Quantifying suspended frazil ice using multi-frequency underwater acoustic devices

River Research and Applications

Volumn 27, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1106-1117

  Richard, Martin ^a   Morse, Brian ^a   Daly, Steven F ^b   Emond, Josée ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Frazil ice; Multi frequency; Rise velocity; Rouse number; St. Lawrence River; Supercooling; Suspended concentration

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ICE CRYSTAL; ICE MECHANICS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SEA ICE; SUPERCOOLING; WATER COLUMN;

CANADA; QUEBEC [CANADA]; SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER;

EID: 80055106750     PISSN: 15351459     EISSN: 15351467     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rra.1446     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Ainslie MA, McColm JG. 1998. A simplified formula for viscous and chemical absorption in sea water. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103(3): 1671-1672. DOI: 10.1121/1.421258.
2. Ashton GD. 1986. River and Lake Ice Engineering. Water Resources Publication, LLC: Littleton, CO; 485 pp.
3. Brierley AS, Saunders RA, Bone DG, Murphy EJ, Enderlein P, Conti SG, Demer DA. 2006. Use of moored acoustic instruments to measure short-term variability in abundance of Antarctic krill. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 4: 18-129.
4. Clark S, Doering JC. 2006. Laboratory experiments on frazil-size characteristics in a counterrotating flume. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (ASCE) 132(1): 94-101. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429 (2006) 132: 1(94).
5. Clark S, Doering JC. 2009. Frazil flocculation and secondary nucleation in a counter-rotating flume. Cold Regions Science and Technology 55(2): 221-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.04.002.
6. Daly SF. 1994. Report on frazil ice. CRREL Special Report 94-23, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H., 43 pp.
7. Daly SF, Colbeck S. 1986. Frazil ice measurements in CRREL's flume facility. International Association for Hydraulic Research Symposium on Ice 1: 427-438.
8. Deines KL. 1999. Backscatter estimation using broadband acoustic Doppler current profilers. Proceedings IEEE 6th Working Conference on Current Measurements, San Diego, CA. March 1999. 249-253.
9. Emond J, Morse B, Richard M, Stander E, Viau A. 2009. Surface ice observations on the St. Lawrence River using infrared thermography. In Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers.
10. Falou O, Kumaradas JC, Kolios MC. 2006. Finite element modeling of ultrasound scattering by spherical objects and cells. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2072-2075.
11. Fofonoff NP, Millard RC Jr. 1983. Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 44: 53.
12. Gartner JW. 2004. Estimating suspended solids concentrations from backscatter intensity measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Geology 211(3-4): 169-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.07.001.
13. Ghobrial TR, Loewen M, Hicks F. 2009. Frazil ice measurements using the shallow water ice profiling sonar. CRIPE, Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers; 14-26.
14. Greenlaw CF. 1979. Acoustical estimation of zooplankton populations. Limnology and Oceanography 24(2): 226-242.
15. Jasek M, Marko J. 2007. Instrument for detecting suspended and surface ice runs in rivers. In Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers.
16. Johnson RK. 1977. Sound scattering from a fluid sphere revisited. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 61: 375-377.
17. Lemon DD, Billenness D, Buermans J. 2008. Comparison of acoustic measurements of zooplankton populations using an acoustic water column profiler and an ADCP. Proceedings MTS/IEEE International Conference OCEANS' 08, Quebec City, QC. September 2008.
18. Medwin H. 1975. Speed of sound in water: a simple equation for realistic parameters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58: 1318-1319.
19. Medwin H. 2005. Sounds in the Sea. From Ocean Acoustics to Acoustical Oceanography. Cambridge University Press: New York; 643.
20. Morse B, Hessami M, Bourel C. 2003. Characteristics of ice in the St. Lawrence River. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30: 766-774.
21. Morse B, Richard M. 2009. A field study of suspended frazil ice particles. Cold Regions Science and Technology 55(1): 86-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.03.004.
22. Morse B, Richard M. 2010. Corrigendum to 'A field study of suspended frazil ice particles' [Cold Regions Science Technology. Volume 55/1 (2008) pp. 86-102]. Cold Regions Science and Technology 61(2-3): 143-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.01.010.
23. Rouse H. 1937. Modern conceptions of the mechanics of fluid turbulence. Transactions of the ASCE 102: 461-543.
24. Tessier C, Le Hir P, Lurton X, Castaing P. 2007. Estimation de la matière en suspension à partir de l'intensité rétrodiffusée des courantomètres acoustiques à effet Doppler (ADCP). Comptes Rendus Geoscience 340(1): 57-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.crte.2007.10.009.
25. Urick RJ. 1967. Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers. McGraw-Hill, Inc: New York; 342.