Why fruits go to the dark side

Acta Oecologica

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 604-610

  Schaefer, H Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anthocyanins; Antioxidant; Fruit colour; Fungi; Plant animal communication; Seed disperser; Signals

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; COLOR; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FRUIT; FUNGUS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LOW TEMPERATURE; PIGMENT; SEED DISPERSAL; SIGNALING;

ANIMALIA; AVES; FUNGI; SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA;

EID: 80955151573     PISSN: 1146609X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.04.008     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allen G. The Colour-sense: Its Origin and Development 1879, Trübner & Co, London.
2. Altshuler D. Ultraviolet reflectance in fruits, ambient light composition and fruit removal in a tropical forest. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2001, 3:767-778.
3. Ashan G., Pfanz H. Non-foliar photosynthesis - a strategy of additional carbon acquisition. Flora 2003, 198:81-97.
4. Burns K.C., Dalen J.L. Foliage color contrasts and adaptive fruit color variation in a bird-dispersed plant community. Oikos 2002, 96:463-469.
5. Catoni C., Peters A., Schaefer H.M. Life history trade-offs are influenced by the diversity, availability and interactions of dietary antioxidants. Anim. Behav. 2008, 76:1107-1119.
6. Catoni C., Peters A., Schaefer H.M. Flavonoids enhance conspicuousness of melanin-based trait in male blackcaps but not of female homologous trait or of sexually monochromatic traits. J. Evol. Biol. 2009, 22:1649-1657.
7. Catoni C., Schaefer H.M., Peters A. Fruit for health: the effect of anthocyanins on humoral immune response and food selection in a frugivorous bird. Funct. Ecol. 2008, 22:649-654.
8. Cazetta E., Schaefer H.M., Galetti M. Why are fruits colorful? The relative importance of achromatic and chromatic contrasts for detection by birds. Evol. Ecol. 2009, 23:233-244.
9. Chalker-Scott L. Environmental significance of anthocyanins in plant stress responses. Photochem. Photobiol. 1999, 70:1-9.
10. Cipollini M.L., Levey D.J. Why some fruits are green when they are ripe: carbon balance in fleshy fruits. Oecologia 1991, 88:371-377.
11. Cipollini M.L., Levey D.J. Antifungal activity of Solanum fruit glycoalkaloids: implication for frugivory and seed dispersal. Ecology 1997, 78:799-809.
12. Cipollini M.L., Stiles E.W. Relative risks of microbial rot for fleshy fruits: significance with respect to dispersal and selection for secondary defense. Adv. Ecol. Res. 1992, 23:35-91.
13. Close D.C., Beadle C.L. The ecophysiology of foliar anthocyanin. Bot. Rev. 2003, 69:149-161.
14. Costa-Arbulú C., Gianoli E., Gonzáles W.L., Niemeyer H.M. Feeding by the aphid Sipha flava produces a reddish spot on leaves of Sorghum halepense: an induced defense?. J. Chem. Ecol. 2001, 27:273-283.
15. Darwin C. The Effects of Cross- and Self-fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom 1876, John Murray, London.
16. Dominy N.J., Lucas P.W., Ramsdeb L.W., Riba-Hernandez P., Stoner K.E., Turner I.M. Why are young leaves red?. Oikos 2002, 98:163-176.
17. Döring T.F., Archetti M., Hardie J. Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2009, 276:121-127.
18. Feild T.S., Lee D.W., Holbrook N.M. Why leaves turn red in autumn: the role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of red-osier dogwood. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127:566-574.
19. Flörchinger M., Braun J., Böhning-Gaese K., Schaefer H.M. Fruit size, crop mass, and plant height explain differential fruit choice of primates and birds. Oecologia 2010, 164:151-161.
20. Fraser P.D., Truesdale M.R., Bird C.R., Schuch W., Bramley P.M. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development. Plant Physiol. 1994, 105:405-413.
21. Gargiullo M.B., Stiles E.W. Development of secondary metabolites in the fruit pulp of Ilex opaca and Ilex verticillata. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1993, 120:423-430.
22. Gould K., Davies K., Winefield C. Anthocyanins 2009, Springer, New York.
23. Gould K.S. Nature's Swiss Army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2004, 5:314-320.
24. Gould K.S., Lee D.W. Anthocyanins in Leaves 2002, Academic Press, London.
25. 2 in red and green leaves after mechanical injury. Plant Cell Environ. 2002, 25:1261-1269.
26. Heaton J.W., Marangoni A.G. Chlorophyll degradation in processed foods and senescent plant tissues. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 1996, 7:8-15.
27. Hoch W.A., Singsaas E.L., McCown B.H. Resorption protection. Anthocyanins facilitate nutrient recovery in autumn by shielding leaves from potentially damaging light levels. Plant Physiol. 2003, 133:1296-1305.
28. Irwin R.E., Strauss S.Y., Storz S., Emerson A., Guibert G. The role of herbivores in the maintenance of a flower color polymorphism in wild radish. Ecology 2003, 84:1733-1743.
29. Karageorgou P., Manetas Y. The importance of being red when young: anthocyanins and the protection of young leaves of Quercus coccifera from insect herbivory and excess light. Tree Physiol. 2006, 26:613-621.
30. Kelber A., Vorobyev M., Osorio D. Animal colour vision - behavioural tests and physiological concepts. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2003, 78:81-118.
31. Kerner A. The Natural History of Plants: Their Forms, Growth, Reproduction and Distribution 1895, Holt, London.
32. Kim S.-H., Lee J.-R., Hong S.-T., Yoo Y.-K., An G., Kim S.-R. Molecular cloning and analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes preferentially expressed in apple skin. Plant Sci. 2003, 165:403-413.
33. Lee D. Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color 2007, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
34. Lev-Yadun S., Gould K.S. What do red and yellow autumn leaves signal?. Bot. Rev. 2007, 73:279-289.
35. Levey D.J., Tewksbury J.J., Izhaki I., Tsahar E., Haak D.C. Evolutionary ecology of secondary compounds in ripe fruit: case studies with capsaicin and emodin. Seed Dispersal. Theory and Its Application in a Changing World 2007, 37-58. CABI, Wallingford. A.J. Dennis, E.W. Schupp, R.E. Green, D.A. Westcott (Eds.).
36. Lomáscolo S.B., Levey D.J., Kimball R.T., Bolker B.M., Alborn H.T. Dispersers shape fruit diversity in Ficus (Moraceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:14668-14672.
37. Lomáscolo S.B., Schaefer H.M. Signal convergence in fruits: a result of selection by frugivores?. J. Evol. Biol. 2010, 23:614-624.
38. McEwen J., Vamosi J.C. Floral colour versus phylogeny in structuring subalpine flowering communities. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2010, 277:2957-2965.
39. Minguez-Mosquera M.I., Garrido-Fernández J. Chlorophyll and carotenoid presence in olive fruit (Olea europaea). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37:1-7.
40. Moehs C.P., Tian L., Osteryoung K.W., DellaPenna D. Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression during marigold petal development. Plant Mol. Biol. 2001, 45:281-293.
41. Mol J., Jenkins G., Schäfer E., Weiss D. Signal perception, transduction and gene expression involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 1996, 15:525-557.
42. Rolshausen G., Schaefer H.M. Do aphids paint the tree red? Can herbivore resistance or photoprotection explain colourful leaves in autumn?. Plant Ecol. 2007, 191:77-84.
43. Schaefer H.M., Levey D.J., Schaefer V., Avery M.L. The role of chromatic and achromatic signals for fruit detection by birds. Behav. Ecol. 2006, 17:784-789.
44. Schaefer H.M., McGraw K., Catoni C. Birds use fruit colour as honest signal of dietary antioxidant rewards. Funct. Ecol. 2008, 22:303-310.
45. Schaefer H.M., Rentzsch M., Breuer M. Anthocyanins reduce fungal growth in fruits. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2008, 3:1267-1272.
46. Schaefer H.M., Rolshausen G. Plants on red alert - do insects pay attention?. BioEssays 2006, 28:65-71.
47. Schaefer H.M., Schaefer V. The evolution of visual fruit signals: concepts and constraints. Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World 2007, 59-77. CABI, Wallingford, UK. A.J. Dennis, E.W. Schupp, R.J. Green, D.A. Wescott (Eds.).
48. Schaefer H.M., Schaefer V., Vorobyev M. Are fruit colors adapted to consumer vision and birds equally efficient in detecting colorful signals?. Am. Nat. 2007, 169:S159-S169.
49. Schmidt V., Schaefer H.M., Winkler H. Conspicuousness, not colour as foraging cue in plant-animal signalling. Oikos 2004, 106:551-557.
50. Solfanelli C., Poggi A., Loreti E., Alpi A., Perata P. Sucrose-specific induction of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006, 140:637-646.
51. Sprengel C.K. Das entdecke Geheimnis in der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen 1793, Weldon and Wesley.
52. Steyn W.J. Red colour development and loss in pears. Acta Hortic. 2005, 671:79-85.
53. Steyn W.J., Wand S.J.E., Holcroft D.M., Jacobs G. Anthocyanins in vegetative tissues: a proposed unified function in photoprotection. New Phytol. 2002, 155:349-361.
54. Steyn W.J., Wand S.J.E., Jacobs G., Rosecrance R.C., Roberts S.C. Evidence for a photoprotective function of low-temperature-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple and pear peel. Physiol. Plant 2009, 136:461-472.
55. Stinzig F.C., Carle R. Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2004, 15:19-35.
56. Stobbe N., Schaefer H.M. Enhancement of chromatic contrast increases predation risk for striped butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B 2008, 275:1535-1541.
57. Stoddard M.C., Prum R.O. Evolution of avian plumage color in a tetrahedral color space: a phylogenetic analysis of new world buntings. Am. Nat. 2008, 171:755-776.
58. Strauss S.Y., Irwin R.E., Lambrix V.M. Optimal defence theory and flower petal colour predict variation in the secondary chemistry of wild radish. J. Ecol. 2004, 92:132-141.
59. Strauss S.Y., Whittall J.B. Non-pollinator agents of selection on floral traits. Ecology and Evolution of Flowers 2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford. L.D. Harder, S.C.H. Barrett (Eds.).
60. Takahashi S., Tamashiro A., Sakihama Y., Yamamoto Y., Kawamitsu Y., Yamasaki H. High-susceptibility of Photosynthesis Ot Photoinhibition in the Tropical Plant Ficus Microcapra L.f.cv. Golden Leaves 2002, BioMed Central. http://www.biomedcentral.com/147-2229/2/2.
61. Takeuchi A., Matsumoto S., Hayatsu M. Chalcone synthase from Camellia sinensis: isolation of the cDNAs and the organ-specific and sugar-responsive expression of the genes. Plant Cell Physiol. 1994, 35:1011-1018.
62. Valido A., Schaefer H.M., Jordano P. Colour, desgin and reward: phenotypic integration of fleshy fruit displays. J. Evol. Biol. 2011, 24:751-760.
63. Voigt F.A., Bleher B., Fietz J., Ganzhorn J.U., Schwab D., Böhning-Gaese K. A comparison of morphological and chemical fruit traits between two sites with different frugivore assemblages. Oecologia 2004, 141:94-104.
64. Wang I.J., Shaffer H.B. Rapid color evolution in an aposematic species: a phylogenetic analysis of color variation in the strikingly polymorphic strawberry poison-dart frog. Evolution 2008, 62:2742-2759.
65. Whitney K.D., Stanton M.L. Insect seed predators as novel agents of selection on fruit color. Ecology 2004, 2004:2153-2160.