Formation, reactivity, and aging of ferric oxide particles formed from Fe(II) and Fe(III) sources: Implications for iron bioavailability in the marine environment

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 75, Issue 24, 2011, Pages 7741-7758

  Bligh, Mark W ^a   Waite, T David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION; AGING; BIOAVAILABILITY; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTALLINITY; DISSOLUTION; FERRIHYDRITE; IRON OXIDE; LEPIDOCROCITE; LIGAND; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; SEAWATER; WATER COLUMN;

EID: 81255214984     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.013     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Ahern K.S., Ahern C.R., Savige G.M., Udy J.W. Mapping the distribution, biomass and tissue nutrient levels of a marine benthic cyanobacteria bloom (Lyngbya majuscula). Mar. Freshwater Res. 2007, 58:883-904.
2. Ahern K.S., Ahern C.R., Udy J.W. In situ field experiment shows Lyngbya majuscula (cyanobacterium) growth stimulated by added iron, phosphorus and nitrogen. Harmful Algae 2008, 7:389-404.
3. Albert S., O'Neil J.M., Udy J.W., Ahern K.S., O'Sullivan C.M., Dennison W.C. Blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in coastal Queensland, Australia: disparate sites, common factors. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 51:428-437.
4. Aller R.C., Mackin J.E., Cox R.T. Diagenesis of Fe and S in Amazon muds - apparent dominance of Fe reduction and implications for the genesis of ironstones. Cont. Shelf Res. 1986, 6:263-289.
5. Amal R., Coury J.R., Raper J.A., Walsh W.P., Waite T.D. Structure and kinetics of aggregating colloidal hematite. Colloids Surf. 1990, 46:1-19.
6. Amal R., Raper J.A., Waite T.D. Fractal structure of hematite aggregates. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 140:158-168.
7. Amonette J.E., Workman D.J., Kennedy D.W., Fruchter J.S., Gorby Y.A. Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by Fe(II) associated with goethite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:4606-4613.
8. Arquitt S., Johnstone R. A scoping and consensus building model of a toxic blue-green algae bloom. Syst. Dyn. Rev. 2004, 20:179-198.
9. Avnir D., Farin D., Pfeifer P. Molecular fractal surfaces. Nature 1984, 308:261-263.
10. 3) by ascorbate. Colloids Surf. 1989, 39:303-309.
11. Bligh M.W., Waite T.D. Formation, aggregation and reactivity of amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides on dissociation of Fe(III)-organic complexes in dilute aqueous suspensions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:5746-5762.
12. Bligh M.W., Waite T.D. Role of heterogeneous precipitation in determining the nature of products formed on oxidation of Fe(II) in seawater containing natural organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:6667-6673.
13. Bondietti G., Sinniger J., Stumm W. The reactivity of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides - effects of ligands in inhibiting the dissolution. Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 1993, 79:157-167.
14. Bonneville S., Behrends T., Van Cappellen P. Solubility and dissimilatory reduction kinetics of iron(III) oxyhydroxides: A linear free energy relationship. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:5273-5282.
15. Bonneville S., Van Cappellen P., Behrends T. Microbial reduction of iron(III) oxyhydroxides: effects of mineral solubility and availability. Chem. Geol. 2004, 212:255-268.
16. Botet R., Jullien R. Size distribution of clusters in irreversible kinetic aggregation. J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 1984, 17:2517-2530.
17. Boyd P.W., Law C.S. The Southern Ocean Iron RElease Experiment (SOIREE) - introduction and summary. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2001, 48:2425-2438.
18. Boye M., Nishioka J., Croot P., Laan P., Timmermans K.R., Strass V.H., Takeda S., de Baar H.J.W. Significant portion of dissolved organic Fe complexes in fact is Fe colloids. Mar. Chem. 2010, 122:20-27.
19. Brady K.S., Bigham J.M., Jaynes W.F., Logan T.J. Influence of sulfate on Fe-oxide formation - comparisons with a stream recieving acid-mine drainage. Clays Clay Miner. 1986, 34:266-274.
20. Bruland K.W., Rue E.L., Smith G.J. Iron and macronutrients in California coastal upwelling regimes: implications for diatom blooms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46:1661-1674.
21. Carlson L., Schwertmann U. Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45:421-429.
22. Chatellier X., West M.M., Rose J., Fortin D., Leppard G.G., Ferris F.G. Characterization of iron-oxides formed by oxidation of ferrous ions in the presence of various bacterial species and inorganic ligands. Geomicrobiol. J. 2004, 21:99-112.
23. Cheah S.F., Kraemer S.M., Cervini-Silva J., Sposito G. Steady-state dissolution kinetics of goethite in the presence of desferrioxamine B and oxalate ligands: implications for the microbial acquisition of iron. Chem. Geol. 2003, 198:63-75.
24. Cocozza C., Tsao C.C.G., Cheah S.F., Kraemer S.M., Raymond K.N., Miano T.M., Sposito G. Temperature dependence of goethite dissolution promoted by trihydroxamate siderophores. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:431-438.
25. Cornell R.M., Schwertmann U. The Iron Oxides 2003, Wiley, VCH Wienheim.
26. Crosby S.A., Butler E.I., Turner D.R., Whitfield M., Glasson D.R., Millward G.E. Phosphate adsorption onto iron oxyhydroxides at natural concentrations. Environ. Technol. Lett. 1981, 2:371-378.
27. Crosby S.A., Glasson D.R., Cuttler A.H., Butler I., Turner D.R., Whitfield M., Millward G.E. Surface areas and porosities of Fe(III)-derived and Fe(II)-derived oxyhydroxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983, 17:709-713.
28. Cullen J.T., Bergquist B.A., Moffett J.W. Thermodynamic characterization of the partitioning of iron between soluble and colloidal species in the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98:295-303.
29. Cwiertny D.M., Handler R.M., Schaefer M.V., Grassian V.H., Scherer M.M. Interpreting nanoscale size-effects in aggregated Fe-oxide suspensions: reaction of Fe(II) with Goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:1365-1380.
30. Das S., Hendry M.J., Essilfie-Dughan J. Transformation of two-line ferrihydrite to goethite and hematite as a function of pH and temperature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 45:268-275.
31. Deng Y.W., Stumm W. Reactivity of aquatic iron(III) oxyhydroxides implications for redox cycling of iron in natural-waters. Appl. Geochem. 1994, 9:23-36.
32. Dzombak D.A., Morel F.M.M. Surface complexation modelling: hydrous ferric oxide 1990, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
33. Eggleton R.A., Fitzpatrick R.W. New data and a revised structural model for ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 1988, 36:111-124.
34. Elimelech M., Gregory J., Jia X., Williams R.A. Particle deposition and aggregation 1995, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
35. Emmenegger L., Schonenberger R.R., Sigg L., Sulzberger B. Light-induced redox cycling of iron in circumneutral lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46:49-61.
36. Finden D.A.S., Tipping E., Jaworski G.H.M., Reynolds C.S. Light induced reduction of natural iron(III) oxide and its relevance to phytoplankton. Nature 1984, 309:783-784.
37. Finsy R. Particle sizing by quasi-elastic light-scattering. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1994, 52:79-143.
38. Fujii M., Rose A.L., Waite T.D., Omura T. Superoxide-mediated dissolution of amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide in seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:880-887.
39. 3 and BeO. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:1847-1860.
40. Gibbes B., Robinson C., Carey H., Li L., Lockington D. Tidally driven pore water exchange in offshore intertidal sandbanks: Part I. Field measurements. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2008, 79:121-132.
41. Gilbert B., Ono R.K., Ching K.A., Kim C.S. The effects of nanoparticle aggregation processes on aggregate structure and metal uptake. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 339:285-295.
42. Glover H.E. Iron in maine coastal waters; seasonal variation and its apparent correlation with a dinoflagellate bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1978, 23:534-537.
43. Henmi T., Wells N., Childs C.W., Parfitt R.L. Poorly-ordered iron-rich precipitates from springs and streams on andesitic volcanos. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:365-372.
44. Hochella M.F. Nanogeoscience. From origins to cutting-edge applications. Elements 2008, 4:373-379.
45. Holmen B.A., Casey W.H. Hydroxamate ligands, surface chemistry, and the mechanism of ligand-promoted dissolution of goethite [alpha-FeOOH(s)]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:4403-4416.
46. Huettel M., Ziebis W., Forster S., Luther G.W. Advective transport affecting metal and nutrient distributions and interfacial fluxes in permeable sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1998, 62:613-631.
47. Hutchins D.A., Bruland K.W. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature 1998, 393:561-564.
48. Hutchins D.A., DiTullio G.R., Zhang Y., Bruland K.W. An iron limitation mosaic in the California upwelling regime. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43:1037-1054.
49. Janney D.E., Cowley J.M., Buseck P.R. Transmission electron microscopy of synthetic 2-and 6-line ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 2000, 48:111-119.
50. Johnson K.S., Coale K.H., Elrod V.A., Tindale N.W. Iron photochemistry in seawater from the equatorial Pacific. Mar. Chem. 1994, 46:319-334.
51. Jones A.M., Collins R.N., Rose J., Waite T.D. The effect of silica and natural organic matter on the Fe(II)-catalysed transformation and reactivity of Fe(III) minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:4409-4422.
52. Kieber R.J., Williams K., Willey J.D., Skrabal S., Avery G.B. Iron speciation in coastal rainwater: concentration and deposition to seawater. Mar. Chem. 2001, 73:83-95.
53. King D.W. Role of carbonate speciation on the oxidation rate of Fe(II) in aquatic systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:2997-3003.
54. Kirchman D.L., Meon B., Cottrell M.T., Hutchins D.A., Weeks D., Bruland K.W. Carbon versus iron limitation of bacterial growth in the California upwelling regime. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45:1681-1688.
55. Kondo Y., Takeda S., Nishioka J., Obata H., Furuya K., Johnson W.K., Wong C.S. Organic iron(III) complexing ligands during an iron enrichment experiment in the western subarctic North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35.
56. Koppel D.E. Analysis of macromolecular polydispersity in intensity correlation spectroscopy: method of cumulants. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57:4814-4820.
57. Kraemer S.M. Iron oxide dissolution and solubility in the presence of siderophores. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 66:3-18.
58. Kraemer S.M., Cheah S.F., Zapf R., Xu J.D., Raymond K.N., Sposito G. Effect of hydroxamate siderophores on Fe release and Pb(II) adsorption by goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:3003-3008.
59. Kuma K., Matsunaga K. Availability of colloidal ferric oxides to coastal marine-phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 1995, 122:1-11.
60. Kuma K., Nakabayashi S., Suzuki Y., Kudo I., Matsunaga K. Photo-reduction of Fe (III) by dissolved organic-substances and existence of Fe (II) in seawater during spring blooms. Mar. Chem. 1992, 37:15-27.
61. Larsen O., Postma D. Kinetics of reductive bulk dissolution of lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, and goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:1367-1379.
62. Lazaroff N., Sigal W., Wasserman A. Iron oxidation and precipitation of ferric hydroxysulfates by resting Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982, 43:924-938.
63. Lin J., Kester D.R. The kinetics of Fe(II) complexation by ferrozine in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1992, 38:283-301.
64. Lin M.Y., Klein R., Lindsay H.M., Weitz D.A., Ball R.C., Meakin P. The structure of fractal colloidal aggregates of finite extent. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 137:263-280.
65. Lin M.Y., Lindsay H.M., Weitz D.A., Klein R., Ball R.C., Meakin P. Universal diffusion-limited colloid aggregation. J. Phys.-Condes. Matter 1990, 2:3093-3113.
66. Liu J., Aruguete D.M., Murayama M., Hochella M.F. Influence of size and aggregation on the reactivity of an environmentally and industrially relevant nanomaterial (PbS). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:8178-8183.
67. Lo B., Waite T.D. Structure of hydrous ferric oxide aggregates. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 222:83-89.
68. Luther G.W., Shellenbarger P.A., Brendel P.J. Dissolved organic Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes in salt marsh porewaters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:951-960.
69. Manceau A., Combes J.M. Structure of Mn and Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides - a topological approach by EXAFS. Phys. Chem. Miner. 1988, 15:283-295.
70. Martin J.E., Wilcoxon J.P., Schaefer D., Odinek J. Fast aggregation of colloidal silica. Phys. Rev. A 1990, 41:4379-4391.
71. Martin J.H., Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M., Tanner S.J., Hunter C.N., Elrod V.A., Nowicki J.L., Coley T.L., Barber R.T., Lindley S., Watson A.J., Vanscoy K., Law C.S., Liddicoat M.I., Ling R., Stanton T., Stockel J., Collins C., Anderson A., Bidigare R., Ondrusek M., Latasa M., Millero F.J., Lee K., Yao W., Zhang J.Z., Friederich G., Sakamoto C., Chavez F., Buck K., Kolber Z., Greene R., Falkowski P., Chisholm S.W., Hoge F., Swift R., Yungel J., Turner S., Nightingale P., Hatton A., Liss P., Tindale N.W. Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 1994, 371:123-129.
72. 4, α-FeOOH, and γ-FeOOH) thin films by electrodeposition potential tuning. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154:D126-D133.
73. Mayer T.D., Jarrell W.M. Formation and stability of iron(II) oxidation products under natural concentrations of dissolved silica. Water Res. 1996, 30:1208-1214.
74. Meakin P., Stanley H.E., Coniglio A., Witten T.A. Surfaces, interfaces, and screening of fractal structures. Phys. Rev. A 1985, 32:2364-2369.
75. Meakin P., Vicsek T., Family F. Dynamic cluster-size distribution in cluster-cluster aggregation - effects of cluster diffusivity. Phys. Rev. B 1985, 31:564-569.
76. Millero F.J., Sotolongo S., Izaguirre M. The oxidation kinetics of Fe(II) in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:793-801.
77. Mioni C.E., Howard A.M., DeBruyn J.M., Bright N.G., Twiss M.R., Applegate B.M., Wilhelm S.W. Characterization and field trials of a bioluminescent bacterial reporter of iron bioavailability. Mar. Chem. 2003, 83:31-46.
78. Murphy P.J., Posner A.M., Quirk J.P. Characterization of partially neutralized ferric nitrate solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1976, 56:270-283.
79. Mylon S.E., Chen K.L., Elimelech M. Influence of natural organic matter and ionic composition on the kinetics and structure of hematite colloid aggregation: implications to iron depletion in estuaries. Langmuir 2004, 20:9000-9006.
80. Nishioka J., Takeda S. Change in the concentrations of iron in different size fractions during growth of the oceanic diatom Chaetoceros sp.: importance of small colloidal iron. Mar. Biol. 2000, 137:231-238.
81. Nishioka J., Takeda S., Wong C.S. Change in the concentrations of iron in different size fractions during a phytoplankton bloom in controlled ecosystem enclosures. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2001, 258:237-255.
82. Nishioka J., Takeda S., de Baar H.J.W., Croot P.L., Boye M., Laan P., Timmermans K.R. Changes in the concentration of iron in different size fractions during an iron enrichment experiment in the open Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2005, 95:51-63.
83. Nodwell L.M., Price N.M. Direct use of inorganic colloidal iron by marine mixotrophic phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46:765-777.
84. O'Loughlin E.J., Chin Y.P. Quantification and characterization of dissolved organic carbon and iron in sedimentary porewater from Green Bay, WI, USA. Biogeochem. 2004, 71:371-386.
85. Pedersen H.D., Postma D., Jakobsen R., Larsen O. Fast transformation of iron oxyhydroxides by the catalytic action of aqueous Fe(II). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:3967-3977.
86. 2 nanoparticles: effects of pH, nanoparticle size, and nanoparticle aggregation. Langmuir 2008, 24:6659-6667.
87. Pham A.N., Waite T.D. Oxygenation of Fe(II) in natural waters revisited: kinetic modeling approaches, rate constant estimation and the importance of various reaction pathways. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:3616-3630.
88. Postma D. The reactivity of iron oxides in sediments: a kinetic approach. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:5027-5034.
89. Raiswell R. Iceberg-hosted nanoparticulate Fe in the Southern Ocean: mineralogy, origin, dissolution kinetics and source of bioavailable Fe. Deep-Sea Res. Part II 2011, 58:1364-1375.
90. Raiswell R. Iron transport from the continents to the open ocean: the aging-rejuvenation cycle. Elements 2011, 7:101-106.
91. Raiswell R., Vu H.P., Brinza L., Benning L.G. The determination of labile Fe in ferrihydrite by ascorbic acid extraction: methodology, dissolution kinetics and loss of solubility with age and de-watering. Chem. Geol. 2010, 278:70-79.
92. Rancourt D.G., Fortin D., Pichler T., Thibault P.J., Lamarche G., Morris R.V., Mercier P.H.J. Mineralogy of a natural As-rich hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitate formed by mixing of hydrothermal fluid and seawater: implications regarding surface complexation and color banding in ferrihydrite deposits. Am. Miner. 2001, 86:834-851.
93. Rancourt D.G., Thibault P.J., Mavrocordatos D., Lamarche G. Hydrous ferric oxide precipitation in the presence of nonmetabolizing bacteria: constraints on the mechanism of a biotic effect. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:553-577.
94. Ravel B., Newville M. ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 2005, 12:537-541.
95. Rich H.W., Morel F.M.M. Availability of well-defined iron colloids to the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1990, 35:652-662.
96. Roden E.E. Fe(III) oxide reactivity toward biological versus chemical reduction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:1319-1324.
97. Roden E.E. Analysis of long-term bacterial vs. chemical Fe(III) oxide reduction kinetics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:3205-3216.
98. Roden E.E., Zachara J.M. Microbial reduction of crystalline iron(III) oxides: influence of oxide surface area and potential for cell growth. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30:1618-1628.
99. Rose A.L., Waite T.D. Kinetics of hydrolysis and precipitation of ferric iron in seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:3897-3903.
100. Rose A.L., Waite T.D. Predicting iron speciation in coastal waters from the kinetics of sunlight-mediated iron redox cycling. Aquat. Sci. 2003, 65:375-383.
101. Rose A.L., Waite T.D. Reconciling kinetic and equilibrium observations of iron(III) solubility in aqueous solutions with a polymer-based model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007.
102. 3) oligomers in the early stages of hydrolysis. Langmuir 1997, 13:3240-3246.
103. Sangwal K., Kucharczyk W. Relationship between density and refractive-index of inorganic solids. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 1987, 20:522-525.
104. Santana-Casiano J.M., Gonzaalez-Davila M., Millero F.J. Oxidation of nanomolar levels of Fe(II) with oxygen in natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:2073-2079.
105. Schwertmann U., Fischer W.R. Natural amorphous ferric hydroxide. Geoderma 1973, 10:237-247.
106. Schwertmann U., Cornell R.M. Iron Oxides in the Laboratory 2000, VCH, Weinheim.
107. Schwertmann U., Friedl J., Stanjek H. From Fe(III) ions to ferrihydrite and then to hematite. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 209:215-223.
108. Schwertmann U., Stanjek H., Becher H.-H. Long-term in vitro transformation of 2-line ferrihydrite to goethite/hematite at 4, 10, 15 and 25°C. Clay Miner. 2004, 39:433-438.
109. Sorensen C.M. Light scattering by fractal aggregates: a review. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:648-687.
110. Steefel C.I., Van Cappellen P. A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: the role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:2657-2677.
111. Sulzberger B., Suter D., Siffert C., Banwart S., Stumm W. Dissolution of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides in natural-waters; laboratory assessment on the kinetics controlled by surface coordination. Mar. Chem. 1989, 28:127-144.
112. Towe K.M., Bradley W.F. Mineralogical constitution of colloidal " hydrous ferric oxides" J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1967, 24:384-392.
113. Tsuda A., Takeda S., Saito H., Nishioka J., Nojiri Y., Kudo I., Kiyosawa H., Shiomoto A., Imai K., Ono T., Shimamoto A., Tsumune D., Yoshimura T., Aono T., Hinuma A., Kinugasa M., Suzuki K., Sohrin Y., Noiri Y., Tani H., Deguchi Y., Tsurushima N., Ogawa H., Fukami K., Kuma K., Saino T. A mesoscale iron enrichment in the western Subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom. Science 2003, 300:958-961.
114. Vikesland P.J., Heathcock A.M., Rebodos R.L., Makus K.E. Particle size and aggregation effects on magnetite reactivity toward carbon tetrachloride. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:5277-5283.
115. Visser F., Gerringa L.J.A., Van der Gaast S.J., de Baar H.J.W., Timmermans K.R. The role of the reactivity and content of iron of aerosol dust on growth rates of two Antarctic diatom species. J. Phycol. 2003, 39:1085-1094.
116. Von Gunten U., Schneider W. Primary products of the oxygenation of iron(II) at an oxic anoxic boundary - nucleation, aggregation, and aging. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1991, 145:127-139.
117. Waite T.D., Szymczak R., Espey Q.I., Furnas M.J. Diel variations in iron speciation in northern Australian shelf waters. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50:79-91.
118. Weitz D.A., Huang J.S., Lin M.Y., Sung J. Limits of the fractal dimension for irreversible kinetic aggregation of gold colloids. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 54:1416-1419.
119. Wells M.L. The level of iron enrichment required to initiate diatom blooms in HNLC waters. Mar. Chem. 2003, 82:101-114.
120. Wells M.L., Mayer L.M. The photoconversion of colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in seawater. Deep Sea Res. Part A 1991, 38:1379-1395.
121. Wells M.L., Mayer L.M., Donard O.F.X., Sierra M.M.D., Ackelson S.G. The photolysis of colloidal iron in the oceans. Nature 1991, 353:248-250.
122. Wells M.L., Mayer L.M., Guillard R.R.L. A chemical method for estimating the availability of iron to phytoplankton in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1991, 33:23-40.
123. Wells M.L., Zorkin N.G., Lewis A.G. The role of colloid chemistry in providing a source of iron to phytoplankton. J. Mar. Res. 1983, 41:731-746.
124. Willey J.D., Kieber R.J., Yavari J.R. Fe(II) in coastal rainwater: changing stability and concentrations. Aquat. Sci. 2009, 71:144-150.
125. Wu J., Boyle E., Sunda W., Wen L.-S. Soluble and colloidal iron in the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific. Science 2001, 293:847-849.
126. Yoshida M., Kuma K., Iwade S., Isoda Y., Takata H., Yamada M. Effect of aging time on the availability of freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide to coastal marine diatoms. Mar. Biol. 2006, 149:379-392.
127. 3+ oxides in single phase suspensions and subsurface materials. Am. Miner. 1998, 83:1426-1443.
128. Zhang J.W., Buffle J. Kinetics of hematite aggregation by polyacrylic acid: importance of charge neutralization. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995, 174:500-509.
129. Zhang J.W., Buffle J. Multi-method determination of the fractal dimension of hematite aggregates. Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 1996, 107:175-187.