Bone development in the fetus and neonate: Role of the calciotropic hormones

Current Osteoporosis Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 274-283

  Kovacs, Christopher S ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D; Associational studies; Bone formation; Bone resorption; Calcitonin; Calcitonin receptor; Calcitriol; Calcium; Endochondral bone development; Estradiol; Estrogen receptor; Fetus; Humans; Indian hedge hog; Knockout mice; Mesenchymal bone development; Neonate; Observational studies; Osteoprotegerin; Parathyroid hormone; Parathyroid hormone related protein; Phosphorus; Placental calcium transfer; PTH PTHrP receptor; Randomized clinical trials; RANKL; Sheep; Skeletal development; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIFEDIOL; CALCIOTROPIC HORMONE; CALCITONIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; ESTRADIOL; HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PLACEBO; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

ACTIVE CALCIUM ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE MINERAL; BONE MINERALIZATION; BONE REMODELING; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION; FETUS; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; MINERAL METABOLISM; NEWBORN; NONHUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; PASSIVE CALCIUM ABSORPTION; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RICKETS; UPREGULATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CALCITRIOL; FETUS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN; VITAMIN D;

EID: 81255209549     PISSN: 15441873     EISSN: 15442241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-011-0073-0     Document Type: Article

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92. •• Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, et al.: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011, 26:in press. One of two large clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation that nicely demonstrates the amount of maternal intake of vitamin D required to achieve several target blood levels of 25(OH)D in mother and in cord blood. However, no clinical benefit to mother or offspring was demonstrated.
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94. FR Greer JE Searcy RS Levin, et al. 1981 Bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in breast-fed infants with and without supplemental vitamin D J Pediatr 98 696 701 6971922 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkt1ehtrY%3D 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80827-X (Pubitemid 11070318)
95. FR Greer JE Searcy RS Levin, et al. 1982 Bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in breast-fed infants with and without supplemental vitamin D: one-year follow-up J Pediatr 100 919 22 6979622 1:STN:280:DyaL383hs1ajug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80514-3 (Pubitemid 12123590)
96. FR Greer S Marshall 1989 Bone mineral content, serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and ultraviolet B light exposure in infants fed human milk with and without vitamin D2 supplements J Pediatr 114 204 12 2783734 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhslais7w%3D 10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80784-X (Pubitemid 19059112)
97. R Morley JB Carlin JA Pasco JD Wark 2006 Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations and offspring birth size J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 906 12 16352684 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1Cmt7Y%3D 10.1210/jc.2005-1479 (Pubitemid 43357757)
98. P Mahon N Harvey S Crozier, et al. 2010 Low Maternal Vitamin D Status and Fetal Bone Development: Cohort Study J Bone Miner Res 25 14 9 19580464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksl2lu7o%3D 10.1359/jbmr.090701 Associational study that found increased metaphyseal area with lower 25(OH)D levels and concluded this indicated early rickets; this is in contrast with the study by Viljakainen et al. [10•], which showed the opposite finding and concluded that increased metaphyseal area means stronger bone
99. MK Javaid SR Crozier NC Harvey, et al. 2006 Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study Lancet 367 36 43 16399151 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsFalsg%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140- 6736(06)67922-1 Associational study that found reduced skeletal mineral content at 9 years of age (but not at birth or 9 months of age) in children born of mothers in the lower tertile of 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy. Results used to support the theory that 25(OH)D levels during fetal life program childhood bone mass, but the data are confounded by maternal factors that lead to lower 25(OH)D levels in the first place (Pubitemid 43038668)
100. C Cooper S Westlake N Harvey, et al. 2006 Review: developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture Osteoporos Int 17 337 47 16331359 10.1007/s00198-005- 2039-5
101. •• Kovacs CS: Fetus, Neonate and Infant. In: Vitamin D: Third Edition. Edited by Feldman D, Pike WJ, Adams JS. New York: Academic Press; 2011: 625-646. Detailed and comprehensive review of available animal and human data pertaining the roles of vitamin D, 25(OH)D, and calcitriol in regulating mineral metabolism and skeletal development in the fetus, neonate, and infant.
102. •• IOM: Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2011. Comprehensive review of all available evidence that concluded that target 25(OH)D blood levels of 50 nmol/L are appropriate for all pediatric ages to ensure optimal skeletal development and health.