid 27051946)
93. D. Kevans, J. Greene, L. Galvin, R. Morgan, and F.E. Murray Mesalazine-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) in a patient with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011
94. S. Matula, V. Croog, S. Itzkowitz, N. Harpaz, C. Bodian, and S. Hossain Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: the effect of 6-mercaptopurine Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 2005 1015 1021 (Pubitemid 41415750)
95. J.M. Andrews, S.P. Travis, and P.R. Gibson Systematic review: does concurrent therapy with 5-ASA and immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease improve outcomes? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 29 2009 459 469
96. H.J. Freeman Tabulation of myeloid, lymphoid and intestinal malignancies in Crohn's disease Can J Gastroenterol 16 2002 779 784 (Pubitemid 36054521)
97. C.D. Gillen, R.S. Walmsley, P. Prior, and C. Gasche Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a comparison of the colorectal cancer risk in extensive colitis Gut 35 1994 1590 1592 (Pubitemid 24339258)
98. H.T. Lynch, M.W. Shaw, C.W. Magnuson, A.L. Larsen, and A.J. Krush Hereditary factors in cancer. Study of two large midwestern kindreds Arch Intern Med 117 1966 206 212
99. T.A. Brentnall, D.A. Crispin, M.P. Bronner, S.P. Cherian, M. Hueffed, and P.S. Rabinovitch Microsatellite instability in nonneoplastic mucosa from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis Cancer Res 56 1996 1237 1240 (Pubitemid 26080961)
100. C. Gasche, A. Goel, L. Natarajan, and C.R. Boland Mesalazine improves replication fidelity in cultured colorectal cells Cancer Res 65 2005 3993 3997 (Pubitemid 40775634)
101. A. Reinacher-Schick, F. Seidensticker, S. Petrasch, M. Reiser, S. Philippou, and D. Theegarten Mesalazine changes apoptosis and proliferation in normal mucosa of patients with sporadic polyps of the large bowel Endoscopy 32 2000 245 254 (Pubitemid 30103489)