Parasocial interaction as more than friendship

Journal of Media Psychology

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 122-132

  Dibble, Jayson L ^a   Raen, Sarah F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN FLINT   (United States)

Author keywords

media response; parasocial interaction; parasocial relationships; television

Indexed keywords

EID: 82455175572     PISSN: 18641105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000044     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1983). Interpersonal attraction (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Random House.
2. Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 245-264. (Pubitemid 33323057)
3. Cohen, J. (2003). Parasocial breakups: Measuring individual differences in responses to the dissolution of parasocial relationships. Mass Communication and Society, 6, 191-202. (Pubitemid 36646552)
4. Conway, J. C., & Rubin, A. M. (1991). Psychological predictors of television viewing motivation. Communication Research, 18, 443-463.
5. Davis, Y. A. (2008). The parasocial contact hypothesis: Implications for changing racial attitudes. Columbus, OH, USA: The Ohio State University, Unpublished master's thesis.
6. Duck, S., & Barnes, M. K. (1992). Disagreeing about agreement: Reconciling differences about similarity. Communication Monographs, 59, 199-208.
7. Eyal, K., & Cohen, J. (2006). When good Friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50, 502-523.
8. Eyal, K., & Rubin, A. M. (2003). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 77-98.
9. Giles, D. C. (2002). Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research. Media Psychology, 4, 279-305. (Pubitemid 36630292)
10. Hartmann, T. (2008). Parasocial interactions and paracommunication with new media characters. In E. A.Konijn, S.Utz, M.Tanis, & S. B.Barnes (Eds.), Mediated interpersonal communication (pp. 177-199). New York, NY: Routledge.
11. Hartmann, T., & Goldhoorn, C. (2010, June). Horton and Wohl revisited: Exploring viewers? Experience of parasocial interactions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Singapore.
12. Hoffner, C. (1996). Children's wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 389-402. (Pubitemid 126839551)
13. Horton, D., & Strauss, A. (1957). Interaction in audience- participation shows. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 579-587.
14. Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19, 215-229.
15. Levin, G. (2009). Nielsens: The Bachelor is dearly beloved. Retrieved February 1, 2010 fromhttp://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2009-03-10- nielsen-analysis-N.htm?loc=interstitialskip
16. Klimmt, C., Hartmann, T., & Schramm, H. (2006). Parasocial interactions and relationships. In J.Bryant & P.Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 291-313). Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
17. Nabi, R. L., Stitt, C. R., Halford, J., & Finnerty, K. L. (2006). Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8, 421-447.
18. Noble, G. (1975). Children in front of the small screen. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19. Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers television, and new media like real people and places. Stanford, CA: Cambridge University Press.
20. Rosaen, S. F., & Dibble, J. L. (2008). Investigating the relationships among child's age, parasocial interactions, and the social realism of favorite television characters. Communication Research Reports, 25, 145-154.
21. Rosengren, K. E., & Windahl, S. (1972). Mass media consumption as a functional alternative. In D.McQuail (Ed.), Sociology of mass communications (pp. 166-194). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
22. Rosengren, K. E., Windahl, S., Hakansson, P., & Johnsson, U. (1976). Adolescents' TV relations: Three scales. Communication Research, 3, 347-366.
23. Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and soap opera involvement. Human Communication Research, 14, 246-268.
24. Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985). Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing. Human Communication Research, 12, 155-180.
25. Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72, 92-115. (Pubitemid 41672776)
26. Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2006). Can one TV show make a difference? Will & Grace and the parasocial contact hypothesis. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 15-37. (Pubitemid 44867994)
27. Schramm, H., & Hartmann, T. (2008). The PSI-process scales: A new measure to assess the intensity and breadth of parasocial processes. Communications, 33, 385-401.
28. Schramm, H., & Wirth, W. (2010). Testing a universal tool for measuring parasocial interactions cross different situations and media. Journal of Media Psychology, 22, 26-36.
29. Stevens-Young, K. (2009). The Jason Mesnick drama finally ends! The bachelor show finale and real life. Retrieved February 1, 2010 fromhttp://www.examiner.com/x-260-Seattle-Parenting-Examiner~y2009m3d3-The- Jason-Mesnick-drama-finally-ends-The-Bachelor-Show-finale-and-real-life.
30. Tian, Q., & Hoffner, C. A. (2010). Parasocial interaction with liked, neutral, and disliked characters on a popular TV series. Mass Communication and Society, 13, 250-269.
31. Vorderer, P., & Knobloch, S. (1996). Parasoziale Beziehungen zu Serenfiguren: Ergadie;nzung oder Ersatz? [Parasocial relationships to characters in TV series: Complement of substitution?]. Medienpsychologie, 8, 202-216.