Capabilities in, capabilities out: Overcoming digital divides by promoting corporate citizenship and fair ICT

Ethics and Information Technology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 339-353

  Busch, Thorsten ^a  

^a Institute for Business Ethics (IWE HSG)   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Business ethics; Corporate citizenship; Corporate social responsibility; Digital divides; Digital sustainability; ICT; Intellectual property; Strategic management

Indexed keywords

EID: 80355147287     PISSN: 13881957     EISSN: 15728439     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-010-9261-3     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Ahuja-Cogny, S. (2004). Interrogations on a passion-filled debate on open-source software and the digital divide. Information Technologies and International Development, 1(3-4), 60-63.
2. Armstrong, T. K. (2006). Digital rights management and the process of fair use. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 20(1), 49-121.
3. Ars Technica. (2009a). Pirate Bay: A guilty verdict is an attack on the internet. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/03/pirate-bay-a-guilty-verdict-is-an-attack-on-the-internet.ars.
4. Ars Technica. (2009b). Apple quits chamber of commerce, praised for green efforts. http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2009/10/apple-quits-chamber-of-commerce-praised-for-green-efforts.ars.
5. Badshah, A., Khan, S., & Garrido, M. (Ed.) (2005). Connected for development: information kiosks and sustainability, United Nations ICT task force series, Download: www.unicttaskforce.org/perl/documents.pl?do=download; id=927.
6. Baier, K. (1958). Moral point of view: Rational basis for ethics. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press.
7. Benkler, Y. (2001). The battle over the institutional ecosystem in the digital environment. Communications of the ACM, 44(2), 84-90.
8. Benkler, Y. (2002). Coase's Penguin or Linux and 'The nature of the firm'. The Yale Law Journal, 112(3), 369-446.
9. Benkler, Y. (2003). The political economy of the commons. Upgrade, 4(3), 6-9.
10. Benkler, Y. (2004a). From consumers to users: Shifting the deeper structures of regulation toward sustainable commons and user access. Federal Communications Law Journal, 52, 561-579.
11. Benkler, Y. (2004b). Commons-based strategies and the problem of patents. Science, 305, 1110.
12. Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks. How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press.
13. Busch, T. (2007). Freie Software als Entwicklungshelfer? [Free software as development aid?], Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
14. Busch, T. (2008). Open Source und Nachhaltigkeit [Open source and sustainability]. Lutterbeck/Bärwolff/Gehring 2008 (pp. 111-122).
15. Busch, T. (2009). Fortschrittsperspektive digitale Allmende? Der digital divide und corporate citizenship in der IT-branche [Progress by digital commons? The digital divide and corporate citizenship in the IT industry], Berichte des Instituts für Wirtschaftsethik Nr. 113, St. Gallen.
16. Canellopoulou-Bottis, M. (2004). A different kind of war: Internet databases and legal protection or how the strict intellectual property laws of the west threaten the developing countries' information commons. International Journal of Information Ethics, 1(2), 1-16.
17. Carrier, M. A. (2002). Unraveling the patent-antitrust paradox. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 150(3), 761-854.
18. Chinn, M. D., & Fairlie, R. W. (2004). The determinants of the global digital divide: A cross-country analysis of computer and internet penetration. National bureau of economic research working paper No. 10686, Cambridge, Mass.
19. Cohen, D. (Ed.) (2004). The ICT revolution: Productivity differences and the digital divide, Oxford.
20. Compaine, B. M. (Ed.). (2001). The digital divide. Facing a crisis or creating a myth? MA: Cambridge.
21. Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2003). Corporate citizenship: Towards an extended theoretical conceptualization, ICCSR research paper series, 04-2003, Nottingham, Download: www.nottingham.ac.uk/business/ICCSR/04-2003.PDF.
22. Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Business ethics: A European perspective. Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Creative Commons. (2010). www.creativecommons.org.
24. Dany, C. (2006). The impact of participation: How civil society organisations contribute to the democratic quality of the world summit on the information society. TransState working paper no. 43, Sfb597: Staatlichkeit im Wandel, Bremen, Download: www. staatlichkeit.uni-bremen.de/pages/pubApBeschreibung.php?SPRACHE=de&ID=50.
25. Dasgupta, S., Lall, S., & Wheeler, D. (2005). Policy reform, economic growth and the digital divide. Oxford Development Studies, 33(2), 229-243.
26. De George, R. T. (2003). The ethics of information technology and business, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
27. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.
28. Freeman, R. E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4, 401-421.
29. Freeman, R. E. (2004). The stakeholder approach revisited. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik, 5(3), 228-241.
30. Freeman, R. E. & Gilbert, D. R. (1988). Corporate strategy and the search for ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
31. Gasser, U. (2004). iTunes. How copyright, contract, and technology shape the business of digital media-A case study. Berkman Publication Series 2004-07. Boston, MA.
32. Gasser, U. (2006). Legal frameworks and technological protection of digital content: Moving forward towards a best practice model. Berkman Center Research Publication 2006-04. Boston, MA.
33. Gasser, U. (2007). Responsibility for human rights violations, acts or omissions, within the 'sphere of influence' of companies. Berkman Center Research Publication 2007-12. Boston, MA.
34. Gasser, U. et al. (2005) Content and control: Assessing the impact of policy choices on potential online business models in the music and film industries. Berkman Center Publication Series. Boston, MA.
35. Gates, B. (1976). Open letter to hobbyists, Download: www.blinkenlights.com/classiccmp/gateswhine.html.
36. Ghosh, R. A. (2006). Cooking-pot markets revisited, presentation held at Wizards of OS 4, 14. 09. 2006, Berlin, http://ia360611.us.archive.org/2/items/WOS4_04_20h_InformationFreedomRules/04_20h_InformationFreedomRules.ogg.
37. Grassmuck, V. (2004). Freie Software-zwischen Privat- und Gemeineigentum [Free software. Between private and common property], 2. Auflage, Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Band 458, Bonn, Download: http://freie-software. bpb.de/Grassmuck.pdf.
38. Greve, G. (2004). Preface. Grassmuck 2004, 13-15.
39. Hammond, A., & Kramer, W. (2005). Innovations to close the digital divide. Badshah/Khan/Garrido 2005 (pp. 113-116).
40. Heeks, R. (2008). ICT4D 2. 0: The next phase of applying ICT for international development. Computer, 41, 26-33.
41. Hess, C., & Ostrom, E. (Eds.). (2007). Understanding knowledge as a commons. From theory to practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
42. Hippel, von E. (2001). Innovation by user communities: Learning from open-source software. Sloan Management Review, 42(4), 82-86.
43. Hippel, von E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge, MA/London, Download: http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books/DI/DemocInn.pdf.
44. Illich, I. (1973). Tools for conviviality, New York. Full text online: http://www.preservenet.com/theory/Illich/IllichTools.html.
45. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2009). Measuring the information society. The ICT development index. Geneva.
46. Kagami, M. (Ed.) (2004). Information technology policy and the digital divide: Lessons for developing countries. Cheltenham etc.
47. Kanungo, S. (2004). On the emancipatory role of rural information systems. Information Technology & People, 17(4), 407-422.
48. Kleinwächter, W. (2004). Macht und Geld im Cyberspace: Wie der Weltgipfel zur Informationsgesellschaft (WSIS) die Weichen für die Zukunft stellt [Power and money in cyberspace: How the WSIS shapes the future]. Hannover.
49. Kuhlen, R. (2004). Informationsethik. Umgang mit Wissen und Information in elektronischen Räumen [Information Ethics. Knowledge and information in electronic spaces]. Konstanz.
50. Kumar, R. (2004). eChoupals: A study on the financial sustainability of village internet centers in rural Madhya Pradesh. Information Technologies and International Development, 2(1), 45-73.
51. Lessig, L. (1999). Code and other laws of cyberspace, New York.
52. Lessig, L. (2001). The future of ideas: The fate of the commons in a connected world. New York.
53. Lessig, L. (2004). Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity. New York: Penguin Press.
54. Lessig, L. (2008). Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy. New York: Penguin Press.
55. Lio, M., & Liu, M. (2006). ICT and agricultural productivity: Evidence from cross-country data. Agricultural Economics, 34(3), 221-228.
56. Lutterbeck, B., Bärwolff, M., & Gehring, R. A. (Eds.) (2008). Open Source Jahrbuch 2008. Berlin.
57. Luyt, B. (2004). Who benefits from the digital divide? First Monday, 9 (8) www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_8/luyt/.
58. MacKinnor, R. (2010a). In search of Internet freedom. 20 May 2010. http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/2010/05/in-search-of-internet-freedom.html.
59. MacKinnor, R. (2010b). More problems in Facebookistan. 29 May 2010. http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/2010/05/more-problems-in-facebookistan.html.
60. Mariscal, J. (2005). Digital divide in a developing country. Telecommunications Policy, 29(5/6), 409-428.
61. Microsoft. (2010). Corporate citizenship, http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/.
62. Murthy, N. R. N. (2003). Bridging the digital divide: The need of the hour in India. Indian Journal of Economics & Business, 2(2), 145-148.
63. Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide, Cambridge.
64. Nuscheler, F. (2005). Entwicklungspolitik [Development policy], 5. Auflage, Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Band 488, Bonn.
65. Okpaku, J. O. (2003). Information and communication technologies for African development: An assessment of progress and challenges ahead, UN department of economic and social affairs, UN ICT task force series. 2, New York, Download: www.unicttaskforce.org/perl/documents.pl?do=download;id=925.
66. One Laptop Per Child. (2010). http://laptop.org.
67. H Online (2010). Study: Linux kernel R&D worth over 1 billion euros. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Study-Linux-kernel-R-D-worth-over-1-billion-euros-940817.html.
68. Otter, A. (2006). Digitale Möglichkeiten für Afrika [Digital opportunities for Africa], In: Bärwolff/Gehring/Lutterbeck 2006 (pp. 381-387).
69. Palfrey, J. & Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital. Understanding the first generation of digital natives, New York: Basic Books.
70. Patry, W. (2009). Moral panics and the copyright wars. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Prahalad, C. K. (2006). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. NJ: Upper Saddle River.
72. Project VRM. (2010). http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/vrm/about/.
73. Pyati, A. K. (2005). WSIS: Whose vision of an information society? First Monday, 10(5), www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_5/pyati/.
74. Read, R. & Soopramanien, D. (2003). Bridging the digital divide: The growth implications of e-commerce for small & developing states, working paper 2003/029, Lancaster University Management School, Download: www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/publications/viewpdf/000170/.
75. Richter, M. (2006). Fair Code. Freie/open-source-software und der Digital Divide, In: Bärwolff/Gehring/Lutterbeck 2006, 371-380.
76. Rifkin, J. (2000). The age of access. New York: J. P. Tarcher/Putnam.
77. Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. (2007). Toward a political conception of corporate responsibility: Business and society seen from a Habermasian perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1096-1120.
78. Schwartz, G. (2008). Digital emancipation and local development in Brazil. Paper presented at the Media@LSE 5th Anniversary Conference, 21-23. 09. 2008, London. Download: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/media@lse/Conference/Conference_Papers_Keep_them_here/Medi@LSE_Schwartz_2008_Draft_01.pdf.
79. Sciadas, G. (Ed.) (2005). From the digital divide to digital opportunities: Measuring info states for development. Geneva, Download: www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/dd/material/index_ict_opp.pdf.
80. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Knopf.
81. Stallman, R. (1999). Free software and beyond. Paper presented at the conference 'Wizards of OS 1', 16./17. 07. 1999, Berlin, www.wizards-of-os.org/archiv/wos_1/proceedings/panels/10_intellectual_property_and_public_domain/richard_stallman/skript.html.
82. Steinberger, K. (2006). Die Kiste der Offenbarungen [The Box of Revelation], In: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 21. 01. 2006 (p. 3).
83. Stiglitz, J. E. (2005). Intellectual property rights and wrongs, In: Daily times, 16. 08. 2005, www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-8-2005_pg5_12.
84. Sun Foundation. (2010). Bridging the digital divide. www.sun.com/aboutsun/comm_invest/giving/foundation.html.
85. The New York Times. (2010). Microsoft profit jumps 35 Pct but investors shrug. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/04/23/business/AP-US-Earns-Microsoft.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=microsoft%20earnings&st=cse.
86. Ulrich, P. (1977). Die Grossunternehmung als quasi-öffentliche Institution. Eine politische Theorie der Unternehmung [The corporation as quasi-governmental institution. A political theory of the corporation], Stuttgart.
87. Ulrich, P. (2004): Was ist gute sozioökonomische Entwicklung? [What is 'good' socio-economic development?], In: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik, 5(1) 8-22.
88. Ulrich, P. (2008). Integrative economic ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. UNCTAD. (2003). Measuring the information society. ICT indicators for development, Geneva, http://measuring-ict.unctad.org.
90. UNCTAD. (2004). E-commerce and development report 2004, New York/Geneva.
91. UN General Assembly. (2006). Resolution 60/252: World summit on the information society, Document A/RES/60/252, New York, Download: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/502/72/PDF/N0550272.pdf?OpenElement.
92. United Nations Global Compact. (2010). http://www.unglobalcompact.org/.
93. Varian, H. (2006). Information freedom rules. Keynote, Wizards of OS 4 conference, 14 Sept 2006, Berlin, http://ia360611.us.archive.org/2/items/WOS4_04_20h_InformationFreedomRules/04_20h_InformationFreedomRules.mp4.
94. Wettstein, F. (2009). Multinational corporations and global justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
95. Zittrain, J. L. (2008). The future of the internet-And how to stop it. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.