Children's Fear During Procedural Pain: Preliminary Investigation of the Children's Fear Scale

Health Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 780-788

  McMurtry, C Meghan ^a   Noel, Melanie ^b,c   Chambers, Christine T ^b,c   McGrath, Patrick J ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c IWK HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Children; Fear; Measurement; Pain

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN FEAR SCALE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FACES ANXIETY SCALE; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERRATER RELIABILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PARENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROCEDURAL PAIN; PSYCHOMETRY; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF REPORT; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; VEIN PUNCTURE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; ANXIETY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEEDLES; PAIN; PARENTS; PHLEBOTOMY; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 82055202805     PISSN: 02786133     EISSN: 19307810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024817     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Albano A.M., Causey D., Carter B.D. Fear and anxiety in children. Handbook of Clinical Child Psychology 2000, 291-316. Wiley, New York. 3rd ed. C.E. Walker, M.C. Roberts (Eds.).
2. Beyer J.E., Knapp T.R. Methodological issues in the measurement of children's pain. Children's Health Care 1986, 14:233-241.
3. Blount R.L., Cohen L.L., Frank N.C., Bachanas P.J., Smith A.J., Manimala M.R., Pate J.T. The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised: An assessment of validity. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1997, 22:73-88.
4. Bringuier S., Dadure C., Raux O., Dubois A., Picot M.-C., Capdevila X. The perioperative validity of the visual analogue anxiety scale in children. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009, 109:737-744. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181af00e4.
5. Broome M.E., Hellier A.P. School-age children's fears of medical experiences. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 1987, 10:77-86.
6. Chambers C.T., Hardial J., Craig K.D., Court C., Montgomery C. Faces scales for the measurement of postoperative pain intensity in children following minor surgery. Clinical Journal of Pain 2005, 21:277-285.
7. Chambers C.T., Johnston C. Developmental differences in children's use of rating scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2002, 27:27-36.
8. Chambers C.T., Reid G.J., Craig K.D., McGrath P.J., Finley G.A. Agreement between child and parent reports of pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 1998, 14:336-342.
9. Champion G.D., Goodenough B., von Baeyer C.L., Thomas W. Measurement of pain by self-report. Measurement of pain in infants and children 1998, 123-160. IASP Press, Seattle. G.A. Finley, P.J. McGrath (Eds.).
10. Connelly M., Neville K. Comparative prospective evaluation of the responsiveness of single-item pediatric pain-intensity self-report scales and their uniqueness from negative affect in a hospital setting. The Journal of Pain 2010, 11:1451-1460.
11. Cooke M., Holzhauser K., Jones M., Davis C., Finucane J. The effect of aromatherapy massage with music on the stress and anxiety levels of emergency nurses: Comparison between summer and winter. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007, 16:1695-1703.
12. Crandall M., Lammers C., Senders C., Savedra M., Braun J.V. Initial validation of a numeric zero to ten scale to measure children's state anxiety. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007, 105:1250-1253. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000284700.59088.8b.
13. Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals 1998, Harper Collins, London, (Original work published 1872). 3rd ed.
14. De Jong M.J., Burns S.M., Campbell M.L., Chulay M., Grap M.J., Pierce L.N.B., Simpson T. Development of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses' Sedation Assessment Scale for critically ill patients. American Journal of Critical Care 2005, 14:531-544.
15. De Los Reyes A., Kazdin A.E. Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin 2005, 131:483-509.
16. Derogatis L.R., Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine 1983, 13:595-605.
17. Ekman P., Friesen W.V. Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement 1978, Consulting Psychologists, Palo Alto, CA.
18. Erikson C.J. Pain measurement in children: Problems and directions. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1990, 11:135-137.
19. Field A. Discovering statistics using SPSS 2005, Sage, London. 2nd ed.
20. Fleiss J.L., Levin B., Paik M.C. Statistical methods for rates and proportions 2003, Wiley, New York. 3rd ed.
21. Fowler-Kerry S., Lander J. Assessment of sex differences in children's and adolescents' self-reported pain from venipuncture. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1991, 16:783-793.
22. Goodenough B., Champion G.D., Laubreaux L., Tabah L., Kampel L. Needle pain severity in children: Does the relationship between self-report and observed behaviour vary as a function of age?. Australian Journal of Psychology 1998, 50:1-9.
23. Goodenough B., Kampel L., Champion G.D., Laubreaux L., Nicholas M.K., Ziegler J.B., McInerney M. An investigation of the placebo effect and age-related factors in the report of needle pain from venipuncture in children. Pain 1997, 72:383-391.
24. Goodenough B., Piira T., von Baeyer C.L., Chua K., Wu E., Trieu J.D.H., Champion G.D. Comparing six self-report measures of pain intensity in children. The Suffering Child 2005, 8. Retrieved from www.usask.ca/childpain/research/6scales/6scales.pdf.
25. Goodenough B., Roschar F., Cole A., Piira T., Kuttner L. Self-report of pain-related distress before and after pediatric venipuncture: A validation study of the Children's Anxiety and Pain Scale. Psychologica 2004, 37:101-114.
26. Goodenough B., van Dongen K., Brouwer N., Abu-Saad H.H., Champion D.G. A comparison of the Faces Pain Scale and the Facial Affective Scale for children's estimates of the intensity and unpleasantness of needle pain during blood sampling. European Journal of Pain 1999, 3:301-315.
27. Gullone E. The development of normal fear: A century of research. Clinical Psychology Review 2000, 20:429-451. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00034-3.
28. Hart D., Bossert E. Self-reported fears of hospitalized school-age children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1994, 9:83-90.
29. Hicks C.L., von Baeyer C.L., Spafford P.A., van Korlaar I., Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain. Pain 2001, 93:173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
30. Kazdin A.E. Research design in clinical psychology 2003, Allyn & Bacon, Boston. 4th ed.
31. Kazdin A.E. Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents: Issues in measurement development and clinical application. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005, 34:548-558. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_10.
32. Keck J.F., Gerkensmeyer J.E., Joyce B.A., Schade J.G. Reliability and validity of the Faces and Word Descriptor scales to measure procedural pain. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1996, 11:368-374.
33. Kuttner, L., & LePage, T. (1983). The development of pictorial self-report scales of pain and anxiety management. Unpublished manuscript.
34. Kuttner L., LePage T. Faces scales for the assessment of pediatric pain: A critical review. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 1989, 21:198-209.
35. LeBaron S., Zeltzer L.K. Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-reports, observer reports, and a behavior checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1984, 55:729-738.
36. Marks S., Lamb R., Tzioumi D. Do no more harm: The psychological stress of the medical examination for alleged child sexual abuse. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 2009, 45:125-132. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01443.x.
37. McGrath P.J., Walco G.A., Turk D.C., Dworkin R.H., Brown M.T., Davidson K., Zeltzer L. Core outcome domains and measures for pediatric acute and chronic/recurrent pain clinical trials: PedIMMPACT recommendations. Journal of Pain 2008, 9:771-783. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.04.007.
38. McKinley S., Coote K., Stein-Parbury J.S. Development and testing of a faces scale for the assessment of anxiety in critically ill patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2003, 41:73-79. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02508.x.
39. McKinley S., Madronio C. Validity of the Faces Anxiety Scale for the assessment of state anxiety in intensive care patients not receiving mechanical ventilation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2008, 64:503-507.
40. McKinley S., Stein-Parbury J., Chehelnabi A., Lovas J. Assessment of anxiety in intensive care patients by using the Faces Anxiety Scale. American Journal of Critical Care 2004, 13:146-152.
41. McMurtry C.M. A multi-method examination of adult reassurance during children's painful medical procedures. (Doctoral dissertation) 2009, Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. Publication # NR56426.
42. McMurtry C.M., Chambers C.T., McGrath P.J., Asp E. When " don't worry" communicates fear: Children's perceptions of parental reassurance and distraction during a painful pediatric medical procedure. Pain 2010, 150:52-58. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.021.
43. Miller D.C. Handbook of research design and social measurement: A text and reference book for the social and behavioral sciences 1983, Longman, New York. 4th ed.
44. Miró J., Castarlenas E., Huguet A. Evidence for the use of a numerical rating scale to assess the intensity of pediatric pain. European Journal of Pain 2009, 13:1089-1095.
45. Noel M., McMurtry C.M., Chambers C.T., McGrath P.J. Children's memory for painful procedures: The relationship of pain intensity, anxiety, and adult behaviors to subsequent recall. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2010, 35:626-636. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp096.
46. Ollendick T.H. Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research & Therapy 1983, 21:685-692.
47. Rhudy J.L., Meagher M.W. Negative affect: Effects on an evaluative measure of human pain. Pain 2003, 104:617-626. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00119-2.
48. Ridgeway D., Waters E., Kuczaj S.A. Acquisition of emotion-descriptive language: Receptive and productive vocabulary norms for ages 18 months to 6 years. Developmental Psychology 1985, 21:901-908. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.21.5.901.
49. Sattler J.M. Assessment of children: Behavioral and clinical applications 2002, Jerome M. Sattler, San Diego. 4th ed.
50. Stinson J.N., Kavanagh T., Yamada J., Gill N., Stevens B. Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain 2006, 125:143-157.
51. Tsao J.C.I., Myers C.D., Craske M.G., Bursch B., Kim S.C., Zeltzer L.K. Role of anticipatory anxiety and anxiety sensitivity in children's and adolescents' laboratory pain responses. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2004, 29:379-388.
52. Windich-Biermeier A., Sjoberg I., Dale J.C., Eshelman D., Guzzetta C.E. Effects of distraction on pain, fear, and distress during venous port access and venipuncture in children and adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 2007, 24:8-19.
53. Wright K.D., Eisner A., Stewart S.H., Finley G.A. Measurement of preoperative anxiety in young children: Self-report versus observer-rated. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavior Assessment 2010, 32:416-427. doi: 10.1007/s10862-009-9158-9.
54. Zhou H., Roberts P., Horgan L. Association between self-report pain ratings of child and parent, child and nurse and parent and nurse dyads: Meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008, 63:334-342. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04694.x.