Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users

Academic Emergency Medicine

Volumn 18, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1141-1147

  Chai, Peter R ^a   Bastan, William ^b   MacHan, Jason ^b   Hack, Jason B ^a   Babu, Kavita M ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; CLONAZEPAM; COCAINE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; EPHEDRINE; FLUCONAZOLE; LEVAMISOLE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ADULT; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; APHTHOUS ULCER; ARTHRALGIA; BACTEREMIA; BASOPHIL; CELLULITIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG FEVER; ECZEMA; EOSINOPHIL; EPIGLOTTITIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONOCYTE; MOUTH PAIN; MOUTH ULCER; MYALGIA; NEUTROPHIL COUNT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS; PHARYNGITIS; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURPURA; REVIEW; SKIN ABSCESS; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; THRUSH;

ADULT; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; DRUG CONTAMINATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LEVAMISOLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUTROPENIA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 81755173908     PISSN: 10696563     EISSN: 15532712     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01202.x     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. du P, Heyns A, Retief FP, Vorster BJ,. Agranulocytosis in an arthritic patient treated with levamisole. A case report. S Afr Med J. 1979; 55: 177-9. (Pubitemid 9140985)
2. Zhu NY, Legatt DF, Turner AR,. Agranulocytosis after consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150: 287-9.
3. Tanphaichitr P, Tanphaichitr D, Sureeratanan J, Chatasingh S,. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome with levamisole. J Pediatr. 1980; 96 (3 Pt 1): 490-3. (Pubitemid 10147552)
4. Valentino A, Fuentecilla K,. Levamisole: an analytical profile. Microgram J. 2005; 3: 134-7.
5. Buchanan JA, Oyer RJ, Patel NR, et al., A confirmed case of agranulocytosis after use of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. J Med Toxicol. 2010; 6: 160-4.
6. Bradford M, Rosenberg B, Moreno J, Dumyati G,. Bilateral necrosis of earlobes and cheeks: another complication of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. Ann Intern Med. 2010; 152: 758-9.
7. Czuchlewski DR, Brackney M, Ewers C, et al., Clinicopathologic features of agranulocytosis in the setting of levamisole-tainted cocaine. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010; 133: 466-72.
8. Geller L, Whang TB, Mercer SE, Phelps R,. Retiform purpura: a new stigmata of illicit drug use? Dermatol Online J. 2011; 17: 7.
9. Van Wieren A, Kapoor M, Rao P, Gardener R,. A new low for an old high: neutropenia induced by levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Med Health RI. 2010; 93: 320-1.
10. Walsh NM, Green PJ, Burlingame RW, Pasternak S, Hanly JG,. Cocaine-related retiform purpura: evidence to incriminate the adulterant, levamisole. J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37: 1212-9.
11. Wiens MO, Son WK, Ross C, Hayden M, Carleton B,. Cases: cocaine adulterant linked to neutropenia. CMAJ. 2010; 182: 57-9.
12. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Nationwide Public Health Alert Issued Concerning Life-Threatening Risk Posed by Cocaine Laced with Veterinary Anti-Parasite Drug. Available at:. Accessed Aug 11, 2011.
13. Mielants H, Veys EM,. A study of the hematological side effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis with recommendations. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; 4: 77-83. (Pubitemid 9068469)
14. Schmidt KL, Mueller-Eckhardt C,. Agranulocytosis, levamisole, and HLA-B27. Lancet. 1977; 2: 85.
15. Veys EM, Mielants H, Rosenthal M,. Agranulocytosis, levamisole, and HLA-B27. Lancet. 1977; 2: 764. (Pubitemid 8200191)
16. Clara R, Germanes J,. Levamisole and agranolocytosis. Lancet. 1977; 1: 47-8.
17. Renoux G,. The general immunopharmacology of levamisole. Drugs. 1980; 20: 89-99.
18. Rosenthal M, Breysse Y, Dixon AS, et al., Levamisole and agranulocytosis. Lancet. 1977; 1: 904-5. (Pubitemid 8079704)
19. Williams GT, Johnson SA, Dieppe PA, Huskisson EC,. Neutropenia during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978; 37: 366-9. (Pubitemid 9017961)
20. Drew SI, Carter BM, Nathanson DS, Terasaki PI,. Levamisole-associated neutropenia and autoimmune granulocytotoxins. Ann Rheum Dis. 1980; 39: 59-63. (Pubitemid 10169238)
21. Jenkins J, Babu K, Hsu-Hung E, Robinson-Bostom L, Kroumpouzos G,. ANCA-positive necrotizing vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy induced by levamisole-adulterated cocaine: a distinctive clinicopathologic presentation. J Am Acad Dematol. 2011; 65: e14-6.
22. Thompson JS, Herbick JM, Klassen LW, et al., Studies on levamisole - induced agranulocytosis. Blood. 1980; 56: 388-96.
23. Parkinson DR, Cano PO, Jerry LM, et al., Complications of cancer immunotherapy with levamisole. Lancet. 1977; 1: 1129-32. (Pubitemid 8111079)
24. Rongioletti F, Ghio L, Ginevri F, et al., Purpura of the ears: a distinctive vasculopathy with circulating autoantibodies complicating long-term treatment with levamisole in children. Br J Dermatol. 1999; 140: 948-51. (Pubitemid 29238474)
25. Symoens J, Veys E, Mielants M, Pinals R,. Adverse reactions to levamisole. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978; 62: 1721-30. (Pubitemid 9132928)
26. Vanholder R, Van Hove W,. Recurrent agranulocytosis after levamisole. Lancet. 1977; 1: 100. (Pubitemid 8013827)
27. Wong-Beringer A, Shriner K,. Fluconazole-induced agranulocytosis with eosinophilia. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 484-6. (Pubitemid 30198855)
28. Kouassi E, Caillé G, Léry L, Larivière L, Vézina M,. Novel assay and pharmacokinetics of levamisole and p-hydroxylevamisole in human plasma and urine. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1986; 7: 71-89. (Pubitemid 16155186)
29. Schnieden H,. Levamisole - a general pharmacological perspective. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1981; 3: 9-13. (Pubitemid 11176783)
30. Symoens J, Rosenthal M,. Levamisole in the modulation of the immune response: the current experimental and clinical state. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1977; 21: 175-221. (Pubitemid 8114230)