Elbow flexion and extension strength relative to body or muscle size in children

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 36, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1977-1984

  Wood, Louise E ^a   Dixon, Sharon ^b   Grant, Chris ^c   Armstrong, Neil ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c Somerset MRI Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Isokinetic; Isometric; MRI; Multilevel modeling

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGING; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY SIZE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELBOW FLEXION; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SEX DIFFERENCE; TORQUE;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY SIZE; ELBOW; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEX FACTORS; TORQUE;

EID: 8144231289     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000145453.02598.7E     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. ASMUSSEN, E. Growth in muscular strength and power. In: Physical Activity, Human Growth and Development, G. Rarick (Ed.). London: Academic Press, 1973, pp. 60-80.
2. BATTERHAM, A. M., K. TOLFREY, and K.P. GEORGE. Explanation of Kleiber's 0.75 mass exponent: an artifact of collinearity problems in least squares models? J. Appl. Physiol. 82:693-697, 1997.
3. BLIMKIE, C. J. R., and D. MACAULEY. Muscle strength. In: Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine, N. Armstrong and W. van Mechelen (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 133-142.
4. CARRON, A. V., and D. A. BAILEY. Strength development in boys from 10 through 16 years. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 39:1-37, 1974.
5. CENTRE FOR MULTILEVEL MODELLING. A User's Guide to MlwiN, Version 2.1d. J. Rasbash, W. Browne, H. Goldstein, et al (Eds.). London: Institute of Education, University of London, 2002, p. 38.
6. EDGERTON, V.R., R.R. ROY, and P. APOR. Specific tension of human elbow flexor muscles. In: Biochemistry of Exercise VI, International Series on Sports Sciences, B. Saltin (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1986, pp. 487-500.
7. ENOKA, R.M. (Ed.). Neuromechanical Basis of Kinesiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994, pp. 303-351.
8. FROBERG, K., and O. LAMMERT. Development of muscle strength during childhood. In: The Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine IV, The Child and Adolescent Athlete, O. Bar-Or (Ed.). London: Blackwell Science Ltd., 1996, pp. 25-41.
9. GOLDSTEIN, H., W. BROWNE, and J. RASBASH. Multilevel modelling of medical data. Statist. Med. 21:3291-3315, 2002.
10. HOPKINS, W. G. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med. 30:1-15, 2000.
11. IKAI, M., and T. FUKUNAGA. Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross-sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement. Int. Z. Angew. Physiol. Einschl. Arbeitsphysiol. 26:26-32, 1968.
12. INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION. MlwiN Software: Multilevel Model Project. J. Rasbash, W. Browne, M. Healy, B. Cameron, and C. Charlton (Eds.). London:Institute for Education, 2001.
13. KANEHISA, H., S. IKEGAWA, and T. FUKUNAGA. Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area and strength between untrained women and men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 68:148-154, 1994.
14. KANEHISA, H., S. IKEGAWA, N. TSUNODA, and T. FUKUNAGA. Strength and cross-sectional areas of reciprocal muscle groups in the upper arm and thigh during adolescence. Int. J. Sports Med. 16:54-60, 1995.
15. KEMPER, H. C. G., H. J. P. DEKKER, M. G. OOTJERS, et al. Growth and health of teenagers in the Netherlands: survey of multidisciplinary longitudinal studies and comparison to recent results of a Dutch study. Int. J. Sports Med. 4:202-214, 1983.
16. LONGHURST, J. C., and C. L. STEBBINS. The isometric athlete. Cardiol. Clin. 10:281-294, 1992.
17. MALINA, R. M. Growth of muscle tissue and muscle mass. In: Human Growth, a Comprehensive Treatise. Post-Natal Growth, Neurobiology, F. Falkner and J. M. Tanner (Eds.). New York: Plenum Press, 1986, pp. 77-99.
18. MARTIN, A. D., J. E. L. CARTER, K. C. HENDY, and R. M. MALINA. Segment lengths. In: Anthropometric Standardisation Reference Manual, T. G. Lohman, A. F. Roche, and R. Martorell (Eds.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1988, pp. 9-26.
19. MCCOMAS, A. J. Skeletal Muscle. Form and Function, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996, pp. 57-77, 299-315.
20. MURRAY, W. M., T. S. BUCHANAN, and S. L. DELP. Scaling of peak moment arms of elbow muscles with upper extremity bone dimensions. J. Biomech. 35:19-26, 2002.
21. NEVILL, A. M., R. L. HOLDER, A. BAXTER-JONES, J. M. ROUND, and D. A. JONES. Modelling developmental changes in strength and aerobic power in children. J. Appl. Physiol. 84:963-970, 1998.
22. PARKER, D. F., J. M. ROUND, P. SACCO, and D. A. JONES. A cross-sectional survey of upper and lower limb strength in boys and girls during childhood and adolescence. Ann. Hum. Biol. 17:199-211, 1990.
23. ROEMMICH, J. N., and W. E. SINNING. Sport-seasonal changes in body composition, growth, power and strength of adolescent wrestlers. Int. J. Sports Med. 17:92-99, 1996.
24. ROUND, J. M., D. A. JONES, J. W. HONOUR, and A. M. NEVILL. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: a longitudinal study. Ann. Hum. Biol. 26:49-62, 1999.
25. TANNER, J. M. (Ed.). Foetus into Man. Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. London: Open Books Publishing Limited, 1978, pp. 6-24.
26. TANNER, J. M., P. C. R. HUGHES, and R. H. WHITEHOUSE. Radiographically determined widths of bone, muscle and fat in the upper arm and calf from age 3-18 years. Ann. Hum. Biol. 8:495-517, 1981.
27. WEINER, J. S., and J. A. LOURIE. (Eds.). Practical Human Biology. London: Academic Press, 1981, pp. 27-52.
28. WELSMAN, J. R., and N. ARMSTRONG. Statistical techniques for interpreting body size-related exercise performance during growth. Pediatr. Ex. Sci. 12:112-127, 2000.
29. WILSON, G. J., and A. J. MURPHY. The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment. Sports Med. 22:19-37, 1996.