Green-Ampt Infiltration Models for Varied Field Conditions: A Revisit

Water Resources Management

Volumn 25, Issue 14, 2011, Pages 3505-3536

  Kale, Ravindra V ^a   Sahoo, Bhabagrahi ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY   (India)

^b ICAR RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR NEH REGION   (India)

Author keywords

Green Ampt; Infiltration; Layered soil profile; Rainfall runoff modeling

Indexed keywords

DEGREE OF ACCURACY; DRAINAGE SYSTEMS; FIELD CONDITIONS; GREEN-AMPT; GREEN-AMPT APPROACH; GREEN-AMPT INFILTRATION; GROUNDWATER MODELLING; HETEROGENEOUS SOILS; HOMOGENEOUS SOIL; HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL; INFILTRATION MODELS; INFILTRATION PROCESS; INITIAL MOISTURE; IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT; LAYERED SOIL PROFILE; LAYERED SOILS; MODELING STUDIES; PHYSICALLY BASED; RAINFALL EVENT; RAINFALL PATTERNS; RAINFALL RUNOFF; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELLING; RICHARDS EQUATION;

DRAINAGE; GEOLOGIC MODELS; GROUNDWATER; IRRIGATION; RAIN; RUNOFF; SEEPAGE; SOILS;

SOIL MECHANICS;

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; HYDRODYNAMICS; INFILTRATION; IRRIGATION; LAYERED MEDIUM; NUMERICAL MODEL; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING; RICHARDS EQUATION; SOIL PROFILE; SOIL WATER;

EID: 80255124831     PISSN: 09204741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11269-011-9868-0     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Ahuja LR (1974) Applicability of the Green-Ampt approach to water infiltration through surface crust. Soil Sci 118(5): 283-288.
2. Ahuja LR (1983) Modeling Infiltration into crusted soils by the Green-Ampt approach. Soil Sci Soc Am J 47: 412-418.
3. Ahuja LR, Naney JW, Green RE, Nielsen DR (1984) Macroprocity to characterize spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and effects of land management. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48: 699-702.
4. Ahuja LR, Cassel DK, Bruce RR, Barnes BB (1989) Evaluation of spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity using effective porosity data. Soil Sci 148: 404-411.
5. Alberts EE, Laflen JM, Rawls WJ, Simanton JR, Nearing, MA (1989) Soil component, Water Erosion Prediction Project Manual, USDA, Agricultural Research Services, Durant OK, USA, pp 6. 1-6. 15.
6. Albrecht KA, Cartwright K (1989) Infiltration and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted earthen liner. Ground Water 27: 14-19.
7. Allaire SE, Roulier S, Cessna AJ (2010) Quantifying preferential flow in soils: a review of different techniques. J Hydrol 378: 179-204.
8. Argyrokastritis I, Kargas G, Kerkides P (2009) Simulation of soil moisture profiles using K(h) from coupling experimental retention curves and one-step outflow data. Water Resour Manag 23(15): 3255-3266. doi: 10. 1007/s11269-009-9432-3.
9. Assouline S, Mualem Y (2002) Infiltration during soil sealing: the effect of areal heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour Res 38(12): 1286. doi: 10. 1029/2001WR001168.
10. Assouline S, Mualem Y (2006) Runoff from heterogeneous small bare catchments during soil surface sealing. Water Resour Res 42: W12405. doi: 10. 1029/2005WR004592.
11. Baker RS, Hillel D (1990) Laboratory tests of theory of fingering during infiltration into layered soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54: 20-30.
12. Barry DA, Parlange J-Y, Sander GC, Sivaplan M (1995) Comment on explicit expressions for Green-Ampt (delta function diffusivity) infiltration rate and cumulative storage. Water Resour Res 31(5): 1445-1446.
13. Barry DA, Parlange J-Y, Li L, Jeng D-S, Crapper M (2005) Green-Ampt approximations. Adv Water Resour 28(10): 1003-1009.
14. Beven K (1984) Infiltration into a class of vertically non-uniform soils. Hydrol Sci J 29: 425-434.
15. Beven K, Germann P (1981) Water flow in soil macropores. II. A combined flow model. J Soil Sci 32: 15-29.
16. Beven K, Robert E (2004) Horton's perceptual model of infiltration processes. Hydrol Process 18: 3447-3460.
17. Binley A, Elgy J, Beven K (1989) A physically based model of heterogeneous hillslopes: 1. Runoff production. Water Resour Res 25: 1219-1226.
18. Bouwer H (1966) Rapid field measurement of air-entry value and hydraulic conductivity of soil as significant parameters in flow system analysis. Water Resour Res 2: 729-738.
19. Bouwer H (1969) Infiltration of water into nonuniform soil. J Irrig Drain Eng. ASCE Proc. Paper 6937, 95(IR4): 451-462.
20. Bouwer H (1976) Infiltration into increasingly permeable soils. J Irrig Drain Eng. ASCE Proc. Paper 11959, 102(IR1): 127-136.
21. Brakensiek DO, Onstad CA (1977) Parameter estimation of the Green and Ampt infiltration equation. Water Resour Res 13(6): 1009-1012.
22. Brakensiek DL, Rawls WJ (1983) Agricultural management effects on soil water processes. II. Green and Ampt parameter for soil crusting. Trans ASAE 26: 1753-1757.
23. Brakensiek DL, Rawls WJ, Onstad CA (1983) Evaluation of Green-Ampt infiltration parameter estimates. Proc. National Resources Modelling Sysmposium. Decoursey DG (ed), Pingtree, Colarado, pp 339-344.
24. Brooks RH, Corey AT (1964) Hydraulic properties of porous media. Hydrol. Pap. 3, p 27, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo, USA.
25. Castillo VM, Gómez-Plaza A, Martinez-Mena M (2003) The role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response of semiarid catchments: a simulation approach. J Hydrol 284: 114-130.
26. Chen L, Young MH (2006) Green-Ampt infiltration model for sloping surfaces. Water Resour Res 42(W07420): 1-9. doi: 10. 1029/2005WR004468.
27. Chen ZQ, Govindaraju RS, Kavvas ML (1994a) Spatial averaging of unsaturated flow equations under infiltration conditions over areally heterogeneous fields. 1. Development of models. Water Resour Res 30(2): 523-533.
28. Chen ZQ, Govindaraju RS, Kavvas ML (1994b) Spatial averaging of unsaturated flow equations under infiltration conditions over areally heterogeneous fields. 2. Numerical simulations. Water Resour Res 30(2): 535-548.
29. Childs EC (1967) Soil moisture theory. Adv Hydrosci 4: 73-117.
30. Childs EC, Bybordi M (1969) The vertical movement of water in a stratified porous material, 1, Infiltration. Water Resour Res 5(2): 446-459.
31. Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc., Singapore, pp 1-572.
32. Chu ST (1978) Infiltration during an unsteady rain. Water Resour Res 14: 461-466.
33. Chu ST (1985) Modeling infiltration into tilled soil using non-uniform rain. Trans ASAE 28: 1226-1232.
34. Chu ST (1987) Generalized Mein-Larson infiltration model. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 113(2): 155-162.
35. Chu ST (1994) Green-Ampt analysis of wetting patterns for surface emitters. J Irrig Drain Eng 120(2): 414-421.
36. Chu ST (1995) Effect of initial water content on Green-Ampt parameters. Trans ASAE 38: 839-841.
37. Chu X, Marino MA (2005) Determination of ponding condition and infiltration into layered soils under unsteady rainfall. J Hydrol 313: 195-207.
38. Chu X, Marino MA (2006) Simulation of infiltration and surface runoff-A windows-based hydrologic modeling system HYDROL-INF. Proc. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, ASCE, Randall Graham, Editors Omaha, Nebraska, USA, May 21-25, pp 1-8.
39. Chu ST, Onstad CA, Rawls WJ (1986) Field evaluation of layered Green-Ampt model for transient crust conditions. Trans ASAE 29: 268-1272.
40. Colman EA, Bodman GB (1945) Moisture energy conditions during downward entry of water in to moist and layered soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 9: 3-11.
41. Craig JR, Liu G, Soulis ED (2010) Runoff-infiltration partitioning using an upscaled Green-Ampt solution. Hydrol Process 24: 2328-2334. doi: 10. 1002/hyp. 7601.
42. Dagan G, Bresler E (1983) Unsaturated flow in spatially variable fields, 1. Derivation of models of infiltration and redistribution. Water Resour Res 199(2): 413-420.
43. Davidson MR (1984) A Green-Ampt model of infiltration in a cracked soil. Water Resour Res 20: 1685-1690.
44. Davidson MR (1985) Asymptotic behavior of infiltration in soils containing cracks or holes. Water Resour Res 21(9): 1345-1353. doi: 10. 1029/WR021i009p01345.
45. Davidson MR (1987) Asymptotic infiltration into a soil which contains cracks or holes but whose surface is otherwise impermeable. Transport Porous Media 2(2): 165-176. doi: 10. 1007/BF00142657.
46. Deliman PN (1994) Green-Ampt infiltration in layered soils with positive soil water potential. PhD. Thesis, submitted to Texas A& M University, Texas, USA, pp 134.
47. Desborough CE, Pitman AJ (1998) The BASE land surface model. Global Planet Change 19: 3-18.
48. Duely FL (1939) Surface factor affecting the rate of intake of water by soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 4: 60-64.
49. Edwards WM, van der Ploeg RR, Ehlers W (1979) A numerical study of the effects of noncapillary-sized pores upon infiltration. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43: 851-856.
50. Eisenhauer DE (1984) Surface sealing and infiltration with surface irrigation. PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.
51. Enciso-Medina J, Martin D, Eisenhauer D (1998) Infiltration model for furrow irrigation. J Irrig Drain Eng, ASCE 124(2): 73-80. doi: 10. 1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124: 2(73).
52. Este'ves M, Faucher X, Galle S, Vauclin M (2000) Overland flow and infiltration modelling for small plots during unsteady rain: numerical results versus observed values. J Hydrol 228: 265-288.
53. Farajalla NS, Vieux BE (1995) Capturing the essential spatial variability in Distributed hydrological modeling: Infiltration parameters. Hydrol Process 9: 55-68.
54. Fiedler FR, Ramirez JA (2000) A numerical method for simulating discontinuous shallow flow over an infiltrating surface. Int J Numer Meth Fluids 32: 219-240.
55. Flerchinger GN, Watts FJ, Bloomsburg GL (1988) Explicit solution to Green-Ampt equation for nonuniform soil. J Irrig Drain Engg ASCE 114(3): 561-565.
56. Fok YS (1970) One-dimensional infiltration into layered soils. J Irrig Drain Engg ASCE 90(2): 121-129.
57. Freyberg DL, Reeder JW, Franzini JB, Remson I (1980) Application of the Green-Ampt model to infiltration under time-dependent surface water depth. Water Resour Res 16(3): 517-528.
58. Gill MA (1978) A layered infiltration model for homogeneous soils. J Hydrol 36(1-2): 121-131.
59. Goldman DM (1989) Loss rate representation in the HEC-1 watershed model. In: Morel-Seytoux HJ (ed) Unsaturated flow in hydrologic modeling, theory and practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 345-390.
60. Govindaraju RS, Or D, Kavvas ML, Rolston DE, Biggar J (1992) Error analyses of simplified unsaturated flow models under large uncertainty in hydraulic properties. Water Resour Res 28(11): 2913-2924.
61. Govindaraju RS, Kavvas ML, Jones SE, Rolston DE (1996) Use of Green-Ampt model for analyzing one-dimensional convective transport in unsaturated soils. J Hydrol 178(1-4): 337-350.
62. Gowdish L, Carpena M (2009) An improved Green-Ampt infiltration and restribution method for uneven multistorm series. Vadose Zone J 8: 470-479.
63. Green WH, Ampt GA (1911) Studies in soil physics. Part 1. The flow of air and water through soils. J Agric Sci (England) 4: 1-24.
64. Greminger PJ, Sud YK, Nielsen DR (1985) Spatial variability of field measured soil-water characteristics. Soil Sci Soc Am J 49: 1075-1082.
65. Gusev EM (1993) Formirovanie Rezhima i Resursov Pochvennykh Vod v Zimne-Vesenniyi Period (Formation of Regime and Resources of Soil Water during Winter-Spring Period). Fizmatlit Publishing, Nauka (in Russian).
66. Gusev YM, Nasonova ON (1998) The land surface parameterization scheme SWAP: description and partial validation. Global Planet Change 19: 63-86.
67. Hachum AY, Alfaro JF (1978) A physically-based model to predict runoff under variable rain intensity. Trans ASAE, ASAE paper No. 76-2538, 500-504 & 509.
68. Hachum AY, Alfaro JF (1980) Rain infiltration into layered soils: prediction. J Irrig Drain Engg ACSE 106(IR4): 311-319.
69. Hammecker C, Antonino ACD, Maeght JL, Boivin P (2003) Experimental and numerical study of water flow in soil under irrigation in northern Senegal: evidence of air entrapment. Eur J Soil Sci 54: 491-503.
70. Hawkins RH, Cundy TW (1987) Steady-state analysis of infiltration and overland flow for spatially-varied hillslopes. Water Resour Bull 23: 251-256.
71. Hill DW (1992) Occurrence of positive soil water potentials during infiltration in layered soils. M. S. Thesis, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas.
72. Hillel D, Gardner WR (1970) Transient infiltration into crust topped profiles. Soil Sci 109(2): 69-76.
73. Hu H, Yang Z, Tian F (2009) Spatial averaging infiltration model for layered soil. Sci China, Ser E Tech Sci 52(4): 1050-1058.
74. Hugo AL, Huang A (2007) Ponding analysis with Green-Ampt Infiltration. J Irrig Drain Engg ASCE 12(1): 109-112.
75. Idike FI, Larson CL, Slack DC, Young RA (1980) Experimental evaluation of two infiltration models. Trans ASAE 23(6): 1428-1433.
76. James LG, Larson CL (1976) Modeling infiltration and redistribution of soil water during intermittent application. Trans ASAE 19(3): 482-488.
77. Jia Y, Tamai N (1997) Modeling infiltration into a multi-layered soil during and unsteady rain. Annu J Hydraul Eng JSCE 41: 31-36.
78. Jury WA, Horton R (2004) Soil physics. Wiley, Hoboken.
79. Kacimov AR, Al-Ismaily S, Al-Maktoumi A (2010) Green-Ampt one-dimensional infiltration from a ponded surface into a heterogeneous soil. J Irrig Drain Eng 136(1): 68-72.
80. Kargas G, Kerkides P (2011) A contribution to the study of the phenomenon of horizontal infiltration. Water Resour Manag 25(4): 1131-1141. doi: 10. 1007/s11269-010-9671-3.
81. Kim SJ, Chung HW (1994) Field evaluation of layered Green-Ampt infiltration model considering temporal variation of physical properties. Trans ASAE 37: 1845-1852.
82. Kowalsky MB, Finsterle S, Peterson S, Hubbard J, Rubin Y, Majer E, Ward A, Gee G (2005) Estimation of field-scale soil hydraulic and dielectric parameters through joint inversion of GPR and hydrological data. Water Resour Res 41: W11425. doi: 10. 1029/2005WR004237.
83. Leconte R, Brissette FP (2001) Soil moisture profile model for two-layered soil based on sharp wetting front approach. J Hydrol Engg ASCE 6(2): 141-149.
84. Li RM, Stevens MA, Simons DB (1976) Solutions to Green-Ampt infiltration equation. J Irrig Drain Engg ASCE 102(2): 239-248.
85. Liu QQ, Singh VP (2004) Effect of microtopography, slope length and gradient, and vegetative cover on overland flow through simulation. J Hydrol Engg ASCE 9(5): 375-382.
86. Liu J, Zhang J, Feng J (2008) Green-Ampt model for layered soils with nonuniform initial water content under unsteady infiltration. Soil Sci Am J 72: 1041-1047.
87. Liu G, Craig JR, Soulis ED (2011) Applicability of the Green-Ampt infiltration model with shallow boundary conditions. J Hydrol Eng 16(3): 266. doi: 10. 1061/(ASCE)HE. 1943-5584. 0000308.
88. Logsdon SD, Jaynes DB (1996) Spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in a cultivated field at different times. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60: 703-709.
89. Ma Y, Feng S, Su D, Gao G, Huo Z (2010a) Modeling water infiltration in a large layered soil column with a modified Green-Ampt model and HYDRUS-1D. Comput Electron Agr 71S: S40-S47.
90. Ma Y, Feng S, Zhan H, Liu X, Su D, Kang S, Song X (2010b) Water infiltration in layered soils with air entrapment: modified Green-Ampt model and experimental validation. J Hydrol Engg ASCE. doi: 10. 1061/(ASCE)HE. 1943-5584. 0000360.
91. Madramootoo CA, Enright P (1990) Prediction of surface runoff using the Green-Ampt infiltration model and estimated soils parameters. Can J Agr Eng ISSN: 0045-432X, 32(1): 39-45.
92. Mailapalli DR, Wallender WW, Singh R, Raghuwanshi NS (2009) Application of a nonstandard explicit integration to solve Green and Ampt iInfiltration equation. J Hydrol Eng 14(2): 203-206.
93. McCuen RH, Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL (1981) Statistical analysis of the Brooks-Corey and the Green-Ampt parameters across soil textures. Water Resour Res 17(4): 1005-1013.
94. McIntire DS (1958) Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact. Soil Sci 85: 185-189.
95. Mein RG, Larson CL (1971) Modeling of the infiltration component of the rainfall-runoff process. Bull 43, pp 21-29, Water Resour Res. Center, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis.
96. Mein RG, Larson CL (1973) Modeling infiltration during a steady rain. Water Resour Res 9(2): 384-394.
97. Merz B, Plate EJ (1997) An analysis of the effects of spatial variability of soil and soil moisture on runoff. Water Resour Res 33: 2909-2922.
98. Miller DE, Gardner WH (1962) Water infiltration into stratified soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 26: 115-119.
99. Milly PCD (1985) Stability of the Green-Ampt profile in a delta function soil. Water Resour Res 21(3): 399-402.
100. Milly PCD, Eagleson PS (1988) Effects of storm scale on surface runoff volume. Water Resour Res 24: 620-624.
101. Mohamoud YM (1991) Evaluating the Green and Ampt infiltration parameter values for tilled and crusted soils. J Hydrol 123: 25-38.
102. Moore ID (1981a) Effect of surface sealing on infiltration. Trans ASAE 24: 1546-1561.
103. Moore ID (1981b) Infiltration equations modified for surface effects. J Irrig Drain Div ASCE 107(IR1): 71-85.
104. Moore ID, Eigel JD (1981) Infiltration into two-Layered soil profiles. Trans ASAE 26(6): 1496-1503.
105. Morel-Seytoux HJ, Khanji J (1974) Derivation of an equation of infiltration. Water Resour Res 10(4): 795-800.
106. Muntohar AS, Liao H-J (2010) Rainfall infiltration: infinite slope model for landslides triggering by rainstorm. Nat Hazards 54(3): 967-984. doi: 10. 1007/s11069-010-9518-5.
107. Neuman SP (1976) Wetting front pressure head in the infiltration model of Green and Ampt. Water Resour Res 12(3): 564-566.
108. Nielsen DR, Biggar JW, Erh KT (1973) Spatial variability of field-measured soil-water properties. Hilgardia 42: 215-259.
109. Paschepsky YA, Timlin D (1996) Infiltration into layered soil covered with a depositional seal: A Green-Ampt approach. Int Agrophys 10: 21-30.
110. Philip JR (1957) The theory of infiltration: 4. Sorptivity and algebraic infiltration equations. Soil Sci 84: 257-264.
111. Powell DM, Steichen J (1982) An infiltration model including transient soil crust formation. ASAE, St. Joseph, pp 82-2031.
112. Qi Z (2008) Comparison of finite difference method, Philip's Method and Green-Ampt Model in infiltration simulation. http://www. public. iastate. edu/~qzhiming/coursework/agron677/Agron677_final_project. doc (Verified on 30 Sept. 2008).
113. Rao MD, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R (2006) Development of a physically based 1D-infiltration model for irrigated soils. Agr Water Manage 85(1-2): 165-174.
114. Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL (1982) Estimating soil water retention from soil properties. J Irrig Drain Div Proc ASCE 108: 166-171.
115. Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL (1983) A procedure to predict Green-Ampt parameters. Proc. Am. Soc. Agril. Engg. Conf. on Advances in infiltration, Chicago, IL, pp 102-112.
116. Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Miller N (1983a) Green-Ampt infiltration parameters from soil data. J Hydraul Engg ASCE 109: 62-70.
117. Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Soni B (1983b) Agricultural management effects on soil water processes. Part I: soil water retention and Green-Ampt infiltration parameters. Trans ASAE 26: 1747-1752.
118. Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Simanton JR, Kohl KD (1990) Development of a crust factor for a Green Ampt model. Trans ASAE 33: 1224-1228.
119. Rawls WJ, Ahuja LR, Brakensiek DL, Shirmohammadi A (1992) Infiltration and soil water movement. In: Maidment DR (ed) Handbook of hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc., pp 5. 1-5. 51.
120. Risse LM, Nearing MA, Zhang XC (1995) Variability in Green-Ampt effective hydraulic conductivity under fallow conditions. J Hydrol 169: 1-24.
121. Russo D, Bresler EA (1982) Univariate versus a multivariate parameter distribution in a stochastic-conceptual analysis of unsaturated flow. Water Resour Res 18: 483-489.
122. Saghafian B, Julien PY, Ogden FL (1995) Similarity in catchment response. 1: Stationary rainstorms. Water Resour Res 31: 1533-1541.
123. Salvucci GD, Entekhabi D (1994) Explicit expression for Green-Ampt (delta function diffusivity) infiltration rate and cumulative storage. Water Resour Res 30(9): 2661-2663.
124. Schmid BH (1990) Derivation of an explicit equation for infiltration on the basis of the Mein-Larson model. Hydrol Sci J 35(2): 197-208.
125. Selker JS, Duan J, Parlange JY (1999) Green and Ampt infiltration into soils of variable pore size with depth. Water Resour Res 35(5): 1685-1688.
126. Serrano SE (2001) Explicit solution to Green and Ampt equation. J Hydrol Eng ASCE 6(4): 336-340.
127. Serrano SE (2003) Improved decomposition solution to Green and Ampt equation. J Hydrol Engg ASCE 8(3): 158-160.
128. Shin D, Lee KK, Kim JW (1998) Spatial variability of conductivity as applied to distributed parameter infiltration models. J Am Water Resour Assoc 34: 545-558.
129. Short D, Dawes WR, White I (1995) The practicability of using Richards equation for general purpose soil-water dynamics models. Environ Intern 21(5): 723-730.
130. Sidle RC, Pearce CL, O'Loughlin CL, American Geophysical Union (1985) Hillslope stability and land use. AGU, Water Resour. Monograph Series 11, Washigton, D. C.
131. Simunek J, Sejna M, van Genuchten MT (1998) The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media. US Salinity Laboratory, Riverside.
132. Sivapalan M, Wood EF (1986) Spatial heterogeneity and scale in the infiltration response of catchments. In: Gupta VK, Rodriguez-Iturbe I, Wood EF (ed) Scale problems in hydrology, Water Sci. Technol. Libr., Vol. 6. Springer, New York, pp 81-106.
133. Skonard CJ, Martin DL (2002) A physically based two-dimensional infiltration model for furrow irrigation. 2002 ASAE Annual International Meeting/CGIR XVth World Congress, Illinois, USA, ASAE paper No. 022063, pp 1-11.
134. Smiles DE, Perroux KM, Zegelin SJ, Raats PAC (1981) Hydrodynamic dispersion during constant rate absorption of water by soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 45: 453-458.
135. Smith RE, Hebbert RHB (1979) A Monte Carlo analysis of the hydrologic effects of spatial variability of infiltration. Water Resour Res 15: 419-429.
136. Smith RE, Goodrich DC (2000) Model for rainfall excess patterns on randomly heterogeneous areas. J Hydrol Eng ASCE 5(4): 355-362.
137. Sokol Z (2003) The use of radar and gauge measurements to estimate areal precipitation for several Czech river basins. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, Springer 47(3): 587-604.
138. Sonu J (1986) Vertical infiltration into stratified soil for groundwater accretion. Conjunctive Water Use (Proceedings of the Budapest Symposium, July 1986), IAHS Publ. no. 156, 365-374.
139. Springer EP, Cundy TW (1987) Field-scale evaluation of infiltration parameters from soil texture for hydrologic analysis. Water Resour Res 23(2): 325-334.
140. Stone JJ, Hawkins RH, Shirley ED (1994) Approximate form of Green-Ampt infiltration equation. J Irrig Drain Engg ASCE 120(1): 128-137.
141. Sullivan M, Warwick JJ, Tyler SW (1996) Quantifying and delineating spatial variations of surface infiltration in a small watershed. J Hydrol 181: 149-168.
142. Swartzendruber D (1974) Infiltration of constant-flux rainfall into soil as analyzed by the approach of Green and Ampt. Soil Sci 117: 272-281.
143. Swartzendruber D (1987) A quasi-solution of Richards equation for the downward infiltration of water into soil. Water Res Res 23: 809-817.
144. Swartzendruber D, Youngs EG (1974) A comparison of physically based infiltration equations. Soil Sci 117: 165-167.
145. Tackett JL, Pearson RW (1965) Some characteristics of soil crust formed by simulated rainfall. Soil Sci 99(6): 407-413.
146. Tagski S (1960) Analysis of vertical downward flow of water through a two-layered soil. Soil Sci 90: 98-103.
147. Turner ER (2006) Comparison of infiltration equations and their field validation with rainfall simulation. M. S. Thesis, Department of Biological resources Engineering, University of Maryland, College park, USA.
148. van Mullem JA (1991) Runoff and peak discharges using Green-Ampt infiltration model. J Hydraul Engg ASCE 117: 354-370.
149. Voller VR (2011) On a fractional form of the Green-Ampt infiltration model. Adv Water Resour 34: 257-262.
150. Wang QJ, Shao MA, Horton R (1999) Modified Green and Ampt models for layered soil infiltration and muddy water infiltration. Soil Sci 164: 445-453.
151. Warrick AW, Nielsen DR (1980) Spatial variability of soil physical properties in the field. In: Hillel D (ed) Applications of soil physics. Elsevier, New York, pp 319-344.
152. Warrick AW, Zerihun D, Sanchez CA, Furman A (2005) Infiltration under variable ponding depths of water. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 131(4): 358-363.
153. Whisler F, Klute A (1966) Analysis of infiltration into stratified soil columns. Symp. Water in Unsaturated Zone, IASH, Waggeningen, The Netherlands, 1: 82.
154. Whisler TD, Bouwer H (1970) Comparison of methods for calculating vertical drainage and infiltration for soils. J Hydrol 10(1): 1-19.
155. Wilcox BP, Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Wight JR (1990) Predicting runoff from rangeland catchments: a comparison of two models. Water Resour Res 26(10): 2401-2410.
156. Williams JR, Ouyang Y, Chen JS, Ravi V (1998) Estimation of infiltration rate in vadose zone application of selected mathematical models. Report of Environmental Protection Agency, Volume II, EPA/600/R-97/128b,.
157. Wolfe LM, Larson CL, Onstad CA (1988) Hydraulic conductivity and Green-Ampt infiltration modeling for tiled soils. Trans ASAE 31: 1135-1140.
158. Woolhiser DA, Smith RE, Giraldez JV (1996) Effects of spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on Hortonian overland flow. Water Resour Res 32: 671-678.