Historical determinants of contemporary attributes of African descendants in the Americas: The androgen receptor holds the key

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 77, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1121-1124

  Aiken, W D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES   (Jamaica)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANDROSTANOLONE; TESTOSTERONE;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; AFRICAN CARIBBEAN; ARTICLE; CAG REPEAT; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HISTORY; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; NEGRO; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; PROSTATE CANCER; RUNNING; SOCIAL CLASS; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; SELECTION, GENETIC; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; TESTOSTERONE; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS; WEST INDIES;

EID: 80755140114     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. IAAF. iaaf.org - 0 Toplists 100 m - o [Internet]. IAAF All-time toplists 2011;[cited 2011 Jul 15] Available from: http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.html.
2. Jemal A., Bray F., Ferlay J. Global Cancer Statistics. World 2011, 61(2):69-90.
3. Kanayama G., Hudson J.I., Pope H.G. Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Hormones and behavior 2010, 58(1):111-121. [cited 2011 Mar 28] Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2883629&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
4. Wilding G. Endocrine control of prostate cancer. Cancer surveys 1995, 23:43-62.
5. Bunker C.H., Patrick A.L., Maharaj G., Keenan H.A., Ramnarine S., Belle A., et al. Prostate cancer risk is three-fold higher among men, aged 50-64, of African descent compared with men of Asian-Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Ethnicity & disease 2002, 12(4):S3-30-3. [cited 2011 Jul 14] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12477151.
6. Rahman A.A., Lophatananon A., Brown S.S., Harriss D., Anderson J., Parker T., et al. Hand pattern indicates prostate cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer 2010, 175-177. [cited 2010 Dec 1] Available from: http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/sj.bjc.66059.
7. Manning JT, Hill MR. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American journal of human biology 2009;21(2):210-3. [cited 2011 Jul 15] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107924.
8. Nelson K.A., Witte J.S. HUMAN GENOME EPIDEMIOLOGY (HuGE) REVIEW Androgen Receptor CAG Repeats and Prostate Cancer. Cancer 2002, 155. (10).
9. Kadi F., Eriksson A., Holmner S., Thornell L.E. Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1999, 31(11):1528-1534. [cited 2011 Jul 15] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10589853.
10. Snow D.H., Munro C.D., Nimmo M.A. Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (1) resting animal. Equine Veterinary Journal 1982, 14(3):219-223. [cited 2011 Jul 15] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7106085.
11. F. Jockenhovel, Anatomy and physiology of the testis. in: Male hypogonadism, Bremen, Germany, UNI-MED Verlag AG, 2004, pp. 21-24.
12. A. Guyton, J. Hall. Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male, in: Textbook of Medical Physiology, Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders, 2006, pp. 1004-1006.
13. H. Beckles, V. Shepherd. Middle passage: death and survival, in: Trading Souls: Europe's transatlantic trade in Africans. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 2007, p. 71.
14. Giammanco M., Tabacchi G., Giammanco S., Di Majo D., La Guardia M. Testosterone and aggressiveness. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2005, 11(4):RA136-RA145. [cited 2011 Aug 18] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15795710.
15. Benn-Torres J., Bonilla C., Robbins C.M., Waterman L., Moses T.Y., Hernandez W., et al. Admixture and population stratification in African Caribbean populations. Annals of Human Genetics 2008, 72(Pt 1):90-98. [cited 2011 May 15] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908263.
16. Hanchard B., Blake G.H., Mitchell K., Waugh N., Wolff C., Samuels E. Jamaica Cancer Mortality Statistics, 1999. The West Indian Medical Journal 2002, 51(2):64-67.
17. Dowe G., King S.D., Smikle M.F., Wynter H.H., Chout R., Klaskala W. Prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted pathogens in Jamaican pregnant women. The West Indian Medical Journal 1998, 47(1):23-25. cited 2011 Jul 17] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619092.
18. Smikle M.F., Dowe G., Williams E.M., Thesiger C. Antibodies to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in residential detoxification clients in Jamaica. Human Antibodies 2000, 9(4):231-233. [cited 2011 Jul 17] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341177.
19. WD Aiken, T Tulloch, V Freeman, F Bennett, K Coard, B Panton, T Mason, J Cudecki RF. Differences in patient characteristics in black men with prostate cancer from Jamaica and Chicago. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003;22:(abstr 1764).
20. Gibson T.N., Hanchard B., Waugh N., McNaughton D. Age-Specific Incidence of Cancer in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, 2003-2007. The West Indian Medical Journal 2010, 59(5):456-464.
21. Glover F.E., Coffey D.S., Douglas L.L., Cadogan M., Russell H., Tulloch T., et al. The epidemiology of prostate cancer in Jamaica. The Journal of Urology 1998, 159(6):1984-1986. discussion 1986-7.[cited 2011 Jul 17] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9598503.
22. Mallick S., Blanchet P., Multigner L. Prostate cancer incidence in guadeloupe, a French Caribbean archipelago. European Urology 2005, 47(6):769-772. [cited 2011 Apr 16] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925071.
23. Hennis A.J.M., Hambleton I.R., Wu S.-Y., Skeete DH-a, Nemesure B., Leske M.C. Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Barbados, West Indies. Prostate Cancer 2011, 2011:1-10. [cited 2011 Jun 24] Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/pc/2011/565230/.
24. Odedina F.T., Akinremi T.O., Chinegwundoh F., Roberts R., Yu D., Reams R.R., et al. Prostate cancer disparities in Black men of African descent: a comparative literature review of prostate cancer burden among Black men in the United States, Caribbean, United Kingdom, and West Africa. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2009, 4(Suppl. 1):S2. [cited 2010 Sep 17] Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2638461&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.