Fifty years of oomycetes-from consolidation to evolutionary and genomic exploration

Fungal Diversity

Volumn 50, Issue , 2011, Pages 35-46

  Andre Levesque C ^a  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Oomycetes; Oomycota; Peronosporomycetes

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; FUNGI; MAMMALIA; OOMYCETES;

EID: 80755152413     PISSN: 15602745     EISSN: 18789129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0128-7     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Ainsworth GC (1961) Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi, 5th edn. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
2. Allain-Boulé N, Tweddell R, Mazzola M, Bélanger R, Lévesque CA (2004) Pythium attrantheridium sp. nov. - taxonomy and comparison with related species. Mycol Res 108:795-805 (Pubitemid 39123299)
3. Allen RL, Bittner-Eddy PD, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Meitz JC, Rehmany AP, Rose LE, Beynon JL (2004) Host-parasite coevolutionary conflict between Arabidopsis and downy mildew. Science 306:1957-1960. doi:10.1126/science.1104022 (Pubitemid 39627865)
4. Arcate JM, Karp MA, Nelson EB (2006) Diversity of Peronosporomycete (oomycete) communities associated with the rhizosphere of different plant species. Microb Ecol 51:36-50 (Pubitemid 43213961)
5. Arx JA (1967) Pilzkunde. J. Cramer, Lehre
6. Barr DJS (1992) Evolution and kingdoms of organisms from the perspective of a mycologist. Mycologia 84:1-11
7. Barr DJS, Allan PME (1985) A comparison of the flagellar apparatus in Phytophthora, Saprolegnia, Thraustochytrium and Rhizidiomyces. Can J Bot 63:138-154
8. Barr DJS, Hartmann VE (1976) Zoospore ultrastructure of 3 Chytridium spp. and Rhizoclosmatium globosum. Can J Bot 54:2000-2013
9. Bartnicki-Garcia S (1966) Chemistry of hyphal walls of Phytophthora. J Gen Microbiol 42:57-69
10. Bartnicki-Garcia S (1968) Cell wall chemistry, morphogenesis, and taxonomy of fungi. Annu Rev Microbiol 22:87-108
11. Bartnicki-Garcia S (1969) Cell wall differentiation in the phycomycetes. Phytopathology 59:1065-1071
12. Baxter L, Tripathy S, Ishaque N, Boot N, Cabral A, Kemen E, Thines M, Ah-Fong A, Anderson R, Badejoko W, Bittner-Eddy P, Boore JL, Chibucos MC, Coates M, Dehal P, Delehaunty K, Dong S, Downton P, Dumas B, Fabro G, Fronick C, Fuerstenberg SI, Fulton L, Gaulin E, Govers F, Hughes L, Humphray S, Jiang RH, Judelson H, Kamoun S, Kyung K, Meijer H, Minx P, Morris P, Nelson J, Phuntumart V, Qutob D, Rehmany A, Rougon-Cardoso A, Ryden P, Torto-Alalibo T, Studholme D, Wang Y, Win J, Wood J, Clifton SW, Rogers J, Van den Ackerveken G, Jones JD, McDowell JM, Beynon J, Tyler BM (2010) Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome. Science (New York, NY) 330:1549-1551
13. Beakes GW (1987) Oomycetephylogeny: ultrastructuralperspectives. In: Rayner ADM, Brasier CM, Moore D (eds) Evolutionary biology of the fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 405-421
14. Beakes G, Glockling S, Sekimoto S (2011) The evolutionary phylogeny of the oomycete "fungi". Protoplasma 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00709-011-0269-2
15. Benhamou N, Rey P, Picard K, Tirilly Y (1999) Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction between the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum and soilborne plant pathogens. Phytopathology 89:506-517. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.6.506 (Pubitemid 29250501)
16. Benhamou N, Bélanger RR, Rey P, Tirilly Y (2001) Oligandrin, the elicitin-like protein produced by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum, induces systemic resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 39:681-696 (Pubitemid 32679732)
17. Bessey EA (1942) Some problems in fungus phylogeny. Mycol Helv 34:355-379
18. ®-Green and Molecular Beacons. Phytopathology 97:633-642
19. Birch PR, Rehmany AP, Pritchard L, Kamoun S, Beynon JL (2006) Trafficking arms: oomycete effectors enter host plant cells. Trends Microbiol 14:8-11 (Pubitemid 43063185)
20. Blair JE, Coffey MD, Park SY, Geiser DM, Kang S (2008) A multilocus phylogeny for Phytophthora utilizing markers derived from complete genome sequences. Fungal Genet Biol 45:266-277. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.10.010 (Pubitemid 351192342)
21. Brasier CM (2000) The role of Phytophthora pathogens in forests and semi-natural communities in Europe and Africa. In: Hansen EM, Sutton W (eds) Phytophthora Diseases of Forest Trees, Proceedings of the First Meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, pp 101-115
22. Brasier CM (2008) How many Phytophthora species? In: 3rd International Phytophthora, Pythium and related genera Workshop, Turin, Italy, 23-24 August 2008. www.phytophthoradb.org/pdf/O1Brasier.pdf
23. Brasier CM (2009) Phytophthora biodiversity: how many Phytophthora species are there? In: Goheen EM, Frankel SJ (eds) Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems, Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). USDA Forest Service, Albany, pp 101-115
24. Brasier CM, Cooke DEL, Duncan JM (1999) Origin of a new Phytophthora pathogen through interspecific hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5878-5883. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5878 (Pubitemid 29234712)
25. Briard M, Dutertre M, Rouxel F, Brygoo Y (1995) Ribosomal RNA sequence divergence within the Pythiaceae. Mycol Res 99:1119-1127
26. Cahill DM, Hardham AR (1994) A dipstick immunoassay for the specific detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi in soils. Phytopathology 84:1284-1292
27. Cavalier-Smith T (1981) From eukaryotic kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 10:93-116
28. Cavalier-Smith T (1986) The kingdom Chromista: origin and systematics. In: Round FE, Chapman DJ (eds) Progress in phycological research, Vol. 4. BioPress Ltd, Bristol, pp 309-347
29. Cavalier-Smith T (1987) The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Rayner ADM, Brasier CM, Moore D (eds) Evolutionary biology of the fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 339-353
30. Cavalier-Smith T, Chao E (2006) Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista). J Mol Evol 62:388-420
31. Chong J, Barr DJS (1973) Zoospore development and fine structures in Phlyctochytrium arcticum chytridiales. Can J Bot 51:1411-1420
32. Cook RJ, Sitton JW, Haglund WA (1987) Influence of soil treatments on growth and yield of wheat and implications for control of Pythium root rot. Phytopathology 77:1192-1198
33. Cooke DEL, Lees AK (2004) Markers, old and new, for examining Phytophthora infestans diversity. Plant Pathology 53:692-704 (Pubitemid 40047552)
34. Cooke DEL, Drenth A, Duncan JM, Wagels G, Brasier CM (2000) A molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related oomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 30:17-32 (Pubitemid 30666584)
35. De Cock AW, Mendoza L, Padhye AA, Ajello L, Kaufman L (1987) Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis. J Clin Microbiol 25:344-349 (Pubitemid 17232432)
36. Dick MW (1990) Keys to Pythium. M. W. Dick, Reading
37. Dick MW (2001) Straminipilous Fungi: systematics of the Peronosporomycetes including accounts of the marine straminipilous protists, the Plasmodiophorids and similar organisms. Kluwer, Dordrecht
38. Dick MW, Vick MC, Gibbings JG, Hedderson TA, Lopez-Lastra CC (1999) 18S rDNA for species of Leptolegnia and other Peronosporomycetes: justification for the subclass taxa Saprolegniomycetidae and Peronosporomycetidae and division of the Saprolegniaceae sensu lato into the Leptolegniaceae and Saprolegniaceae. Mycol Res 103:1119-1125 (Pubitemid 30308992)
39. Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK (1996) Phytophthora diseases worldwide. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul
40. Forbes GA, Goodwin SB, Drenth A, Oyarzun P, OrdonÌfez ME, Fry WE (1998) A global marker database for Phytophthora infestans. Plant Dis 82:811-818
41. Förster H, Kinscherf TG, Leong SA, Maxwell DP (1989) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA of Phytophthora megasperma isolated from soybean, alfalfa, and fruit trees. Can J Bot 67:529-537
42. Förster H, Coffey MD, Elwood H, Sogin ML (1990) Sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNAs of the three zoosporic fungi and implications for fungal evolution. Mycologia 82:306-312
43. Fry WE, Goodwin SB (1997) Re-emergence of potato and tomato late blight in the United States and Canada. Plant Dis 81:1349-1357 (Pubitemid 27518979)
44. Fry WE, Goodwin SB, Matuszak JM, Spielman LJ, Milgroom MG, Drenth A (1992) Population genetics and intercontinental migrations of Phytophthora infestans. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30:107-129 (Pubitemid 24411037)
45. Gäumann E (1923) Beiträge zu einer Monographie der Gattung Peronospora. Beiträge zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 5:1-360
46. Gavino PD, Smart CD, Sandrock RW, Miller JS, Hamm PB, Lee TY, Davis RM, Fry WE (2000) Implications of sexual reproduction for Phytophthora infestans in the United States: Generation of an aggressive lineage. Plant Dis 84:731-735 (Pubitemid 30411089)
47. Gomez-Alpizar L, Carbone I, Ristaino JB (2007) An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:3306-3311 (Pubitemid 46364155)
48. Goodwin PH, Kirkpatrick BC, Duniway JM (1989) Cloned DNA probes for identification of Phytophthora parasitica. Phytopathology 79:716-721
49. Goodwin PH, English JT, Neher DA, Duniway JM, Kirkpatrick BC (1990a) Detection of Phytophthora parasitica from soil and host tissue with a species-specific DNA probe. Phytopathology 80:277-281
50. Goodwin PH, Kirkpatrick BC, Duniway JM (1990b) Identification of Phytophthora citrophthora with cloned DNA probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:669-674 (Pubitemid 20088436)
51. Goodwin SB, Spielman LJ, Matuszak JM, Bergeron SN, Fry WE (1992) Clonal diversity and genetic differentiation of Phytophthora infestans populations in northern and central Mexico. Phytopathology 82:955-961
52. Goodwin SB, Cohen BA, Fry WE (1994) Panglobal distribution of a single clonal lineage of the Irish potato famine fungus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11591-11595 (Pubitemid 24356390)
53. Green BR, Dick MW (1972) DNA base composition and the taxonomy of the Oomycetes. Can J Microbiol 18:963-968
54. Grunwald NJ, Flier WG (2005) The biology of Phytophthora infestans at its center of origin. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:171-190 (Pubitemid 41318869)
55. Grünwald NJ, Goss EM, Ivors K, Garbelotto M, Martin FN, Prospero S, Hansen E, Bonants PJM, Hamelin RC, Chastagner G, Werres S, Rizzo DM, Abad G, Beales P, Bilodeau GJ, Blomquist CL, Brasier C, Brière SC, Chandelier A, Davidson JM, Denman S, Elliott M, Frankel SJ, Goheen EM, de Gruyter H, Heungens K, James D, Kanaskie A, McWilliams MG, Man in't Veld W, Moralejo E, Osterbauer NK Palm ME, Parke JL, Sierra AMP, Shamoun SF, Shishkoff N, Tooley PW, Vettraino AM, Webber J, Widmer TL (2009) Standardizing the nomenclature for clonal lineages of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 99:792-795. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792
56. Gunderson JH, Elwood H, Ingold A, Kindle K, Sogin ML (1987) Phylogenetic relationships between chlorophytes, chrysophytes, and oomycetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5823-5827
57. Haas BJ, Kamoun S, Zody MC, Jiang RHY, Handsaker RE, Cano LM, Grabherr M, Kodira CD, Raffaele S, Torto-Alalibo T, Bozkurt TO, Ah-Fong AMV, Alvarado L, Anderson VL, Armstrong MR, Avrova A, Baxter L, Beynon J, Boevink PC, Bollmann SR, Bos JIB, Bulone V, Cai G, Cakir C, Carrington JC, Chawner M, Conti L, Costanzo S, Ewan R, Fahlgren N, Fischbach MA, Fugelstad J, Gilroy EM, Gnerre S, Green PJ, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Griffith J, Grünwald NJ, Horn K Horner NR, Hu C-H, Huitema E, Jeong D-H, Jones AME, Jones JDG, Jones RW, Karlsson EK, Kunjeti SG, Lamour K, Liu Z, Ma L, MacLean D, Chibucos MC, McDonald H, McWalters J, Meijer HJG, Morgan W, Morris PF, Munro CA, O'Neill K, Ospina-Giraldo M, Pinzón A, Pritchard L, Ramsahoye B, Ren Q, Restrepo S, Roy S, Sadanandom A, Savidor A, Schornack S, Schwartz DC, Schumann UD, Schwessinger B, Seyer L, Sharpe T, Silvar C, Song J, Studholme DJ, Sykes S, Thines M, van de Vondervoort PJI, Phuntumart V, Wawra S, Weide R, Win J, Young C, Zhou S, Fry W, Meyers BC, van West P, Ristaino J, Govers F, Birch PRJ, Whisson SC, Judelson HS, Nusbaum C (2009) Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Nature 461:393-398
58. Harvey P, Lawrence L (2008) Managing Pythium root disease complexes to improve productivity of crop rotations. Outlooks on Pest Management 19:127-129 (Pubitemid 351792897)
59. Hayden K, Ivors K Wilkinson C, Garbelotto M (2006) TaqMan chemistry for Phytophthora ramorum detection and quantification, with a comparison of diagnostic methods. Phytopathology 96:846-854 (Pubitemid 44211987)
60. Holloway SA, Heath IB (1977) An ultrastructural analysis of the changes in organelle arrangement and structure between the various spore types of Saprolegnia sp. Can J Bot 55:1328-1339
61. Hudspeth DSS, Nadler SA, Hudspeth MES (2000) A COX2 molecular phylogeny of the Peronosporomycetes. Mycologia 92:674-684
62. Hughes KJD, Tomlinson JA, Griffin RL, Boonham N, Inman AJ, Lane CR (2006) Development of a one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 96:975-981 (Pubitemid 44300199)
63. Hulbert SH, Ilott TW, Legg EJ, Lincoln SE, Lander ES, Michelmore RW (1988) Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics 120:947-958
64. Hulvey J, Telle S, Nigrelli L, Lamour K, Thines M (2010) Salisapiliaceae-a new family of oomycetes from marsh grass litter of southeastern North America. Persoonia 25:109-116
65. Judelson HS, Michelmore RW (1989) Structure and expression of a gene encoding heat-shock protein Hsp70 from the Oomycete fungus Bremia lactucae. Gene 79:207-217 (Pubitemid 19183200)
66. Judelson HS, Michelmore RW (1990) Highly abundant and stagespecific mRNAs in the obligate pathogen Bremia lactucae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3:225-232
67. Judelson HS, Tyler BM, Michelmore RW (1991) Transformation of the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4:602-607
68. Julich S, Riedel M, Kielpinski M, Urban M, Kretschmer R, Wagner S, Fritzsche W, Henkel T, Möller R, Werres S (2011) Development of a lab-on-a-chip device for diagnosis of plant pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 26:4070-4075. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.035
69. Kamoun S, Huitema E, Vleeshouwers VGAA (1999) Resistance to oomycetes: a general role for the hypersensitive response? Trends Plant Sci 4:196-200. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385 (99) 01404-1
70. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby's dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CABI, Wallingford
71. Klassen GR, McNabb SA, Dick MW (1987) Comparison of physical maps of ribosomal DNA repeating units in Pythium, Phytophthora and Apodachlya. J Gen Microbiol 133:2953-2959
72. Kox LFF, Van Brouwershaven IR, Van De Vossenberg BTLH, Van Den Beld HE, Bonants PJM, De Gruyter J (2007) Diagnostic values and utility of immunological, morphological, and molecular methods for in planta detection of Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 97:1119-1129 (Pubitemid 47441526)
73. Kroon LPNM, Bakker FT, van den Bosch GBM, Bonants PJM, Flier WG (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Fungal Genet Biol 41:766-782 (Pubitemid 38829187)
74. Kuepper FC, Maier I, Mueller DG, Goer SL-D, Guillou L (2006) Phylogenetic affinities of two eukaryotic pathogens of marine macroalgae, Eurychasma dicksonii (Wright) Magnus and Chytridium polysiphoniae Cohn. Cryptogamie Algologie 27:165-184 (Pubitemid 43875101)
75. Lamour K, Kamoun S (2009) Oomycete genetics and genomics. Wiley, Hoboken
76. Leclerc MC, Guillot J, Deville M (2000) Taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of Saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes) inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS sequence comparisons. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 77:369-377 (Pubitemid 30612130)
77. Lee SB, Taylor JW (1992) Phylogeny of five fungus-like protoctistan Phytophthora spp., inferred from the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA. Mol Biol Evol 9:636-653
78. Lee TY, Mizubuti E, Fry WE (1999) Genetics of metalaxyl resistance in Phytophthora infestans. Fungal Genet Biol 26:118-130 (Pubitemid 29412683)
79. LéJohn HB (1971) Enzyme regulation, lysine pathways and cell wall structures as indicators of major lines of evolution in fungi. Nature 231:164-168
80. Lévesque CA, de Cock AWAM (2004) Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium. Mycol Res 108:1363-1383 (Pubitemid 40198908)
81. Lévesque CA, Harlton CE, de Cock AWAM (1998) Identification of some oomycetes by reverse dot blot hybridization. Phytopathology 88:213-222 (Pubitemid 28158894)
82. Lévesque CA, Brouwer H, Cano L, Hamilton JP, Holt C, Huitema E, Raffaele S, Robideau GP, Thines M, Win J, Zerillo MM, Beakes GW, Boore JL, Busam D, Dumas B, Ferriera S, Fuerstenberg SI, Gachon CM, Gaulin E, Govers F, Grenville-Briggs L, Horner N, Hostetler J, Jiang RH, Johnson J, Krajaejun T, Lin H, Meijer HJ, Moore B, Morris P, Phuntmart V, Puiu D, Shetty J, Stajich JE, Tripathy S, Wawra S, van West P, Whitty BR, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Martin F, Thomas PD, Tyler BM, De Vries RP, Kamoun S, Yandell M, Tisserat N, Buell CR (2010) Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Pythium ultimum reveals original pathogenicity mechanisms and effector repertoire. Genome Biology 11(R73):22
83. Lifshitz R, Dupler M, Elad Y, Baker R (1984) Hyphal interactions between a mycoparasite Pythium nunn and several soil fungi. Can J Microbiol 30:1482-1487
84. Mao Y, Tyler BM (1991) Genome organization of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Exp Mycol 15:283-291. doi:10.1016/0147-5975 (91) 90031-8
85. Martin FN (1991) Characterization of circular mitochondrial plasmids in three Pythium species. Curr Genet 20:91-97
86. Martin FN, Kistler HC (1990) Species specific banding patterns of restriction endonuclease digested mitochondrial DNA in the genus Pythium. Exp Mycol 14:32-46 (Pubitemid 20169194)
87. Martin FN, Loper JE (1999) Soilborne plant diseases caused by Pythium spp.: ecology, epidemiology, and prospects for biological control. Crit Rev Plant Sci 18:111-181 (Pubitemid 29178176)
88. Martin FN, Tooley PW (2003) Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species inferred from sequence analysis of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Mycologia 95:269-284 (Pubitemid 36557826)
89. Martin RR, James D, Lévesque CA (2000) Impacts of molecular diagnostic technologies on plant disease management. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:207-239
90. Martin FN, Tooley PW, Blomquist C (2004) Molecular detection of Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death in California, and two additional species commonly recovered from diseased plant material. Phytopathology 94:621-631 (Pubitemid 38681971)
91. Martin FN, Coffey MD, Zeller K, Hamelin RC, Tooley P, Garbelotto M, Hughes KJD, Kubisiak T, Bilodeau GJ, Levy L, Blomquist C, Berger PH (2009) Evaluation of molecular markers for Phytophthora ramorum detection and identification: Testing for specificity using a standardized library of isolates. Phytopathology 99:390-403
92. Mendoza L (2009) Pythium insidiosum and mamellian hosts. In: Lamour K, Kamoun S (eds) Oomycete genetics and genomics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 387-405
93. Money NP (1998) Why oomycetes have not stopped being fungi. Mycol Res 102:767-768
94. Mullis KB, Faloona FA (1987) Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol 155:335-350
95. Nelson EB, Harman GE, Nash GT (1988) Enhancement of Trichoderma-induced biological control of pythium seed rot and preemergence damping-off of peas. Soil Biol Biochem 20:145-150
96. Newhook FJ, Waterhouse GM, Stamps DJ (1978) Tabular key to the species of Phytophthora De Bary. Mycological Papers 143:1-20
97. Packer A, Clay K (2000) Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree. Nature 404:278-281 (Pubitemid 30163543)
98. Panabières F, Marais A, Trentin F, Bonnet P, Ricci P (1989) Repetitive DNA polymorphism analysis as a tool for identifying Phytophthora species. Phytopathology 79:1105-1109
99. Parker BC, Preston RD, Fogg GE (1963) Studies of the structure and chemical composition of the cell walls of Vaucheriaceae and Saprolegniaceae. Proc R Soc Lond, Ser B: Biol Sci 158:435-445. doi:10.1098/rspb.1963.0056
100. Patterson DJ (1989) Stramenopiles: chromophytes from a protistan perspective. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver W (eds) The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 357-379
101. Paulitz TC, Bélanger RR (2001) Biological control in greenhouse systems. vol 39
102. Petersen AB, Rosendahl S (2000) Phylogeny of the Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota) based on partial sequences of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA). Mycol Res 104:1295-1303 (Pubitemid 32102791)
103. Pringsheim N (1858) Beiträge zur Morphologie and Systematik der Algen. 2. Die Saprolegnieen. Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik 1:284-306
104. Rehmany AP, Gordon A, Rose LE, Allen RL, Armstrong MR, Whisson SC, Kamoun S, Tyler BM, Birch PRJ, Beynon JL (2005) Differential recognition of highly divergent downy mildew avirulence gene alleles by RPP1 resistance genes from two Arabidopsis Lines. The Plant Cell Online 17:1839-1850. doi:10.1105/tpc.105. 031807
105. Reinhart KO, Tytgat T, Van der Putten WH, Clay K (2010) Virulence of soil-borne pathogens and invasion by Prunus serotina. New Phytol (online release, 21 January)
106. Riethmüller A, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F (1999) Phylogenetic studies of Saprolegniomycetidae and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Can J Bot 77:1790-1800 (Pubitemid 30257879)
107. Riethmüller A, Voglmayr H, Goker M, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of the downy mildews (Peronosporales) and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 94:834-849 (Pubitemid 36171580)
108. Rizzo DM, Garbelotto M, Davidson JM, Slaughter GW, Koike ST (2002) Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Dis 86:205-214 (Pubitemid 34191066)
109. Robideau GP, de Cock AWAM, Coffey MD, Voglmayr H, Brouwer H, Bala K, Chitty DW, Désaulniers N, Eggertson QA, Gachon CMM, Hu C-H, Küpper FC, Rintoul TL, Sarhan Ehab, Verstappen ECP, Zhang Y, Bonants PJM, Ristaino JB, Lévesque CA (2011) DNA barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Molecular Ecology Resources (in press)
110. Schurko AM, Mendoza L, Lévesque CA, Desaulniers NL, de Cock AW, Klassen GR (2003) A molecular phylogeny of Pythium insidiosum. Mycol Res 107:537-544 (Pubitemid 36796949)
111. Sekimoto S, Beakes GW, Gachon CM, Muller DG, Kupper FC, Honda D (2008a) The development, ultrastructural cytology, and molecular phylogeny of the basal oomycete Eurychasma dicksonii, infecting the filamentous phaeophyte algae Ectocarpus siliculosus and Pylaiella littoralis. Protist 159:299-318. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.11.004
112. Sekimoto S, Yokoo K, Kawamura Y, Honda D (2008b) Taxonomy, molecular phylogeny, and ultrastructural morphology of Olpidiopsis porphyrae sp. nov. (Oomycetes, straminipiles), a unicellular obligate endoparasite of Bangia and Porphyra spp. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Mycol Res 112:361-374. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.002 (Pubitemid 351374808)
113. Seymour RL (1970) The genus Saprolegnia. Nova Hedwigia 19:1-124
114. Sparrow FK (1976) The present status of classification in biflagellate fungi. In: Gareth-Jones EB (ed) Recent advances in aquatic mycology. Wiley, NY, pp 213-222
115. Spies CF, Mazzola M, Botha WJ, Langenhoven S, Mostert L, McLeod A (2011) Molecular analyses of Pythium irregulare isolates from grapevines in South Africa suggest that this species complex may be a single variable species. Fungal Biol (in press)
116. Tambong JT, de Cock AW, Tinker NA, Lévesque CA (2006) Oligonucleotide array for identification and detection of Pythium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:2691-2706
117. Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC (2000) Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 31:21-32 (Pubitemid 32066164)
118. Thines M, Goeker M, Telle S, Ryley M, Mathur K, Narayana YD, Spring O, Thakur RP (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of graminicolous downy mildews based on cox2 sequence data. Mycol Res 112:345-351. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.10.010 (Pubitemid 351374804)
119. Thomas PA (2003) Current perspectives on ophthalmic mycoses. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:730-797. doi:10.1128/cmr.16.4.730-797.2003 (Pubitemid 37296558)
120. Tomlinson JA, Barker I, Boonham N (2007) Faster, simpler, morespecific methods for improved molecular detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the field. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4040-4047 (Pubitemid 46983251)
121. Tooley PW, Martin FN, Carras MM, Frederick RD (2006) Real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction detection of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora pseudosyringae using mitochondrial gene regions. Phytopathology 96:336-345
122. Tsui CKM, Marshall W, Yokoyama R, Honda D, Lippmeier JC, Craven KD, Peterson PD, Berbee ML (2009) Labyrinthulomycetes phylogeny and its implications for the evolutionary loss of chloroplasts and gain of ectoplasmic gliding. Mol Phylogenet Evol 50:129-140. doi:10.1016/j.ympev. 2008.09.027
123. Tyler BM, Tripathy S, Zhang X, Dehal P, Jiang RH, Aerts A, Arredondo FD, Baxter L, Bensasson D, Beynon JL, Chapman J, Damasceno CM, Dorrance AE, Dou D, Dickerman AW, Dubchak IL, Garbelotto M, Gijzen M, Gordon SG, Govers F, Grunwald NJ, Huang W, Ivors KL, Jones RW, Kamoun S, Krampis K, Lamour KH, Lee MK, McDonald WH, Medina M, Meijer HJ, Nordberg EK, Maclean DJ, Ospina-Giraldo MD, Morris PF, Phuntumart V, Putnam NH, Rash S, Rose JK, Sakihama Y, Salamov AA, Savidor A, Scheuring CF, Smith BM, Sobral BW, Terry A, Torto-Alalibo TA, Win J, Xu Z, Zhang H, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Boore JL (2006) Phytophthora genome sequences uncover evolutionary origins and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 313:1261-1266 (Pubitemid 44330944)
124. van der Plaats-Niterink AJ (1981) Monograph of the genus Pythium. Stud Mycol 21:1-242
125. Vesely D (1977) Potential biological control of damping-off pathogens in emerging sugar beet by Pythium oligandrum. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 90:113-115
126. Vogel HJ (1960) Two modes of lysine synthesis among lower fungi: evolutionary significance. BBA - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 41:172-173
127. Vogel HJ (1961) Lysine synthesis and phytogeny of lower fungi: some chytrids versus Hyphochytrium. Nature 189:1026-1027
128. Voglmayr H (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of Peronospora and related genera based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Mycol Res 107:1132-1142 (Pubitemid 37365126)
129. Waterhouse GM (1963) Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycological Papers 92:1-22
130. Waterhouse GM (1967) Key to Pythium Pringsheim. Mycological Paper No. 109. Kew, Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute
131. Werres S, Marwitz R, Man In'T Veld WA, De Cock AWAM, Bonants PJM, De Weerdt M, Themann K, Ilieva E, Baayen RP (2001) Phytophthora ramorum sp. nov., a new pathogen on Rhododendron and Viburnum. Mycol Res 105:1155-1165 (Pubitemid 33119155)
132. Whisson SC, Boevink PC, Moleleki L, Avrova AO, Morales JG, Gilroy EM, Armstrong MR, Grouffaud S, van West P, Chapman S, Hein I, Toth IK, Pritchard L, Birch PRJ (2007) A translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells. Nature 450:115-118 (Pubitemid 350070562)
133. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR Protocols, a guide to methods and applications. Academic, San Diego, pp 315-322
134. Winter G (1880) Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze - Schizomyceten, Saccharomyceten und Basidiomyceten, vol 1. 2nd edn