Perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis

Veterinary Parasitology

Volumn 181, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-11

  Baneth, Gad ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Amblyomma maculatum; Amblyomma ovale; Hepatozoon americanum; Hepatozoon canis; Hepatozoon felis; Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Indexed keywords

CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMAZINE; DECOQUINATE; IMIDOCARB DIPROPIONATE; PYRIMETHAMINE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD SMEAR; CAT DISEASE; DISEASE CARRIER; DOG DISEASE; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ERADICATION THERAPY; GAMONT; HEPATOZOON AMERICANUM; HEPATOZOON CANIS; HEPATOZOONOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; LIFE CYCLE; NONHUMAN; PARASITE; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PARASITE VIRULENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEROLOGY; TICK;

ANIMALS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; COCCIDIOSIS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EUCOCCIDIIDA;

AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM; AMBLYOMMA OVALE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; FELIDAE; FELIS CATUS; HEPATOZOON; HEPATOZOON AMERICANUM; HEPATOZOON CANIS; HEPATOZOON FELIS; IXODIDA; RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS;

EID: 80955177108     PISSN: 03044017     EISSN: 18732550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.015     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Abd-Allah Shazly M. Erythrocytic and merogonic stages of Hepatozoon ridibundae sp. nov. infecting the Arabian ranid frogs, Rana ridibunda in Saudi Arabia with reflections on the haemogregarine complex. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 2003, 33:497-516.
2. Abranches P., Conceiçao-Silva F.M., Silva-Pereira M.C. Kala-azar in Portugal, V. The sylvatic cycle in the enzootic endemic focus of Arrabida. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984, 87:197-200.
3. Alencar N.X., Kohayagawa A., Santarem V.A. Hepatozoon canis infection of wild carnivores in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 1997, 70:279-282.
4. Allen K.E., Li Y., Kaltenboeck B., Johnson E.M., Reichard M.V., Panciera R.J., Little S.E. Diversity of Hepatozoon species in naturally infected dogs in the southern United States. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 154:220-225.
5. Baneth G., Harmelin A., Presentey B.Z. Hepatozoon canis infection in two dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1995, 206:1891-1894.
6. Baneth G., Shkap V., Presentey B.-Z., Pipano E. Hepatozoon canis: the prevalence of antibodies and gamonts in dogs in Israel. Vet. Res. Commun. 1996, 20:41-46.
7. Baneth G., Weigler B. Retrospective case-control study of hepatozoonosis in dogs in Israel. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1997, 11:365-376.
8. Baneth G., Aroch I., Presentey B. Hepatozoon canis infection in a litter of Dalmatian dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 1997, 70:201-206.
9. Baneth G., Aroch, Tal N., Harrus S. Hepatozoon species infection in domestic cats: a retrospective study. Vet. Parasitol. 1998, 79:123-133.
10. Baneth G., Barta J.R., Shkap V., Martin D.S., Macintire D.K., Vincent-Johnson N. Genetic and antigenic evidence supports the separation of Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum at the species level. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38:1298-1301.
11. Baneth G., Samish M., Alekseev E., Aroch I., Shkap V. Transmission of Hepatozoon canis to dogs by naturally-fed or percutaneously-injected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. J. Parasitol. 2001, 87:606-611.
12. Baneth G., Shkap V. Monozoic cysts of Hepatozoon canis. J. Parasitol. 2003, 89:379-381.
13. Baneth G., Mathew J.S., Shkap V., Macintire D.K., Barta J.R., Ewing S.A. Canine hepatozoonosis: two disease syndromes caused by separate Hepatozoon species. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:27-31.
14. Baneth G., Macintire D. Hepatozoonosis. Infectious Diseases of The Dog And Cat 2006, 698-711. Elsevier, Philadelphia. E. Greene (Ed.).
15. Baneth G., Samish M., Shkap V. Life cycle of Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: hepatozoidae) in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and domestic dog (Canis familiaris). J. Parasitol. 2007, 93:283-299.
16. Barta J.R. Molecular approaches for inferring evolutionary relationships among protistan parasites. Vet. Parasitol. 2001, 101:175-186.
17. Beaufils J.P., Martin-Granel J., Jumelle P. Hepatozoon spp. parasitemia and feline leukemia virus infection in two cats. Feline Pract. 1998, 26:10-13.
18. Breshears M.A., Kocan K.M., Johnson E.M., Panciera R.J. Light and transmission electron microscopic characteristics of a novel Hepatozoon spp. in naturally infected cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Parasitol. Res. 2009, 105:1327-1332.
19. Cardoso L., Yisaschar-Mekuzas Y., Rodrigues F.T., Costa A., Machado J., Diz-Lopes D., Baneth G. Canine babesiosis in northern Portugal and molecular characterization of vector-borne co-infections. Parasite Vector 2010, 8:27.
20. Christophers S.R. The sexual life cycle of Leucocytozoon canis in the tick. Sci. Mem. Offrs. Med. Sanit. Deps. India 1907, 28:1-11.
21. Craig T.M., Smallwood J.E., Knauer K.W., McGrath J.P. Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical, radiographic, and hematological findings. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1978, 173:967-972.
22. Criado-Fornelio A., Rey-Valeiron C., Buling A., Barba-Carretero J.C., Jefferies R., Irwin P. New advances in molecular epizootiology of canine hematic protozoa from Venezuela Thailand and Spain. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 144:261-269.
23. Criado-Fornelio A., Buling A., Cunha-Filho N.A., Ruas J.L., Farias N.A., Rey-Valeiron C., Pingre J.L., Etievant M., Barba-Carretero J.C. Development and evaluation of a quantitative PCR assay for detection of Hepatozoon sp. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 150:352-356.
24. Deinert M., Kraft W., Gothe R. Hepatozoon canis infection of dogs in Germany: case report and epidemiology. Tierarztl. Prax. 1997, 25:254-256.
25. Eiras D.F., Basabe J., Scodellaro C.F., Banach D.B., Matos M.L., Krimer A., Baneth G. First molecular characterization of canine hepatozoonosis in Argentina: evaluation of asymptomatic Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs from Buenos Aires. Vet. Parasitol. 2007, 149:275-279.
26. Estrada-Pena A., Venzal J.M., Mangold A.J., Cafrune M.M., Guglielmone A.A. The Amblyomma maculatum tick group: diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitarsum, 16S rDNA sequences, distribution, and hosts. Syst. Parasitol. 2005, 60:99-112.
27. Ewing G.O. Granulomatous cholangiohepatitis in a cat due to a protozoan parasite resembling Hepatozoon canis. Feline Pract. 1977, 7:37-40.
28. Ewing S.A., DuBois J.G., Mathew J.S., Panciera R.J. Larval Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) [Acari: Ixodidae] as host for Hepatozoon americanum [Apicomplexa: Adeleorina]. Vet. Parasitol. 2002, 103:43-51.
29. Ewing S.A., Panciera R.J. American canine hepatozoonosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16:688-697.
30. Fahmy M.A.M., Arafa M.S., Mandour A.M. Further notes on the life history of Hepatozoon canis (James, 1905). J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1977, 7:113-122.
31. Forlano M., Scofield A., Elisei C., Fernandes K.S., Ewing S.A., Massard C.L. Diagnosis of Hepatozoon spp. in Amblyomma ovlae and its experimental transmission in domestic dogs in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 134:1-7.
32. Gabrielli S., Kumlien S., Calderini P., Brozzi A., Iori A., Cancrini G. The First report of Hepatozoon canis identified in Vulpes vulpes and ticks from Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010, 10:855-859.
33. Gal A., Harrus S., Arcoh I., Lavy E., Aizenberg I., Mekuzas-Yisaschar Y., Baneth G. Coinfection with multiple tick-borne and intestinal parasites in a 6-week-old dog. Can. Vet. J. 2007, 48:619-622.
34. Gavazza A., Bizzeti M., Papini R. Observations on dogs found naturally infected with Hepatozoon canis in Italy. Revue Med. Vet. 2003, 154:565-571.
35. Gondim L.F., Kohayagawa A., Alencar N.X., Biondo A.W., Takahira R.K., Franco S.R. Canine hepatozoonosis in Brazil: description of eight naturally occurring cases. Vet Parasitol. 1998, 74:319-323.
36. Gonen L., Strauss-Ayali D., Shkap V., Vincent-Johnson N., Macintire D.K., Baneth G. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to Hepatozoon canis. Vet. Parasitol. 2004, 122:131-139.
37. Götsch S., Leschnik M., Duscher G., Burgstaller J.P., Wille-Piazzai W., Joachim A. Ticks and haemoparasites of dogs from Praia, Cape Verde. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 166:171-174.
38. Inokuma H., Ohno K., Yamamoto S. Serosurvey of Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs in Yamaguchi Perfecture, Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1999, 61:1153-1155.
39. Inokuma H., Okuda M., Ohno K., Shimoda K., Onishi T. Analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence of a Hepatozoon detected in two Japanese dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 2002, 106:265-271.
40. James S.P. On a parasite found in the white corpuscles of the blood of dogs. Sci. Mem. Offrs. Med. Sanit. Deps. India 1905, 14:1-12.
41. Jakes K.A., O'Donoghue P.J., Whittier J. Ultrastructure of Hepatozoon boigae (Mackerras 1961) nov. comb. from brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis, from northern Australia. Parasitol. Res. 2003, 90:225-231.
42. Jittapalapong S., Rungphisutthipongse O., Maruyama S., Schaefer J.J., Stich R.W. Detection of Hepatozoon canis in stray dogs and cats in Bangkok, Thailand. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1081:479-488.
43. Johnson E.M., Allen K.E., Panciera R.J., Little S.E., Ewing S.A. Infectivity of Hepatozoon americanum cystozoites for a dog. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 154:148-150.
44. Johnson E.M., Allen K.E., Panciera R.J., Ewing S.A., Little S.E. Experimental transmission of Hepatozoon americanum to New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and infectivity of cystozoites for a dog. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 164:162-166.
45. Johnson E.M., Panciera R.J., Allen K.E., Sheets M.E., Beal J.D., Ewing S.A., Little S.E. Alternate pathway of infection with Hepatozoon americanum and the epidemiologic importance of predation. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2009, 23:1315-1318.
46. Karagenc T.I., Pasa S., Kirli G., Hosgor M., Bilgic H.B., Ozon Y.H., Atasoy A., Eren H. A parasitological, molecular and serological survey of Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs around the Aegean coast of Turkey. Vet. Parasitol. 2006, 135:113-119.
47. Klopfer U., Nobel T.A., Neuman F. Hepatozoon-like parasite (schizonts) in the myocardium of the domestic cat. Vet. Pathol. 1973, 10:185-190.
48. Kontos V., Koutinas A. Canine hepatozoonosis: a review of 11 naturally occurring cases. Eur. J. Companion Anim. Pract. 1991, 2:26-30.
49. Kruszewicz A.G., Dyrcz A. Hepatozoon kabeenin. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa; Hemogregarina) from the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Aves: Passeriformes). Wiad. Parazytol. 2000, 46:507-510.
50. Kubo M., Miyoshi N., Yasuda N. Hepatozoonosis in two species of Japanese wild cat. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2006, 68:833-837.
51. Kubo M., Uni S., Agatsuma T., Nagataki M., Panciera R.J., Tsubota T., Nakamura S., Sakai H., Masegi T., Yanai T. Hepatozoon ursi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) in Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). Parasitol. Int. 2008, 57:287-294.
52. Landau I., Michel J.C., Chabaud A.G., Brygoo E.R. Cycle biologique d'Hepatozoon domergeui; Discussion sur les caracte'res fondamentaux d'un cycle de coccidie. Z. Parasitenkd. 1972, 38:250-270.
53. Leeflang P., Ilemobade A.A. Tick-borne diseases of domestic mammals in northern Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Prod. 1977, 9:211-218.
54. Li Y., Wang C., Allen K.E., Little S.E., Ahluwalia S.K., Gao D., Macintire D.K., Blagburn B.L., Kaltenboeck B. Diagnosis of canine Hepatozoon spp. infection by quantitative PCR. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 157:50-58.
55. Little S.E., Allen K.E., Johnson E.M., Panciera R.J., Reichard M.V., Ewing S.A. New developments in canine hepatozoonosis in North America: a review. Parasite Vector 2009, 2(Suppl 1):S5.
56. Macintire D.K., Vincent-Johnson N.A., Kane C.W., Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L., Dillon A.R. Treatment of dogs infected with Hepatozoon americanum: 53 cases (1989-1998). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001, 218:77-82.
57. Maede Y., Ohsugi T. Hepatozoon infection in a wild fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki Kishida) in Japan. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 1982, 44:137-142.
58. Majláthová V., Hurníková Z., Majláth I., Petko B. Hepatozoon canis infection in Slovakia: imported or autochthonous?. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:199-202.
59. Matjila P.T., Leisewitz A.L., Jongejan F., Bertschinger H.J., Penzhorn B.L. Molecular detection of Babesia rossi and Hepatozoon sp. in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in South Africa. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 157:123-127.
60. Marchetti V., Lubas G., Baneth G., Modenato M., Mancianti F. Hepatozoonosis in a dog with skeletal involvement and meningoencephalomyelitis. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2009, 38:121-125.
61. Mathew J.S., Ewing S.A., Panciera R.J., Woods J.P. Experimental transmission of Hepatozoon americanum Vincent-Johnson et al., 1997 to dogs by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch. Vet. Parasitol. 1998, 80:1-14.
62. Mathew J.S., Ewing S.A., Panciera R.J., Kocan K.M. Sporogonic development of Hepatozoon americanum (Apicomplexa) in its definitive host, Amblyomma maculatum (Acarina). J. Parasitol. 1999, 85:1023-1031.
63. Mathew J.S., Van Den Bussche R.A., Ewing S.A., Malayer J.R., Latha B.R., Panciera R.J. Phylogenetic relationships of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) based on molecular, morphologic, and life-cycle characters. J. Parasitol. 2000, 86:366-372.
64. Mathew J.S., Saliki J.T., Ewing S.A., Lehenbauer T.W., Panciera R.J., Malayer J.R., Cummings C.A., Kocan A.A. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of American canine hepatozoonosis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2001, 13:17-21.
65. McCully R.M., Basson P.A., Bigalke R.D., DeVoss V., Young E. Observations on naturally acquired hepatozoonosis of wild carnivores and dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1975, 42:117-134.
66. Menn B., Lorentz S., Naucke T.J. Imported and travelling dogs as carriers of canine vector-borne pathogens in Germany. Parasite Vector 2010, 3:34.
67. Miller W.W. Hepatozoon perniciosum n. g., n. sp., a haemogregarine pathogenic for white rats; With a brief description of the sexual cycle in the intermediate host, a mite (Laelaps echidninus Berlese). Bull. Hyg. Lab. Washington 1908, 46:51-123.
68. Mundim A.V., Morais I.A., Tavares M., Cury M.C., Mundim M.J. Clinical and hematological signs associated with dogs naturally infected by Hepatozoon sp. and with other hematozoa: a retrospective study in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 153:3-8.
69. Murata T., Shiramizu K., Hara Y., Inoue M., Shimod K., Nakama S. First case of Hepatozoon canis infection of a dog in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1991, 53:1097-1099.
70. Murata T., Inoue M., Tateyama S., Taura Y., Nakama S. Vertical transmission of Hepatozoon canis in dogs. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1993, 55:867-868.
71. Murata T., Inoue M., Taura Y., Nakama S., Abe H., Fujisaki K. Detection of Hepatozoon canis oocyst from ticks collected from the infected dogs. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1995, 57:111-112.
72. Mylonakis M.E., Leontides L., Gonen L., Billinis C., Koutinas A.F., Baneth G. Anti-Hepatozoon canis serum antibodies and gamonts in naturally-occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Vet. Parasitol. 2005, 129:229-233.
73. Otranto D., de Caprariis D., Lia R.P., Tarallo V., Lorusso V., Testini G., Dantas-Torres F., Latrofa S., Diniz P., Mencke N., Maggi R.G., Breitschwerdt E., Capelli G., Stanneck D. Prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: a longitudinal field study. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 172:323-332.
74. Oyamada M., Davoust B., Boni M., Dereure J., Bucheton B., Hammad A., Itamoto K., Okuda M., Inokuma H. Detection of Babesia canis rossi, B. canis vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis in dogs in a village of eastern Sudan by using a screening PCR and sequencing methodologies. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2005, 12:1343-2136.
75. Panciera R.J., Mathew J.S., Cummings C.A., Duffy J.C., Ewing S.A., Kocan A.A. Comparison of tissue stages of Hepatozoon americanum in the dog using immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods. Vet. Pathol. 2001, 38:422-426.
76. Paperna I., Kremer-Mecabell T., Finkelman S. Hepatozoon kisrae n. sp. infecting the lizard Agama stellio is transmitted by the tick Hyalomma cf. aegyptium. Parasite 2002, 9:17-27.
77. Patton W.S. The haemogregarines of mammals and reptiles. Parasitology 1908, 1:318-321.
78. Perez R.R., Rubini A.S., O'Dwyer L.H. The first report of Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) in domestic cats from São Paulo state. Brazil Parasitol. Res. 2004, 94:83-85.
79. Potter T.M., Macintire D.K. Hepatozoon americanum: an emerging disease in the south-central/southeastern United States. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care (San Antonio) 2010, 20:70-76.
80. Priya P., Mathew B., Vijayakumar K., Saseendranath M.R. A case report of canine hepatozoonosis. Indian Vet. J. 2004, 81:200-201.
81. Rioux J.A., Golvan Y.J., Honin R. Mixed Hepatozoon canis and Leishmania canis infection in a dog in the Sets area, France. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 1964, 39:131-135.
82. Rajamanickam C., Wiesenhutter E., Zin F.M., Hamid J. The incidence of canine haematozoa in Peninsular Malaysia. Vet. Parasitol. 1985, 17:151-157.
83. Rubini A.S., dos Santos Paduan K., Von Ah Lopes V., O'Dwyer L.H. Molecular and parasitological survey of Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) in dogs from rural area of Sao Paulo state. Brazil Parasitol. Res. 2008, 102:895-899.
84. Rubini A.S., Paduan K.S., Martins T.F., Labruna M.B., O'Dwyer L.H. Acquisition and transmission of Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) by the tick Amblyomma ovale (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 164:324-327.
85. Sakuma M., Nakahara Y., Suzuki H., Uchimura M., Sekiya Z., Setoguchi A., Endo Y. A case report: a dog with acute onset of Hepatozoon canis infection. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2009, 71:835-838.
86. Sasaki M., Omobowale O., Ohta K., Tozuka M., Matsuu A., Hirata H., Nottidge H.O., Ikadai H., Oyamada T. A PCR-based epidemiological survey of Hepatozoon canis in dogs in Nigeria. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2008, 70:743-745.
87. Sasanelli M., Paradies P., Lubas G., Otranto D., de Caprariis D. Atypical clinical presentation of coinfection with Ehrlichia, Babesia and Hepatozoon. species in a dog. Vet. Rec. 2009, 164:22-23.
88. Sasanelli M., Paradies P., Greco B., Eyal O., Zaza V., Baneth G. Failure of imidocarb dipropionate to eliminate Hepatozoon canis in naturally infected dogs based on parasitological and molecular evaluation methods. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 171:194-199.
89. Shamir M., Yakobson B., Baneth G., King R., Dar-Verker S., Markovics A., Aroch I. Antibodies to selected canine pathogens and infestation with intestinal helminths in golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Israel. Vet. J. 2001, 162:66-72.
90. Shkap V., Baneth G., Pipano E. Circulating antibodies to Hepatozoon canis demonstrated by immunofluorescence. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1994, 6:121-123.
91. Sloboda M., Kamler M., Bulantová J., Votýpka J., Modrý D. A new species of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) from Python regius (Serpentes: Pythonidae) and its experimental transmission by a mosquito vector. J. Parasitol. 2007, 93:1189-1198.
92. Smith T.G., Desser S.S., Martin D.S. The development of Hepatozoon sipedon n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Hepatozooidae) in its natural host, the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon), the culicine vectors, Culex pipiens and Culex territans, and an intermediate host, the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Parasitol. Res. 1994, 80:559-568.
93. Smith T.G. The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina). J. Parasitol. 1996, 82:565-585.
94. Sumner J.W., Durden L.A., Goddard J., Stromdahl E.Y., Clark K.L., Reeves W.K., Paddock C.D. Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:751-753.
95. Tabar M.D., Altet L., Francino O., Sanchez A., Ferrer L., Roura X. Vector-borne infections in cats: Molecular study in Barcelona area (Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 151:332-336.
96. Tabar M.D., Francino O., Altet L., Sánchez A., Ferrer L., Roura X. PCR survey of vectorborne pathogens in dogs living in and around Barcelona, an area endemic for leishmaniasis. Vet. Rec. 2009, 164:112-116.
97. Tsachev I., Ivanov A., Dinev I., Simeonova G., Kanakov D. Clinical Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis co-infection in a dog in Bulgaria. Rev. Med. Vet. 2008, 159:68-73.
98. Telford S.R., Wozniak E.J., Butler J.F. Haemogregarine specificity in two communities of Florida snakes, with descriptions of six new species of Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) and a possible species of Haemogregarina (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae). J. Parasitol. 2001, 87:890-905.
99. Telford S.R., Telford S.R., Butler J.F. The status of Haemogregarina mansoni Sambon and Seligmann from Zamenis flagelliformis Laurenti. J. Parasitol. 2002, 88:783-785.
100. Telford S.R., Butler J.F., Telford R.S. Hepatozoon species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) of the corn snake, Elaphe guttata (Serpentes: Colubridae) and the pigmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri (Serpentes: Viperidae) in south Florida. J. Parasitol. 2002, 88:778-782.
101. Telford S.R., Butler J.F., Telford R.S. Hepatozoon polytopis n. sp. parasitic in two genera and species of colubrid snakes in southern Florida. J. Parasitol. 2005, 91:144-147.
102. Telford S.R., Butler J.F., Moler P.E. Two additional Hepatozoon species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) from the southern black racer, Coluber constrictor priapus (Serpentes: Colubridae), in northern Florida. J. Parasitol. 2005, 91:139-143.
103. Telford S.R., Moler P.E., Butler J.F. Hepatozoon species of the timber rattlesnake in northern Florida: description of a new species, evidence of salivary gland oocysts, and a natural cross-familial transmission of an Hepatozoon species. J. Parasitol. 2008, 94:520-523.
104. Telford S.R. Three new Hepatozoon species (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infecting the Florida kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula floridana. J. Parasitol. 2010, 96:162-169.
105. Van Amstel S. Hepatozoonose in n' Kat. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1979, 50:215-216.
106. Vincent-Johnson N.A., Macintire D.K., Lindsay D.S., Lenz S.D., Baneth G., Shkap V., Blagburn B.L. A new Hepatozoon species from dogs: description of the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in North America. J. Parasitol. 1997, 83:1165-1172.
107. Vincent-Johnson N.A. American canine hepatozoonosis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2003, 33:905-920.
108. Vojta L., Mrljak V., Curković S., Zivicnjak T., Marinculić A., Beck R. Molecular epizootiology of canine hepatozoonosis in Croatia. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:1129-1136.
109. Wenyon C.M. Oriental sore in Bagdad, together with observations on a gregarine in Stegomyia fasciata, the haemoegregarine of dogs, and the flagellates of house flies. Parasitology 1911, 4:273-343.
110. Wenyon C.M. Protozoology: A Manual for Medical Men Veterinarians and Zoologists 1926, William Wood, New York, 1085-1095.
111. Yabsley M.J., McKibben J., Macpherson C.N., Cattan P.F., Cherry N.A., Hegarty B.C., Breitschwerdt E.B., O'Connor T., Chandrashekar R., Paterson T., Perea M.L., Ball G., Friesen S., Goedde J., Henderson B., Sylvester W. Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Hepatozoon canis, Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii, and Rickettsia spp. in dogs from Grenada. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 151:279-285.