1.05 - Theory and Observations – Forward Modeling/Synthetic Body Wave Seismograms

Treatise on Geophysics: Volume 1-10

Volumn 1-10, Issue , 2007, Pages 157-189

  Cormier, V F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Body waves; Deep Earth structure; Earth models; Earthquake sources; Earth s core; Earth s upper mantle; Elastic anisotropy; Elasticity; Seismic attenuation; Seismic scattering; Seismograms; Synthetic seismograms; Upper mantle; Wave propagation

Indexed keywords

EID: 81555209254     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00005-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. A. Abo-Zena (1979) Dispersion function computations for unlimited frequency values. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 58 91-105.
2. K. Aki and P.G. Richards (1980) Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman
3. K. Aki and P.G. Richards (2002) Quantitative Seismology. 2nd edn. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books
4. D.L. Anderson and J.W. Given (1982) Absorption band Q model for the Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 3893-3904.
5. C. Baag and C.A. Langston (1985) Shear-coupled PL. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 80 363-385.
6. G.E. Backus (1962) Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering. Journal of Geophysical Research 67 4427-4440.
7. A. Ben-Menahem and W.B. Beydoun (1985) Range of validity of seismic ray and beam methods in general inhomogeneous media, Part I: General theory. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 82 207-234.
8. M. Bouchon and K. Aki (1977) Discrete wave-number representation of seismic wave source fields. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 67 259-277.
9. M. Bouchon (1979) Discrete wave number representation of elastic wave fields in three-space dimensions. Journal of Geophysical Research 84 3609-3614.
10. L. Bréger and B. Romanowicz (1998) Three dimensional structure at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific. Science 382 244-248.
11. J.N. Brune (1970) Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 75 4997-5009.
12. K.E. Bullen and B.A. Bolt (1985) Introduction to the Theory of Seismology Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 499.
13. L.J. Burdick and D.V. Helmberger (1978) The upper mantle P velocity stucture of the Western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 83 1699-1712.
14. L.J. Burdick and J.A. Orcutt (1979) A comparison of the generalized ray and reflectivity methods of waveform synthesis. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 58 261-278.
15. Y. Capdeville, E. Chaljub, J.P. Vilotte and J.P. Montagner (2003) Coupling the spectral element method with a modal solution for elastic wave propagation in global Earth models. Geophysical Journal International 153 34-66.
16. Y. Capdeville, B. Romanowicz and A. To (2003) Coupling spectral elements and modes in a spherical Earth: An extension to the ‘sandwich’ case. Geophysical Journal International 154 44-57.
17. E.W. Carpenter (1967) Teleseismic signal calculated for underground, underwater, and atmospheric explosions. Geophysics 32 17-32.
18. V. Cerveny and R. Ravindra (1971) Theory of Seismic Head Waves. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press
19. V. Cerveny (1985) The application of ray tracing to the numerical modelin of the seismic wave field in complex structures. K. Helbig, S. Treitel (Eds) Seismic Shear Waves: Handbook of Geophysical Exploration, Section I: Seismic Exploration vol. 15A London: Geophysical Press 1-124.
20. V. Cerveny, J. Pleinerová, L. Klimes and I. Psencík (1987) High frequency radiation from earthquake sources in laterally varying structures. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 88 43-80.
21. V. Cerveny (2001) Seismic Ray Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press
22. C.H. Chapman (1973) The Earth flattening transformation in body wave theory. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 35 55-70.
23. C.H. Chapman (1978) A new method for computing synthetic seismograms. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 54 481-518.
24. C.H. Chapman and R. Drummond (1982) Body-wave seismograms in inhomogeneous media using Maslov asymptotic theory. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72 S277-S317.
25. C.H. Chapman, J.-Y. Chu and D.G. Lyness (1988) The WKBJ seismogram algorithm. D.J. Doornbos (Eds) Seismological Algorithms London: Academic Press 47-74.
26. C.H. Chapman (2004) Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
27. G.L. Choy and P.G. Richards (1975) Pulse distortion and Hilbert transformation in multiply reflected and refracted body waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 65 55-70.
28. G.L. Choy, V.F. Cormier, R. Kind, G. Müller and P.G. Richards (1980) A comparison of synthetic seismograms of phases generated by the full wave theory and by the reflectivity method. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 61 21-39.
29. G.L. Choy and V.F. Cormier (1983) The structure of the inner core inferred from short-period and broad-band GDSN data. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 72 1-21.
30. G.L. Choy and E.R. Engdahl (1987) Analysis of broadband seismograms from selected IASPEI events. Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors 447 80-92.
31. G.L. Choy and J. Boatwright (2004) Radiated energy and the rupture process of the Denali Fault earthquake sequence of 2002 from broadband teleseismic body waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 S269-S277.
32. A.K. Cline (1874) Six subprograms for curve fitting using splines under tension. Communications of the ACM 17 220-223.
33. R.T. Coates and C.H. Chapman (1991) Generalized Born scattering of elastic waves in 3D media. Geophysical Journal International 107 231-263.
34. V.F. Cormier (1999) Anisotropy of heterogeneity scale lenths in the lowermost mantle from PKIKP precursors. Geophysical Journal International 136 373-384.
35. V.F. Cormier (2000) D” as a transition in the heterogeneity spectrum of the lowermost mantle. Journal of Geohysical Research 105 16193-16205.
36. V.F. Cormier and G.L. Choy (1981) Theoretical body wave interactions with upper mantle structure. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 1673-1678.
37. V.F. Cormier and X. Li (2002) Frequency dependent attenuation in the inner core: Part II. A scattering and fabric interpretation. Journal of Geophysical Research 107(B12), 2362. 10.1029/2002JB1796
38. V.F. Cormier, B. Mandal and D. Harvey (1991) Incorporation of velocity gradients in the synthesis of complete seismograms by the locked mode method. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81 897-930.
39. V.F. Cormier and P.G. Richards (1977) Full wave theory applied to a discontinuous velocity increase: The inner core boundary. Journal of Geophysics 43 3-31.
40. V.F. Cormier and P.G. Richards (1988) Spectral synthesis of body waves in Earth models specified by vertically varying layers. D. Doornbos (Eds) Seismological Algorithms London: Academic Press 3-45.
41. H.P. Crotwell, T.J. Owens and J. Ritsema (1999) The TauP Toolkit: Flexible seismic travel-time and raypath utilities. Seismological Research Letters 70 154-170.
42. P.R. Cummins, R.J. Geller, T. Hatori and N. Takeuchi (1994) DSM complete synthetic seismograms: SH, spherically symmetric, case. Geophysical Research Letters 21 533-536.
43. P.R. Cummins, R.J. Geller and N. Takeuchi (1994) DSM complete synthetic seismograms: P-SV, spherically symmetric, case. Geophysical Research Letters 21 1663-1666.
44. F.A. Dahlen (1987) Multiplet coupling and the calculation of synthetic long-period seismograms. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 91 241-254.
45. F.A. Dahlen and J. Tromp (1998) Theoretical Global Seismology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University 944.
46. F.A. Dahlen, S.-H. Hung and G. Nolet (2000) Frechet kernels for finite-frequency traveltimes-I. Theory. Geophysical Journal International 141 157-174.
47. Davis JP and Henson IH (1993) Users Guide to Xgbm: An X-Windows System to Compute Gaussian Beam Synthetic Seismograms, Rept TGAL-93-02. Alexandria, VA: Teledyne-Geotech.
48. D.J. Doornbos (Ed.) (1988) Seismological Algorithms: Computational Methods and Computer Programs New York: Academic Press 469.
49. A.M. Dziewonski, T.-A. Chou and J.H. Woodhouse (1981) Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 2825-2852.
50. A.M. Dziewonski and D.L. Anderson (1981) Prelminary reference Earth model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25 297-356.
51. L.B. Felsen (1984) Geometrical theory of diffraction, evanescent waves, complex rays and Gaussian beams. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 79 77-88.
52. B. Fornberg (1998) A Practical Guide to Pseudospectral Methods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
53. A. Frankel and R.W. Clayton (1986) Finite-difference simulations of seismic scattering: Implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves in the crust and models of crustal heterogeneity. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 6465-6489.
54. L.N. Frazer and J.F. Gettrust (1984) On a generalization of Filon’s method and the computation of the oscillatory integrals of seismology. Geophsical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 76 461-481.
55. L.N. Frazer and M. Sen (1985) Kirchhoff–Helmholtz reflection seismograms in a laterally variable multi-layered elastic medium. Part I. Theory. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 80 121-147.
56. G.J. Fryer and L.N. Frazer (1984) Seismic waves in stratified anisotropic media. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 78 691-710.
57. G.J. Fryer and L.N. Frazer (1987) Seismic waves in stratified anisotropic media – II. Elastodynamic eigensolutions for some anisotropic systems. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 91 73-101.
58. K. Fuchs and G. Müller (1971) Computation of synthetic seismograms with the reflectivity method and comparison with observations. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 23(4), 417-433.
59. T. Furumura, B.L.N. Kennett and M. Furumura (1998) Seismic wavefield calculation for laterally heterogeneous spherical Earth models using the pseudospectral method. Geophysical Journal International 135 845-860.
60. W.I. Futterman (1962) Dispersive body waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 67 5279-5291.
61. D. Gajewski and I. Psencik (1987) Computation of high-frequency seismic wavefields in 3-D laterally inhomogeneous anisotropic media. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Asronomical Society 91 383-411.
62. J. Garmany (1989) A student’s graden of anisotropy. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 17 285-308.
63. R.J. Geller and T. Ohminato (1994) Computation of synthetic seismograms and their partial derivatives for heterogeneous media with arbitrary natural boundary conditions using the direct solution method (DSM). Geophysical Journal International 116 421-446.
64. F. Gilbert and G.E. Backus (1966) Propagator matrices in elastic wave and vibration problems. Geophysics 31 326-332.
65. S.P. Grand, R.D. van der Hilst and S. Widiyantoro (1997) Global seismic tomography; a snapshot of convection in the Earth. GSA Today 7 1-7.
66. Y.J. Gu, A.M. Dziewonski, W.-J. Su and G. Ekström (2001) Models of the mantle shear velocity and discontinuities in the pattern of lateral heterogeneities. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 11169-11199.
67. H. Hanyga (1986) Gaussian beams in anisotropic elastic media. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 85 473-503.
68. D.J. Harvey (1981) Seismogram synthesis using normal mode superposition: The locked mode approximation. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 66 37-69.
69. D. Harvey and G.L. Choy (1982) Broadband deconvolution of GDSN data. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 69 659-668.
70. S. Hartzell, S. Harmsen, A. Frankel and S. Larsen (1999) Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: Comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89 1484-1504.
71. D.V. Helmberger (1974) Generalized ray theory for shear dislocations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 64 45-64.
72. D.V. Helmberger and G.R. Engen (1974) Upper mantle shear structure. Journal of Geophysical Research 79 4017-4028.
73. D.V. Helmberger and D. Harkrider (1978) Modeling earthquakes with generalized ray theory. J. Miklowitz, J.D. Achenbach (Eds) Modern Problems in Elastic Wave Propagation New York: Wiley
74. D.V. Helmberger, L.S. Zhao and E.J. Garnero (1996) Construction of synthetics for 2D structures, core phases. E. Boschi, G. Ekstrom (Eds) Proceedings of International School of Solid Earth Geophysics: Seismic Modeling of the Earth’s Structure Bologna, Italy: Società Italiana di Fisica 183-222.
75. R. Honda and K. Yomogida (2003) Static and dynamic displacement near a fault with the discrete wavenumber method. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 137 107-127.
76. K. Holliger, A. Levander and J.A. Goff (1993) Stochastic modeling of the reflective lower crust: Petrophysical and geological evidence from the Ivrea Zone (northern Italy). Journal of Geophysical Research 98 11967-11980.
77. H. Igel (1999) Modeling wave propagation in 3-D spherical sections by the Chebyshev spectral method. Geophysical Journal International 136 559-567.
78. H. Igel, N. Takeuchi, R.J. Geller, et al. (2000) The COSY Project: Verification of global seismic modeling algorithms. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 119 3-23.
79. M.G. Imhof and M.N. Toksoz (2000) Multiple multipole expansions for elastic scattering. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 100 2969-2979.
80. H. Jeffreys (1936) The structure of the Earth down to the 20 discontinuity. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Geophysical Supplement 3 401-422.
81. B. Kaelin and L.R. Johnson (1998) Dynamic composite elastic medium theory. Part II. Three-dimensional media. Journal of Applied Physics 84 5488-15468.
82. S.-I. Karato (1993) Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography. Geophysical Research Letters 20 1623-1626.
83. M. Keith and S. Crampin (1977) Seismic body waves in anisotropic media: Reflection and refraction at a plane interface. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 49 181-208.
84. R. Kind (1985) The reflectivity method for different source and receiver structures and comparison with GRF data. Journal of Geophysics 58 146-152.
85. B.L.N. Kennett (1983) Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media. New York: Cambridge University Press
86. B.L.N. Kennett (1998) Guided-waves in three-dimensional structures. Geophysical Journal International 133 159-174.
87. B.L.N. Kennett (2001) The Seismic Wavefield vols. I and II New York: Cambridge University Press
88. D. Komatitsch and J.-P. Vilotte (1998) The spectral element method: An efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88 368-392.
89. D. Komatitsch and J. Tromp (1999) Introduction to the spectral-element method for 3-D seismic wave propagation. Geophysical Journal International 139 806-822.
90. D. Komatitsch and J. Tromp (2002) Spectral-element simulations of global seismic wave propagation-II. 3-D models, oceans, rotation, and self gravitation. Geophysical Journal International 149 390-412.
91. V.A. Korneev and L.R. Johnson (1993) Scattering of elastic waves by a spherical inclusion – I. Theory and numerical results. Geophysical Journal International 115 230-250.
92. D. Kosloff and D. Kessler (1990) Seismic Numerical Modeling: Oceanographic and Geophysical Tomography. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers 251-312.
93. C.A. Langston and D.V. Helmberger (1975) A procedure for modeling dislocation sources. Geophysical Journal 42 112-130.
94. E.R. Lapwood and T. Usami (1981) Free Oscillations of the Earth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
95. Larsen S and Schultz CA (1995) ELAS3D: 2D/3D elastic finite difference propagation code, Technical Report No. UCRL-MA-121792, p. 19 Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
96. X.-D. Li and T. Tanimoto (1993) Waveforms of long period body waves in a slightly aspherical earth model. Geophysical Journal International 112 92-102.
97. X.-D. Li and B. Romanowicz (1995) Comparison of global waveform inversions with and without considering cross branch coupling. Geophysical Journal International 121 695-709.
98. X. Li and V.F. Cormier (2002) Frequency dependent attenuation in the inner core: Part I. A viscoelastic interpretation. Journal of Geophysical Research 107. 10.1029/2002JB001795
99. G. Masters, G. Laske, H. Bolton and A. Dziewonski (2000) The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure. S. Karato, A.M. Forte, R.C. Liebermann, G. Masters, L. Stixrude (Eds) AGU Monograph 117: Earth’s Deep Interior Washington, DC: AGU 63-86.
100. V. Maupin and B.L.N. Kennett (1987) On the use of truncated model expansion in laterally varying media. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 91 837-851.
101. V. Maupin (1989) Numerical modeling of Lg wave propagation across the North Sea Central Graben. Geophysical Journal International 99 273-283.
102. W. Menke and P.G. Richards (1980) Crust–mantle whispering gallery phases: A deterministic model of teleseismic Pn wave propagation. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 5416-5422.
103. W. Menke (2005) Case studies of seismic tomography and earthquake location in a regional context. A. Levander, G. Nolet (Eds) Geophysical Monograph Series 157: Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union 7-36.
104. G. Müller (1973) Amplitude studies of core phases. Journal of Geophysical Research 78 3469-3490.
105. G. Müller (1977) Earth-flattening approximation for body waves derived from geometric ray theory; improvements, corrections and range of applicability. Journal of Geophysics 42 429-436.
106. G. Müller (1985) The reflectivity method: A tutorial. Journal of Geophysics 58 153-174.
107. S.D. Ni, X. Ding and D.V. Helmberger (2000) Constructing synthetics from deep Earth tomographic models. Geophysical Journal International 140 71-82.
108. K.B. Olsen (2000) Site amplification in the Los Angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90 S77-S94.
109. J.A. Rial and V.F. Cormier (1980) Seismic waves at the epicenter’s antipode. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 2661-2668.
110. P.G. Richards (1973) Calculation of body waves, for caustics and tunnelling in core phases. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 35 243-264.
111. P.G. Richards and C.W. Frasier (1976) Scattering of elastic waves from depth dependent inhomogeneities. Geophysics 41 441-458.
112. J. Ritsema and H.J. van Heijst (2000) Seismic imaging of structural heterogeneity in Earth’s mantle: Evidence for large-scale mantle flow. Science Progress 83 243-259.
113. J.O.A. Robertsson, J.O. Blanch and W.W. Symes (1994) Viscoelastic finite-difference modeling. Geophysics 59 1444-1456.
114. S. Rost and C. Thomas (2002) Array seismology: Methods and applications. Reviews of Geophysics 40. 10.1029/2000RG000100
115. M. Sambridge and O. Gudmundsson (1998) Tomography with irregular cells. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 773-781.
116. P.M. Shearer (1999) Introduction to Seismology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
117. P. Spudich and L.N. Frazer (1984) Use of ray theory to calculate high-frequency radiation from earthquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity and stress drop. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74 2061-2082.
118. W.-J. Su and A.M. Dziewonski (1997) Simultaneous inversions for 3-D variations in shear and bulk velocity in the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 100 135-156.
119. N. Takeuchi, R.J. Geller and P.R. Cummins (2000) Complete synthetic seismograms for 3-D heterogeneous Earth models computed using modified DSM operators and their applicability to inversion for Earth structure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 119 25-36.
120. A. To, B. Romanowicz, Y. Capdeville and N. Takeuchi (2005) 3D effects of sharp boundaries at the borders of the African and Pacific superplumes: Observation and modeling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233 137-153.
121. J. Trampert, P. Vacher and N. Vlar (2001) Sensitivities of seismic velocities to temperature, pressure and composition in the lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 124 255-267.
122. J. Virieux (1985) SH-wave propagation in heterogeneous media: Velocity stress finite difference method. Geophysics 49 1933-1957.
123. J. Virieux (1986) P–SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media: Velocity–stress finite-difference method. Geophysics 51 889-901.
124. S.N. Ward (1978) Long period reflected and converted upper mantle phases. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 133-153.
125. L. Wen and D.V. Helmberger (1998) A two-dimensional P–SV hybrid method and its application to modeling localized structures near the core–mantle boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 17901-17918.
126. R.S. Wu and K. Aki (1985) Scattering characteristics of waves by an elastic heterogeneity. Geophysics 50 582-595.
127. Y. Zhao and D.L. Anderson (1994) Mineral physics constraints on the chemical composition of Earth’s lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 85 273-292.
128. http://www.geodynamics.org CIG, Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics
129. http://www.eas.slu.edu Computer Programs in Seismology, Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University
130. http://www.geophysik.uni-muenchen.de Geophysics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwiq-Maximilians, University
131. http://www.iris.edu IRIS, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
132. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov NGDC Seismological Algorithms, USDOC/NOAA/NESDIS/National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Home Page
133. http://www.orfeus-eu.org Seismological Software Library, ORFEUS
134. http://www.rses.anu.edu.au Perspective Images of Slab Models by Oli Gudmundsson and Malcolm Sambridge, The RUM, ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
135. http://sw3d.mff.cuni.cz Seismic Waves in Complex 3-D Structures (SW3D), Charles University of Prague
136. http://www.geom.uiuc.edu The Geometry Center