Congenital Anomalies of the Esophagus

Pediatric Surgery: Sixth Edition

Volumn 1-2, Issue , 2006, Pages 1051-1081

  Harmon, Carroll M ^a,b   Coran, Arnold G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Children's Hospital   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82355182235     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-02842-4.50070-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (303)

1. Adzick NS, Fisher JH, Winter HS, et al. Esophageal adenocarcinoma 20 years after esophageal atresia repair. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:741.
2. Allal H, Montes-Tapia F, Andina G, et al. Thoracoscopic repair of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula in the newborn: A technical case report. J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:1568.
3. Allmendinger N, Hallisey MJ, Markowitz SK, et al. Balloon dilation of esophageal strictures in children. J Pediatr Surg 1966, 31:334.
4. Al-Qahtani AR, Yazbeck S, Rosen NG, et al. Lengthening technique for long gap esophageal atresia and early anastomosis. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:737.
5. Al-Salem AH, Qaisaruddin S, Abu Srair H, et al. Elective, postoperative ventilation in the management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 1997, 12:261.
6. Amae S, Nio M, Kamiyama T, et al. Clinical characteristics and management of congenital esophageal stenosis: A report on 14 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:565.
7. Applebaum H, Wosley MM Pericardial flap aortopexy for tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:30. discussion 31.
8. Ashcraft KW, Goodwin C, Amoury RA, Holder TM Early recognition and aggressive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1977, 12:317.
9. Babu R, Pierro A, Spitz L, et al. The management of oesophageal atresia in neonates with right-sided aortic arch. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:56.
10. Bagolan P, Iacobelli Bd B, De Angelis P, et al. Long gap esophageal atresia and esophageal replacement: Moving toward a separation?. J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:1084.
11. Bar-Maor JA, Shoshany G, Sweed Y Wide gap esophageal atresia: A new method to elongate the upper pouch. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:882.
12. Baumann W, Greinacher I, Emmrich P, Sprenger J [VATER oder VACTERL syndrome.]. Klin Padiatr 1976, 188:328.
13. Bax KMA, Van der Zee DC Feasibility of thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with distal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:192.
14. Beasley SW, Phelan E, Kelly JH, et al. Urinary tract abnormalities in association with oesophageal atresia: Frequency, significance, and influence on management. Pediatr Surg Int 1992, 7:94.
15. Bell DW, Christiansen TW, Smith TE, Stucker FJ Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: The anterior approach. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977, 86:616.
16. Benjamin B, Cohen D, Glasson M Tracheomalacia in association with congenital tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1976, 79:504.
17. Bergmeijer JH, Tibboel D, Hazebroek FW Nissen fundoplication in the management of gastroesophageal reflux occurring after repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:573.
18. Bianca S, Bianca M, Ettore G Oesophageal atresia and Down syndrome. Down Syndr Res Pract 2002, 8:29.
19. Bianca S, Ettore G Isolated esophageal atresia and perinatal risk factors. Dis Esophagus 2003, 16:39.
20. Biller JA, Allen JL, Schuster SR, et al. Long-term evaluation of esophageal and pulmonary function in patients with repaired esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Dig Dis Sci 1987, 32:985.
21. Bluestone CD, Kerry R, Sieber WK Congenital esophageal stenosis. Laryngoscope 1969, 79:1095.
22. Blumberg JB, Stevenson JK, Lemire RJ, Boyden EA Larynogotracheo-esophageal cleft, the embryologic implications: Review of the literature. Surgery 1965, 57:559.
23. Borgnon J, Tounian P, Auber F, et al. Esophageal replacement in children by an isoperistaltic gastric tube: A 12-year experience. Pediatr Surg Int 2004, 20:829.
24. Botham MJ, Coran AG The use of pericardium for the management of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1986, 21:164.
25. Bousamra M, Tweddell JS, Wells RG, et al. Wire sent for tracheomalacia in a five-year-old girl. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61:1239.
26. Brennemann J Am J Dis Child 1913, 5:143.
27. Broto J, Asensio M, Vernet JM, et al. [Endoscopic treatment of tracheo-esophageal fistulas: Fact or fiction?]. Cir Pediatr 2003, 16(2):69.
28. Brown AK, Roddam AW, Spitz L, et al. Oesophageal atresia, related malformations, and medical problems: A family study. Am J Med Genet 1999, 85:31.
29. Brown AK, Tam P Measurement of gap length in esophageal atresia: A simple predictor of outcome. J Am Coll Surg 1996, 182:41.
30. Burge DM Gastric tube interposition: A new technique for the management of long-gap oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1995, 10:279.
31. Celli J, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG Feingold syndrome: Clinical review and genetic mapping. Am J Med Genet 2003, 122A:294.
32. Chahine AA, Campbell AB, Hoffman MA Management of congenital distal esophageal stenosis with combined Collis gastroplasty-Nissen fundoplication. Pediatr Surg Int 1995, 10:23.
33. Chan KL, Saing H Combined flexible endoscopy and fluoroscopy in the assessment of the gap between the two esophageal pouches in esophageal atresia without fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:668.
34. Chavin K, Field G, Chandler J, et al. Save the child's esophagus: Management of major disruption after repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:48.
35. Chen CY, Tsao PN, Chou HC, et al. Esophageal atresia associated with tracheal stenosis and right lung agenesis: Report of one case. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2002, 43:348.
36. Chen H, Goei GS, Hertzler JH Family studies in congenital esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1979, 15(5C):117.
37. Chetcuti P, Myers NA, Phelan PD, Beasley SW Adults who survived repair of congenital oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. BMJ 1988, 297:344.
38. Chittmittrapap S, Spitz L, Kiely EM, Bereton RJ Oesophageal atresia and associated anomalies. Arch Dis Child 1989, 64:364.
39. Chittmittrapap S, Spitz L, Kiely EM, Bereton RJ Anastomotic stricture following repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:508.
40. Choudhury SR, Ashcraft KW, Sharp RJ, et al. Survival of patients with esophageal atresia: Influence of birth weight, cardiac anomaly, and late respiratory complications. J Pediatr Surg 1999, 34:70. discussion 74.
41. Cieri MV, Arnold GL, Torfs CP Malrotation in conjunc-tion with esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula. Teratology 1999, 60(3):114.
42. Cohen D Tracheopexy-aorto-tracheal suspension for severe tracheomalacia. Aust Paediatr J 1981, 17:117.
43. Cooper JE, Spitz L, Wilkins BM Barrett's esophagus in children: A histologic and histochemical study of 11 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:191.
44. Coran AG Pericardioesophagesoplasty. A new operation for partial esophageal replacement. Am J Surg 1973, 125:294.
45. Coran AG Ultra-long gap esophageal atresia: How long is long?. Ann Thorac Surg 1994, 57:528.
46. Corbally MT, Muftah M, Gunney EJ Nissen fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux in repaired tracheo-esophageal fistula. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1992, 2:332.
47. Cord-Udy CL, Wright VM, Drake DP Association of ambiguous genitalia with VATER anomalies and its significance in management. Pediatr Surg Int 1996, 11:50.
48. Corsello G, Maresi E, Corrao AM, et al. VATER/VACTERL association: Clinical variability and expanding phenotype including laryngeal stenosis. Am J Med Genet 1992, 44:813.
49. Cozzi F, Morini F, Casati A, et al. Glossopexy as an alternative to aortopexy in infants with repaired esophageal atresia and upper airway obstruction. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:202.
50. Cozzi F, Myers NA, Piacenti S, et al. Maturational dysautonomia and facial anomalies associated with esophageal atresia: Support for neural crest involvement. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:798.
51. Crisera CA, Connelly PR, Marmureanu AR, et al. TTF-1 and HNF-3beta in the developing tracheoesophageal fistula: Further evidence for the respiratory origin of the distal esophagus. J Pediatr Surg 1999, 34:1322.
52. Cusick EL, Batchelor AA, Spicer RD Development of a technique for jejunal interposition in long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:990.
53. Davenport M, Bianchi A Early experience with oesophageal flap oesophagoplasty for repair of oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1990, 5:332.
54. Davenport M, Mughal M, McCloy RF, Doig CM Hypogastrinemia and esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:568.
55. De Carvalho JL, Maynard J, Hadley GP An improved technique for in situ esophageal myotomy and proximal pouch mobilization in patients with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:872.
56. Delius RE, Wheatley MJ, Coran AG Etiology and management of respiratory complications after repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1992, 112:527.
57. Depaepe A, Dolk H, Lechat MF The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. Arch Dis Child 1993, 68:743.
58. Deurloo JA, Ekkelkamp S, Bartelsman JF, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux: Prevalence in adults older than 28 years after correction of esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 2003, 238:686.
59. Deurloo JA, Ekkelkamp S, Schoorl M, et al. Esophageal atresia: Historical evolution of management and results in 371 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2002, 73:267.
60. Diez-Pardo JA, Bao-Quan Q, Navarro C, Tovar JA A new rodent experimental model of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: Preliminary report. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:498.
61. Donahoe PK, Hendren WH The surgical management of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Surgery 1972, 71:363.
62. Driver CP, Shankar KR, Jones MO, et al. Phenotypic presentation and outcome of esophageal atresia in the era of the Spitz classification. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:1419.
63. DuBois JJ, Pokorny WJ, Harberg FJ, et al. Current management of laryngeal and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:855.
64. Duhamel B: Technique Chirurgicale Infantile. Paris, 1957.
65. Duranceau A, Fisher SR, Flye M, et al. Motor function of the esophagus after repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1977, 82:116.
66. Durston W: A Narrative of a Monstrous Birth in Plymouth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1670.
67. Ein SH, Shandling B Pure esophageal atresia: A 50-year review. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:1208.
68. Ein SH, Shandling B, Heiss K Pure esophageal atresia: Outlook in the 1990s. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:1147.
69. Ein SH, Shandling B, Stephens CA Twenty-one year experience with the pediatric gastric tube. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:77.
70. Ein SH, Shandling B, Wesson D, et al. Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula: Associated anomalies and prognosis in the 1980s. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:1055.
71. Ein SH, Stringer DA, Stephens CA, et al. Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas-seventeen-year review. J Pediatr Surg 1983, 18:436.
72. Engum SA, Grosfeld JL, West KW, et al. Analysis of morbidity and mortality in 227 cases of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula over two decades. Arch Surg 1995, 130:502. discussion 508.
73. Eraklis AJ, Rossello PJ, Ballantine TV Circular esophagomyotomy of upper pouch in primary repair of long-segment esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1976, 11:709.
74. Erdogan E, Emir H, Eroglu E, et al. Esophageal replacement using the colon: A 15-year review. Pediatr Surg Int 2000, 16:546.
75. Evans M Application of Collis gastroplasty to the management of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1232.
76. Farrant P The antenatal diagnosis of oesophageal atresia by ultrasound. Br J Radiol 1980, 53:1202.
77. Fernandez MS, Gutierrez C, Ibanez V, et al. Long-gap esophageal atresia: Reconstruction preserving all portions of the esophagus by Scharli's technique. Pediatr Surg Int 1998, 14:17.
78. Filler RM, Messineo A, Vinograd I Severe tracheomalacia associated with esophageal atresia: Results of surgical treatment. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:1136. discussion 1140.
79. Filler RM, Rossello PJ, Lebowitz RL Life-threatening anoxic spells caused by tracheal compression after repair of esophageal atresia: Correction by surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1976, 11:739.
80. Filston HC, Chitwood WR, Schkolne B, et al. The Fogarty balloon catheter as an aid to management of the infant with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula complicated by severe RDS or pneumonia. J Pediatr Surg 1982, 17:149.
81. Finlay HVL Familial congenital stridor. Arch Dis Child 1949, 24:219.
82. Foker JE, Linden BC, Boyle EM, et al. Development of a true primary repair for the full spectrum of esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 1997, 226:533. discussion 541.
83. Fonkalsrud EW Gastroesophageal fundoplication for reflux following repair of esophageal atresia. Experience with nine patients. Arch Surg 1979, 114:48.
84. Freeman NV, Cass DT Colon interposition: A modification of the Waterston technique using the normal esophageal route. J Pediatr Surg 1982, 17:17.
85. Frey EK, Dusche L The cardiospasms. Ergeb Chirur Orthop 1936, 29:637.
86. Gage M, Oschner A The surgical treatment of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula in the new-born. Ann Surg 1936, 103:725.
87. Garcia NM, Thompson JW, Shaul DB Definitive localization of isolated tracheoesophageal fistula using bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy for guide wire placement. J Pediatr Surg 1998, 33:1645.
88. Gdanietz K, Krause I Plastic adhesives for closing esophagotracheal fistulae in children. Z Kinderchir 1975, 17:137.
89. German JC, Mahour GH, Woolley MM Esophageal atresia and associated anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 1976, 11:299.
90. Giacomoni MA, Tresoldi M, Zamana C, et al. Circular myotomy of the distal esophageal stump for long gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:855.
91. Gibson T The Anatomy of Humane Bodies Epitomized 1697, Awnsham & Churchill, London.
92. Gilchrist BF, Scriven R, Sanchez J, et al. The application of vascular technology to esophageal and airway strictures. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:47.
93. Goh DW, Brereton RJ Success and failure with neonatal tracheo-oesophageal anomalies. Br J Surg 1991, 78:834.
94. Gough MH Esophageal atresia-use of an anterior flap in the difficult anastomosis. J Pediatr Surg 1980, 15:310.
95. Grabowski ST, Andrews DA Upper esophageal stenosis: Two case reports. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:1438.
96. Greenberg CR, Schnaufnagel D The G syndrome: A case report. Am J Med Genet 1979, 3:59.
97. Gross RE The Surgery of Infancy and Childhood 1953, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
98. Grosser O, Lewis FT, McMurrich JP: The development of the intestinal tract and respiratory organs. In Keibel F, Mall FP (eds): Manual of Human Embryology. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott.
99. Gutierrez C, Barrios JE, Lluna J, et al. Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula treated with fibrin glue. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:1567.
100. Haight C: Congenital esophageal atresia and trachesophageal fistula. In Mustard W (ed): Pediatric Surgery. Chicago, Year Book.
101. Haight C, Towsley H Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula: Extrapleural ligation of fistula and end-to-end anastomosis of esophageal segments. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1943, 76:672.
102. Harris J, Kallen B, Robert E Descriptive epidemiology of alimentary tract atresia. Teratology 1995, 52:15.
103. Hendren WH Esophageal atresia treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent repair. J Pediatr Surg 1975, 11:719.
104. Hendren WH, Hale JR Electromagnetic bougienage to lengthen esophageal segments in congenital esophageal atresia. N Engl J Med 1975, 293:428.
105. Hennekam RC, Huber J, Variend D Bartsocas-Papas syndrome with internal anomalies: Evidence for a more generalized epithelial defect or new syndrome?. Am J Med Genet 1994, 53:102.
106. Hill TP Bost Med Surg J 1840, 21:320.
107. Hirschl RB, Yardeni D, Oldham K, et al. Gastric transposition for esophageal replacement in children: Experience with 41 consecutive cases with special emphasis on esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 2002, 236:531. discussion 539.
108. Hirschsprung H Den medfordte tillerkning of spieseroret. Medico-Chirurg Rev 1861, 31:437.
109. His W Zur Bildungsgechischte der Lungen beim menschlischen Embryo. Arch Anat 1887, 9.
110. Hoffman MA, Superina R, Wesson DE Unilateral pulmonary agenesis with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula: Report of two cases. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:1084.
111. Hoffman W Atresia oesophogi congenital et communicato inter oesapgaiu et tracheoni (Dissertation) 1899, University of Griefswald, Germany.
112. Holder TM, Clout DT, Lewis JE, Pilling GP Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: A survey of its members by the surgical section of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 1964, 34:542.
113. Holmes T Surgical Management of Children's Diseases 1869, Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer, London.
114. Howard R, Myers N Esophageal atresia: A technique for elongating the upper pouch. Surgery 1965, 58:725.
115. Humphreys GH, Ferrer JM Management of esophageal atresia. Am J Surg 1964, 107:406.
116. Iuchtman M, Brereton R, Spitz L, et al. Morbidity and mortality in 46 patients with the VACTERL association. Isr J Med Sci 1992, 28:281.
117. Johnson AM, Rodgers BM, Alford B, et al. Esophageal atresia with double fistula: The missed anomaly. Ann Thorac Surg 1984, 38:195.
118. Johnston MR, Loebner N, Hillyer P, et al. External stent for repair of secondary tracheomalacia. Ann Thorac Surg 1980, 30:291.
119. Jolley SG, Johnson DG, Roberts CC, et al. Patterns of gastroesophageal reflux in children following repair of esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1980, 15:857.
120. Karnak I, Senocak ME, Hicsonmez A, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:1670.
121. Kawahara H, Imura K, Yagi M, Kubota A Clinical characteristics of congenital esophageal stenosis distal to associated esophageal atresia. Surgery 2001, 127:29.
122. Kawahara H, Imura K, Yagi M, et al. Collis-Nissen procedure in patients with esophageal atresia: Long-term evaluation. World J Surg 2002, 26:1222.
123. Kawahara H, Oue T, Okuyama H, et al. Esophageal motor function in congenital esophageal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:1716.
124. Kiely E, Spitz L, Brereton R Management of tracheomalacia. Pediatr Surg Int 1987, 2:13.
125. Kilic SS, Gurpinar A, Yakut T, et al. Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula in a patient with DiGeorge syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:E21.
126. Kimura K, Nishijima E, Tsugawa C, et al. A new approach for the salvage of unsuccessful esophageal atresia repair: A spiral myotomy and delayed definitive operation. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:981.
127. Kimura K, Nishijima E, Tsugawa C, et al. Multistaged extrathoracic esophageal elongation procedure for long gap esophageal atresia: Experience with 12 patients. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:1725.
128. Kimura K, Soper RT Multistaged extrathoracic esophageal elongation for long gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:566.
129. Kimura K, Soper RT, Kao SC, et al. Aortosternopexy for tracheomalacia following repair of esophageal atresia: Evaluation by cine-CT and technical refinement. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:769.
130. Kitagawa H, Nakada K, Fujioka T, et al. Unilateral pulmonary agenesis with tracheoesophageal fistula: A case report. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1523.
131. Kluth D Atlas of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1976, 11:901.
132. Kluth D, Fiegel DH The embryology of the foregut. Semin Pediatr Surg 2003, 12:3.
133. Kluth D, Steding G, Seidl W The embryology of foregut malformations. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:389.
134. Ko BA, Frederic R, DiTirro PA, et al. Simplified access for division of the low cervical/high thoracic H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:1621.
135. Konkin DE, O'Hali AW, Webber EM, Blair GK Outcomes in esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:1726.
136. Kosloske AM Azygous flap technique for reinforcement of esophageal closure. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:793.
137. Kovesi T, Rubin T Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest 2004, 126:915.
138. Koyluoglu G, Gunay I, Ceran C, Berkan O Pericardial flap aortopexy: An easy and safe technique in the treatment of tracheomalacia. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2002, 43:295.
139. Kreuter E Die angeborenen Verschliebungen und Verengungen des Darmkanals im Lichte der Entwicklungsgeschichte. Dtsch Z Chir 1905, 79:1.
140. Krug E, Bergmeijer JH, Dees J, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus in adults born with esophageal atresia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:2825.
141. Kutiyanawala M, Wyse RK, Brereton RJ, et al. CHARGE and esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:558.
142. Kyyronen P, Hemminki K Gastro-intestinal atresias in Finland in 1970-79, indicating time-place clustering. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1988, 42:257.
143. Ladd WE The surgical treatment of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistulas. N Engl J Med 1944, 230:625.
144. Lai JY, Sheu JC, Chang PY, et al. Experience with distal circular myotomy for long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:1503.
145. Langer JC, Hussain H, Khan A, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia using sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:804.
146. Lanman TH Congenital atresia of the esophagus: A study of thirty-two cases. Arch Surg 1940, 7:1060.
147. Leininger BJ Silastic banding of esophagus with subsequent repair of esophageal atresia and tracheosesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1972, 7:404.
148. Leonard H, Barrett AM, Scott JE, et al. The influence of congenital heart disease on survival of infants with oesophageal atresia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed 2001, 85:F204.
149. Lessin MS, Wesselhoeft CW, Luks FI, et al. Primary repair of long-gap esophageal atresia by mobilization of the distal esophagus. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1999, 9:369.
150. Levine JJ, Shoshany G, Davidson M, et al. Manometric variations following spiral myotomy for long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990, 10:380.
151. Lilienthal H Thoracic Surgery 1925, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
152. Lindahl H Esophageal atresia: A simple technical detail aiding the mobilization and circular myotomy of the proximal segment. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:113.
153. Lindahl H, Rintala R, Louhimo I Failure of the Nissen fundoplication to control gastroesophageal reflux in esophageal atresia patients. J Pediatr Surg 1989, 24:985.
154. Lindell-Iwan L Modification of Livaditis' myotomy for long gap oesophageal atresia. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1990, 79:101.
155. Little DC, Rescorla FJ, Grosfeld JL, et al. Long-term analysis of children with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:852.
156. Liu YX, Xue F Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheo-bronchial cartilage. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1987, 14:95.
157. Livaditis A End-to-end anastomosis in esophageal atresia. A clinical and experimental study. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Suppl 1969, 2:7-20.
158. Livaditis A Esophageal atresia. A method of over-bridging long segmental gaps. Z Kinderchir 1973, 13:298.
159. Livaditis A, Radberg L, Odensjo G Esophageal end-to-end anastomosis. Reduction of anastomotic tension by circular myotomy. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972, 6:206.
160. Lokare RV, Manvi RS Esophageal atresia with right pulmonary agenesis. Indian Pediatr 1998, 35:555.
161. Lomas FE, Dahlstrom JE, Ford JH VACTERL with hydrocephalus: Family with X-linked VACTERL-H. Am J Med Genet 1998, 76:74.
162. Longmire WP Congenital atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Arch Surg 1947, 55:330.
163. Louhimo IH, Lindahl H Esophageal atresia: Primary results of 500 consecutively treated patients. J Pediatr Surg 1983, 18:217.
164. Lyall P, Bao-Quan Q, Beasley S The effect of neck flexion on oesophageal tension in the pig and its relevance to repaired oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2001, 17:193.
165. Mackenzie M Malformation of the esophagus. Arch Laryngol 1880, 1:301.
166. MacKinlay GA, Burlles R Oesophageal atresia: Paralysis and ventilation in management of the wide gap. Pediatr Surg Int 1987, 2:10.
167. Mahour GH, Johnston PW, Gwinn JL, et al. Congenital esophageal stenosis distal to esophageal atresia. Surgery 1971, 69:936.
168. Mahour GH, Woolley MM, Gwinn JL Elongation of the upper pouch and delayed anatomic reconstruction in esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1974, 9:373.
169. Manning PB, Morgan RA, Coran AG, et al. Fifty years' experience with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Beginning with Cameron Haight's first operation in 1935. Ann Surg 1986, 204:446.
170. Matsuoka S, Takeuchi K, Yamanaka Y, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital thoracic abnormalities. Fetal Diagn Ther 2003, 18:447.
171. McKinnon LJ, Kosloske AM Prediction and prevention of anastomotic complications of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1990, 25:778.
172. Mee RBB, Beasley SW, Auldist AW, et al. Influence of congenital heart disease on management of oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1992, 7:90.
173. Merei JM, Hutson JM Embryogenesis of tracheoesophageal anomalies: A review. Pediatr Surg Int 2002, 18:319.
174. Morabito A, MacKinnon E, Alizai N, et al. The anterior mediastinal approach for management of tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:1456.
175. Moriarty KP, Jacir NN, Harris BH, et al. Transanastomotic feeding tubes in repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:53. discussion 54.
176. Morini F, Cozzi DA, Ilari M, et al. Pattern of cardiovascular anomalies associated with esophageal atresia: Support for a caudal pharyngeal arch neurocristopathy. Pediatr Res 2001, 50:565.
177. Moukheiber AK, Camboulives J, Guys JM, et al. Repair of a type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002, 111:1076.
178. Murphy SG, Yazbeck S, Russo P Isolated congenital esophageal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1238.
179. Myers NA The history of oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula-1670-1984. Prog Pediatr Surg 1986, 20:106.
180. Myers NA Oesophageal atresia: The epitome of modern surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1974, 54:277.
181. Neilson IR, Croitoru DP, Guttman FM, et al. Distal congenital esophageal stenosis associated with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1991, 26:478. discussion 481.
182. Nihoul-Fekete C, Backer A, Lortat-Jacob S, et al. Congenital esophageal stenosis. Pediatr Surg Int 1987, 2:86.
183. Nishina T, Tsuchida Y, Saito S Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants and its associated anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 1981, 16:190.
184. Nora AH, Nora JJ A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies associated with teratogenic exposure. Arch Environ Health 1975, 30:17.
185. Obatake M, Tanaka T, Muraoka M, et al. Anterior approach bilateral musculomucosal flaps repair for laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:1720.
186. Ohi R, Tseng SW: Congenital oesophageal stenosis. In Newborn Surgery. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann.
187. Okada A, Usui N, Inoue M, et al. Esophageal atresia in Osaka: A review of 39 years' experience. J Pediatr Surg 1997, 32:1570.
188. O'Rahilly R, Muller F Chevalier Jackson lecture. Respiratory and alimentary relations in staged human embryos. New embrological data and congenital anomalies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984, 93:421.
189. Orford J, Cass DT, Glasson MJ Advances in the treatment of oesophageal atresia over three decades: The 1970s and the 1990s. Pediatr Surg Int 2004, 20:402.
190. Orringer MB, Kirsh MM, Sloan H Long-term esophageal function following repair of esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 1977, 186:436.
191. Otte JB, Gianello P, Wese FX, et al. Diverticulum formation after circular myotomy for esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1984, 19:68.
192. Otten C, Migliazza L, Xia H, et al. Neural crest-derived defects in experimental esophageal atresia. Pediatr Res 2000, 47:178.
193. Pandit SK, Rattan KN, Budhiraja S Esophageal atresia with blocked distal tracheo-esophageal fistula. Indian J Pediatr 1998, 65:763.
194. Parent P, Bensaid M, Le Guern H, et al. [Clinical heterogeneity of Townes-Brock syndrome.]. Arch Pediatr 1995, 2:551.
195. Parker AF, Christie DL, Cahill JL Incidence and significance of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula and the need for anti-reflux procedures. J Pediatr Surg 1979, 14:5.
196. Patel SB, Ade-Ajayi N, Kiely EM Oesophageal atresia: A simplified approach to early management. Pediatr Surg Int 2002, 18:87.
197. Pettersson G Inhibited separation of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea from the esophagus in a newborn: Report of a case successfully operated upon. Acta Chir Scand 1955, 10:250.
198. Pietsch JB, Stokes KB, Beardmore HE Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: End-to-end version versus end-to-side repair. J Pediatr Surg 1978, 13:677.
199. Plass E Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula: Associated with fused kidney. A case report and a survey of the literature on congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1919, 18:259.
200. Pletcher BA, Friedes JS, Breg WR, et al. Familial occurrence of esophageal atresia with and without tracheoesophagel fistula: Report of two unusual kindreds. Am J Med Genet 1991, 39:380.
201. Poenaru D, Laberge JM, Neilson IR, et al. A new prognostic classification for esophageal atresia. Surgery 1993, 113:426.
202. Pompino HJ Endoscopic closure of tracheo-esophageal fistulae. Z Kinderchir 1979, 27:90.
203. Postlethwait R Clonic interposition for esophageal substitution. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983, 156:377.
204. Postlethwait RW Technique for isoperistaltic gastric tube for esophageal bypass. Ann Surg 1979, 189:673.
205. Pul N, Pul M, Gedik Y McKusick-Kaufman syndrome associated with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1994, 49:341.
206. Puri P, Ninan GK, Blake NS, et al. Delayed primary anastomosis for esophageal atresia: 18 months' to 11 years' follow-up. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:1127.
207. Quan LD, Smith W The VATER association. Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, T-E fistula with esophageal atresia, Radial and Renal dysplasia: A spectrum of associated defects. J Pediatr 1973, 82:104.
208. Ramesh JC, Ramanujam TM, Jayaram G Congenital esophageal stenosis: Report of three cases, literature review, and a proposed classification. Pediatr Surg Int 2001, 17:188.
209. Randolph JG, Newman KD, Anderson KD Current results in repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula using physiologic status as a guide to therapy. Ann Surg 1989, 209:526. discussion 530.
210. Randolph JG, Tunell WP, Lilly JR Gastric division in the critically ill infant with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1968, 63:496.
211. Rangecroft L, Bush GH, Lister J, et al. Endoscopic diathermy obliteration of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulae. J Pediatr Surg 1984, 19:41.
212. Rehbein F, Schweder N Reconstruction of the esophagus without colon transplantation in cases of atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1971, 6:746.
213. Richter CF Dissertatio Medica de Infanticido in Artis Obstericae 1792, Germany, Leipzig.
214. Richter HM Congenital atresia of the esophagus: An operation designed for its cure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1913, 17:397.
215. Rosenthal AH Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula: Report of eight cases. Arch Pathol 1931, 12:756.
216. Rossello PJ, Lebron H, Franco AA The technique of myotomy in esophageal reconstruction: An experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 1980, 15:430.
217. Rothenberg S Thoracoscopic repair of a tracheoesophageal fistula in a newborn infant. Pediatr Surg Innov Tech 2000, 4:289.
218. Rothenberg S Thoracoscopic repair of tracheoesphageal fistula in newborns. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:869.
219. Ryan DP, Meuhrcke DD, Doody DP, et al. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (type IV): Management and repair of lesions beyond the carina. J Pediatr Surg 1991, 26:962. discussion 969.
220. Said M, Mekki M, Golli M, et al. Balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures secondary to surgical repair of oesophageal atresia. Br J Radiol 2003, 76:26.
221. Salem M, Wong AY, Lin YH, et al. Prevention of gastric distention during anesthesia for newborns with tracheoesophageal fistulas. Anesthesiology 1973, 38:82.
222. Sarin YK Esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula with right pulmonary agenesis. Indian Pediatr 1996, 33:595.
223. Satoh S, Takashima T, Takeuchi H, et al. Antenatal sonographic detection of the proximal esophageal segment: Specific evidence for congenital esophageal atresia. J Clin Ultrasound 1995, 23:419.
224. Schaarschmidt K, Kolberg-Schwerdt A, Bunke K, Strauss J A technique for thoracoscopic aortopericardiosternopexy. Surg Endosc 2002, 16:1639.
225. Schärli AF Esophageal reconstruction in very long atresias by elongation of the lesser curvature. Pediatr Surg Int 1992, 7:101.
226. Schwartz MZ An improved technique for circular myotomy in long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1983, 18:833.
227. Schwartz MZ, Filler RM Tracheal compression as a cause of apnea following repair of tracheoesophageal fistula: Treatment by aortopexy. J Pediatr Surg 1980, 15:842.
228. Seoud M, Nassar A, Usta I, et al. Gastrointestinal malformations in two infants born to women with hyperthyroidism untreated in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol 2003, 20:59.
229. Shafer AD, David TE Suture fistula as a means of connecting upper and lower segments in esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1974, 9:669.
230. Shandling B The insertion of a soft Silastic nasogastric tube at an operation for an esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:280.
231. Sharma AK, Sharma KK, Sharma CS, et al. Congenital esophageal obstruction by intraluminal mucosal diaphragm. J Pediatr Surg 1991, 26:213.
232. Sharma AK, Shekhawat NS, Agrawal LD, et al. Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: A review of 25 years' experience. Pediatr Surg Int 2000, 16:478.
233. Sharma AK, Wakhlu A Simple technique for proximal pouch mobilization and circular myotomy in cases of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:1402.
234. Shaw R Surgical correction of congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Thorac Surg 1939, 9:213.
235. Shehab ZP, Bailey CM Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal clefts-recent 5 year experience at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001, 60:1.
236. Shepard R, Fenn S, Sieber WK Evaluation of esophageal function in postoperative esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1966, 59:608.
237. Siegel MJ, Shackelford GD, McAlister WH, et al. Circular esophageal myotomy simulating a pulmonary or mediastinal pseudocyst. Radiology 1980, 136:365.
238. Simpson BB, Ryan DP, Donahoe PK, et al. Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal clefts: Surgical management for long-term survival. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:1128.
239. Singh S, Shun JA A new technique of anastomosis to avoid stricture formation in oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2001, 17:575.
240. Skandalakis JE, Gray SW Embrology for Surgeons 1994, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
241. Slim MS Circular myotomy of the esophagus: Clinical application in esophageal atresia. Ann Thorac Surg 1977, 23:62.
242. Smith EI The early development of the trachea and esophagus in relation to atresia of the esophagus and tracheoesophageal fistula. Embryol Carnegie Inst 1957, 36:41.
243. Sparey C, Jawaheer G, Barrett AM, et al. Esophageal atresia in the Northern Region Congenital Anomaly Survey, 1985-1997: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:427.
244. Spilde T, Bhatia A, Ostlie D, et al. A role for sonic hedgehog signaling in the pathogenesis of human tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2003, 38:465.
245. Spilde TL, Bhatia AM, Marosky JK, et al. Complete discontinuity of the distal fistula tract from the developing gut: Direct histologic evidence for the mechanism of tracheoesophageal fistula formation. Anat Rec 2002, 267:220.
246. Spilde TL, Bhatia AM, Mehta S, et al. Defective sonic hedgehog signaling in esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 2003, 134:345.
247. Spitz L Congenital esophageal stenosis distal to associated esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1973, 8:973.
248. Spitz L Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 1993, 5:347.
249. Spitz L Esophageal atresia: Past, present, and future. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:19.
250. Spitz L, Hitchcock R: Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. In Burge DM, Griffiths M, Freeman NV (eds): Surgery of the Newborn. New York, Churchill Livingstone.
251. Spitz L, Hitchcock R: Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. In Spitz L, Coran AG (eds): Pediatric Surgery. London, Chapman & Hall.
252. Spitz L, Kiely E, Brereton RJ Esophageal atresia: Five years' experience with 148 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:103.
253. Spitz L, Kiely E, Brereton RJ, Drake D Management of esophageal atresia. World J Surg 1993, 17:296.
254. Spitz L, Kiely EM, Morecroft JA, Drake DP Esophageal atresia: At-risk groups for the 1990s. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:723.
255. Spitz L, Kiely E, Pierro A Gastric transposition in children-a 21-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 2004, 39:276. discussion 276.
256. Steadland KM, Langham MR, Greene MA, et al. Unilateral pulmonary agenesis, esophageal atresia, and distal tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1995, 59:511.
257. Steele C Case of deficient oesophagus. Lancet 1888, 2:764.
258. Streeter GL Development horizons in human embryos: Description of age groups XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII. Contr Embryol Carnegie Inst 1945, 32:133.
259. Stringer MD, McKenna KM, Goldstein RB, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1258.
260. Sulamaa MGL, Alvenainen EK Prognosis and treatment of congenital atresia of the esophagus. Acta Chir Scand 1951, 102:141.
261. Sumitomo K, Ikeda K, Nagasaki A Esophageal manometrical assessment after esophageal circular myotomy for wide-gap esophageal atresia. Jpn J Surg 1988, 18:218.
262. Sweed Y, Bar-Maor JA, Shoshany G Insertion of a soft Silastic nasogastric tube at operation for esophageal atresia: A new technical method. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:650.
263. Szendrey T, Danyi G, Czeizel A Etiological study on isolated esophageal atresia. Hum Genet 1985, 70:51.
264. Tam PK, Sprigg A, Cudmore RE, et al. Endoscopy-guided balloon dilatation of esophageal strictures and anastomotic strictures after esophageal replacement in children. J Pediatr Surg 1991, 26:1101.
265. Tandler J Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Duodenum in frühen Embryonalstadien. Morph JB 1902, 29:187.
266. Tannuri U, Teodoro WR, de Santana Witzel S, et al. Livaditis' circular myotomy does not decrease anastomotic leak rates and induces deleterious changes in anastomotic healing. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2003, 13:224.
267. Tazuke Y, Kawahara H, Yagi M, et al. Use of a Palmaz stent for tracheomalacia: Case report of an infant with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1999, 34:1291.
268. Templeton JM, Templeton JJ, Schnaufer L, et al. Management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in the neonate with severe respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 1985, 20:394.
269. Thompson DJ, Molello JA, Strebing RJ, et al. Teratogenicity of Adriamycin and daunomycin in the rat and rabbit. Teratology 1978, 17:151.
270. Tibboel D, Pattenier JW, Krugten RJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of postoperative morbidity in patients with esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1988, 4:252.
271. Todani T, Watanabe Y, Mizuguchi T, et al. Congenital oesophageal stenosis due to fibromuscular thickening. Z Kinderchir 1984, 39:11.
272. Tomaselli V, Volpi ML, Dell'Agnola CA, et al. Long-term evaluation of esophageal function in patients treated at birth for esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 2003, 19:40.
273. Tonz M, Kohli S, Kaiser G Oesophageal atresia: What has changed in the last 3 decades?. Pediatr Surg Int 2004.
274. Torfs CP, Curry CJ, Bateson TF Population-based study of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Teratology 1995, 52:220.
275. Touloukian RJ, Seashore JH Thirty-five-year institutional experience with end-to-side repair for esophageal atresia. Arch Surg 2004, 139:371. discussion 374.
276. Tovar JA, Diez Pardo JA, Murcia J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour manometric and pH metric evidence of permanent impairment of clearance capacity in patients with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995, 30:1224.
277. Tovar JA, Gorostiaga L, Escheverry J, et al. Barrett's esophagus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Surg Int 1993, 8:389.
278. Tsang TM, Tam PKH, Westaby S Management of coexisting coarctation of the aorta and oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 1996, 11:107.
279. Tuqan NA Annular stricture of the esophagus distal to the congenital tracheoesophageal fistula. Surgery 1962, 52:394.
280. Tyler DC Laryngeal cleft: Report of eight patients and review of the literature. Am J Genet 1990, 21:61.
281. Usui N, Kamata S, Ishikawa S, et al. Anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree in patients with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:258.
282. Usui N, Kamata S, Kawahara H, et al. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital esophageal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:1744.
283. Valerio D, Jones PF, Stewart AM Congenital oesophageal stenosis. Arch Dis Child 1977, 52:414.
284. Van Biervliet S, Van Winckel M, Robberecht E, et al. High-dose omeprazole in esophagitis with stenosis after surgical treatment of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:1416.
285. van Heurn LW, Cheng W, de Vries B, et al. Anomalies associated with oesophageal atresia in Asians and Europeans. Pediatr Surg Int 2002, 18:241.
286. Vasudevan SA, Kerendi F, Lee H, Ricketts RR Management of congenital esophageal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:1024.
287. Vazquez-Jimenez JF, Sachweh JS, Liakopoulos OJ, et al. Aortopexy in severe tracheal instability: Short-term and long-term outcome in 29 infants and children. Ann Thorac Surg 2001, 72:1898.
288. Villegas-Alvarez F, Olvera-Duran J, Rodriguez-Aranda E, et al. Esophageal anastomotic failure: An experimental study. Arch Med Res 2003, 34:171.
289. Vinograd I, Filler RM, Bahoric A Long-term functional results of prosthetic airway in tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1987, 22:38.
290. Vogt EC Congenital atresia of the esophagus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1929, 22:463.
291. Wailoo MP, Emery JL The trachea in children with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Histopathology 1979, 3:329.
292. Waterston D Colonic replacement of esophagus (intrathoracic). Surg Clin North Am 1964, 44:1441.
293. Waterston DJ, Bonham Carter RE, Aberdeen E Esophageal atresia: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula. A study of survival in 218 infants. Lancet 1962, 1:819.
294. Weber TR, Keller MS, Fiore A: Aortic suspension (aortopexy) for severe tracheomalacia in infants and children. 2002;184:573, discussion 577.
295. Welch RG, Husain OAN Atresia of the oesophagus with common tracheo-oesophageal tube. Arch Dis Child 1958, 33:367.
296. Werlin SL, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, et al. Esophageal function in esophageal atresia. Dig Dis Sci 1981, 26:796.
297. Wheatley MJ, Coran AG Pericardial flap interposition for the definitive management of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:1122.
298. Wheatley MJ, Coran AG, Wesley JR Efficacy of the Nissen fundoplication in the management of gastroesophageal reflux following esophageal atresia repair. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:53.
299. Yagyu M, Gitter H, Richter B, et al. Esophageal atresia in Bremen, Germany-evaluation of preoperative risk classification in esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:584.
300. Yanchar NL, Gordon R, Cooper M, et al. Significance of the clinical course and early upper gastrointestinal studies in predicting complications associated with repair of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:815.
301. Yeung CK, Spitz L, Brereton RJ, et al. Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants: A rare but important association with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1992, 27:852.
302. Zaw-Tun HA The tracheo-esophageal septum-fact or fantasy? Origin and development of the respiratory primordium and esophagus. Acta Anat 1982, 114:1.
303. Zigman AS, Yazbeck Esophageal foreign body obstruction after esophageal atresia repair. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:776.