An examination of the relation between combat experiences and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of Connecticut OEF-OIF Veterans

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 45, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1579-1584

  Pietrzak, Robert H ^a,b   Whealin, Julia M ^c,d   Stotzer, Rebecca L ^e   Goldstein, Marc B ^f   Southwick, Steven M ^a,b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^f CENTRAL CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Combat; Depression; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; DYSPHORIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL SUPPORT; VETERAN; WAR;

EID: 80355133319     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.07.010     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Belmont P.J., Thomas D., Goodman G.P., Schoenfeld A.J., Zacchilli M., Burks R., et al. Combat musculoskeletal wounds in a US Army brigade combat team during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Trauma 2010.
2. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
3. Garvey Wilson A.L., Hoge C.W., McGurk D., Thomas J.L., Castro C.A. Stability of combat exposure recall in Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Annals of Epidemiology 2010, 20:939-947.
4. Henning K.R., Frueh B.C. Combat guilt and its relationship to PTSD symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997, 53:801-808.
5. Iversen A.C., Fear N.T., Ehlers A., Hacker Hughes J., Hull L., Earnshaw M., et al. Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychological Medicine 2008, 38:511-522.
6. Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition 1989, 7:113-136.
7. Kaltman S., Bonanno G.A. Trauma and bereavement: examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2003, 17:131-147.
8. King D.W., King L.A., Vogt D.S., Knight J., Samper R.E. Deployment risk and resilience inventory: a collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology 2006, 18:89-120.
9. Kubany E.S. A cognitive model of guilt typology in combat-related PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1994, 7:3-19.
10. Lee H.J., Goudarzi K., Baldwin B., Rosenfield D., Telch M.J. The combat experience log: a web-based system for the in theater assessment of war zone stress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25:794-800.
11. Leskela J., Dieperink M., Thuras P. Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2002, 15:223-226.
12. Maguen S., Lucenko B.A., Reger M.A., Gahm G.A., Litz B.T., Seal K.H., et al. The impact of reported direct and indirect killing on mental health symptoms in Iraq war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23:86-90.
13. Marshall G.N., Schell T.L., Glynn S.M., Shetty V. The role of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress following injury. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:624-628.
14. Marx B.P., Foley K.M., Feinstein B.A., Wolf E.J., Kaloupek D.G., Keane T.M. Combat-related guilt mediates the relations between exposure to combat-related abusive violence and psychiatric diagnoses. Depression and Anxiety 2010, 27:287-293.
15. Phillips C.J., Leardmann C.A., Gumbs G.R., Smith B. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10:52.
16. Pietrzak R.H., Goldstein M.B., Malley J.C., Rivers A.J., Southwick S.M. Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in Veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Psychiatry Research 2010, 178:323-329.
17. Pietrzak R.H., Goldstein R.B., Southwick S.M., Grant B.F. Prevalence and axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25:456-465.
18. Pietrzak R.H., Johnson D.C., Goldstein M.B., Malley J.C., Southwick S.M. Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Depression and Anxiety 2009, 26:745-751.
19. Pivar I.L., Field N.P. Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2004, 18:745-755.
20. Rona R.J., Hooper R., Jones M., Iversen A.C., Hull L., Murphy D., et al. The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:11-19.
21. Schell T.L., Marshall G.N., Jaycox L.H. All symptoms are not created equal: the prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113:189-197.
22. Solomon Z., Horesh D., Ein-Dor T. The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2009, 70:837-843.
23. Tanielian T., Jaycox L.H. Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery 2008, The RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research, Santa Monica, CA.
24. Vittinghoff E., McCulloch C.E. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007, 165:710-718.
25. Vogt D.S., Proctor S.P., King D.W., King L.A., Vasterling J.J. Validation of scales from the deployment risk and resilience inventory in a sample of operation Iraqi freedom veterans. Assessment 2008, 15:391-403.
26. Weathers F., Litz B., Herman D., Huska J., Keane T. The PTSD checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility 1993, Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
27. Wilson J.P., Drozdek B., Turkovic S. Posttraumatic shame and guilt. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2006, 7:122-141.