A Monte Carlo determination of the effectiveness of nanoparticles as spacers for optimizing TiO2 opacity

Journal of Coatings Technology and Research

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 541-552

  Diebold, Michael P ^a  

^a DuPont Titanium Technologies   (United States)

Author keywords

Nanoparticle; Opacity; Titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS; LIGHT SCATTERING; MONTE CARLO METHODS; NANOPARTICLES; OPACITY;

IMAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES; INTER-PARTICLE INTERACTION; NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; NANOPARTICLE SIZES; SCATTERING EFFICIENCY;

TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

EID: 80055079146     PISSN: 15470091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11998-011-9342-1     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Bruehlman, J, Thomas, LW, Gonick, E, "Effect of Particle Size and Pigment Volume Concentration on Hiding Power of Titanium Dioxide." Off. Dig., 33 (433) 252-267 (1961)
2. 2 Pigments." J. Paint Technol., 46 (588) 33-40 (1974)
3. Auger, J-C, Martinez, VA, Stout, B, "Theoretical Study of the Scattering Efficiency of Rutile Titanium Dioxide Pigments as a Function of Their Spatial Dispersion." J. Coat. Technol. Res., 6 (1) 89-97 (2009)
4. Fitzwater, S, Hook, JW, III, "Dependent Scattering Theory: A New Approach to Predicting Scattering in Paints." J. Coat. Technol., 46 (588) 33-47 (1974)
5. Blackinton, RJ, "Some Optical Problems of the Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Industry." Engineering and Science, 8 (5) 10-14 (1945)
6. Dietz, PF, "Spacing for Better Effects." Eur. Coat. J., 7-8 14-19 (2003)
7. Yamada, S, Mouri, E, Yoshinaga, K, "Incorporation of Titanium Dioxide Particles into Polymer Matrix Using Block Copolymer Micelles for Fabrication of High Refractive and Transparent Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials." J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 49 (3) 712-718 (2011)
8. Aspnes, DE, "Local-Field Effect and Effective-Medium Theory: A Microscopic Perspective." Am. J. Phys., 50 704-709 (1982)
9. Stewart, D, "Quality Comparisons." Polym. Paint Colour J., 198 (4525) 18-25 (2008)
10. 2 in Emulsion Paint." Paint Coat. Ind., 9 28-37 (2003)
11. Gittins, D, Gadson, M, Skuse, D, "Mineral Blends for Low-Titania Coatings." WO 2010/143068 A1, 2010
12. Stieg, FB, "Ending the 'Crowding/Spacing Theory' Debate." J. Coat. Technol., 59 (748) 96-97 (1987)
13. Mussard, I, "25 Years of Hollow-Sphere Hiding Technology." Paint Coat. Ind., 21 (9) 96-100 (2005) (Pubitemid 41360267)
14. Hook, J, "Conclusions on 'Crowding/Spacing Theory' Clarified." J. Coat. Technol., 58 (742) 81-82 (1986)
15. Stieg, FB, "Dilution Efficiency of Extenders." J. Coat. Technol., 53 (680) 75-79 (1981)
16. Brown, W, "Hollow Latex Particles: Binders that Provide Opacity." Proceedings of the International Waterborne, High- Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium, Vol. 35, pp. 79-92, 2008
17. Stieg, FB, "Effect of Extender on Crowding of Titanium Pigment." J. Coat. Technol., 61 (778) 67-70 (1989)
18. Cutrone, L, "Influence of Fine-Particle Size Extenders on the Optical Properties of Latex Paints." J. Coat. Technol., 58 (736) 83-88 (1986) (Pubitemid 16552895)
19. Patton, TC, Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York (1979)
20. Dumitru, P, Jitaru, I, "Improving Hiding Power Obtained by Variation of Fillers for Interior Emulsion Paints." Rev. Chem. (Bucharest), 61 (5) 479-483 (2010)
21. 2 Optical Performance and Binder Demand in Coated Board Formulations Using Knowledge from the Paint Chemist." TAPPI J., 81 (11) 185-193 (1998) (Pubitemid 128497218)
22. Stieg, FB, Jr, Ensminger, RI, "The Production and Control of High Dry Hiding." Off. Dig., 33, 792-806 (1961)
23. 2 Spacing." Eur. Coat. J., 5 178-182 (2007)
24. 2 Pigments can be Partly Replaced by Calcium Aluminium Silicate Extenders." Eur. Coat. J., 3 24-31 (2007)
25. Braun, JH, "Crowding and Spacing of Titanium Dioxide Pigments." J. Coat. Technol., 60 (758) 67-71 (1988)
26. Temperley, J, Westwood, MJ, Hornby, MR, Simpson, LA, "A Mathematical Model for Predicting the State of Pigment Dispersion in Paint Films." Proc. XXth FATPIPEC Congress, Nice, pp. 330-333, 1990
27. Temperley, J, Westwood, MJ, Hornby, MR, Simpson, LA, "Use of a Mathematical Model to Predict the Effects of Extenders on Pigment Dispersion in Paint Films." J. Coat. Technol., 64 (809) 33-40 (1992) (Pubitemid 23566946)
28. Ashek, L, "New Generation Kaolin-Based Pigment Extenders." Paint Coat. Ind., 19 (3) 80-81 (2003) (Pubitemid 43138032)
29. Ashek, L, "New Generation Kaolin-Based Pigment Extenders." Surf. Coat. Int. Part A: Coat. J., 85 (6) 223-225 (2002)
30. 2 Efficiency in Waterborne Paints Through Latex Design." JCT Coatings- Tech. 5 (7) 32-39 (2008)
31. Kaye, BH, Clark, GG, "Computer Aided Image Analysis Procedures for Characterizing the Stochastic Structure of Chaotically Assembled Pigmented Coatings." Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 9 157-170 (1992)
32. Fellers, A, Christian, H-D, "Filling Up Paint." PPCJ, 195 (4484) 26-31 (2005) (Pubitemid 40213268)
33. Ciullo, PA, Robinson, S, "Kaolin Clay: Functional Optical Additives." Paint Coat. Ind., 19 (8) 42-47 (2003) (Pubitemid 43126265)
34. Adkins, AS, "Spacer/Extender for Titanium Dioxide in Pigment Systems for Coatings." US 5,171,631, 1992
35. 2 Nanocomposite Film." Compos. Struct., 92 2203- 2207 (2010)
36. Brown, RFG, Carr, C, Taylor, ME, "Effect of Pigment Volume Concentration and Latex Particle Size on Pigment Distribution." Prog. Org. Coat., 30 185-194 (1997) (Pubitemid 127424794)
37. Briand, R, Larson, G, Procopio, L, Rosano, W, Smith, P, "Making Connections: Pigment-Binder Interaction Enhances Performance of Exterior Coatings." Eur. Coat. J., 10 19-25 (2008)
38. Kozakov, ON, "Determination of Hiding Power of Paints by the Monte-Carlo Method." Proc. SPIE, 3573 595-598 (1998)
39. Tanthapanichakoon, W, Suphawita, M, Charinpanitkul, T, "Investigation of Suitable Quantitative Indices for the Evaluation of Additive Dispersion in a Material Matrix Using Monte-Carlo Simulation." Adv. Powder Technol., 11 (1) 69-85 (2000) (Pubitemid 30564423)
40. Ruhla, C, The Physics of Chance, p. 80. Oxford University Press, New York (1992)
41. http://comp.uark.edu/-jgeabana/mol-dyn/. Accessed 24 May 2011
42. 2 Pigment Dispersion." PPCJ, 199 (4540) 32-34 (2009)
43. Diebold, MP, "Quantitative Determination of Particle Dispersion in a Paint Film," Brushstrokes, 10 (2006)
44. Bardman, JK, Brown, WT, "Coating with Improved Hiding, Compositions Prepared Therewith, and Processes for the Preparation Thereof." US 7,081,488B2, 2006
45. Ward, TB, "Opacifying Pigment Particle." US 2010/0056668 A1, 2010
46. Bolt, JD, "Titanium Dioxide Particles having Substantially Discrete Inorganic Particles Dispersed on Their Surface." US 5,886,069, 1999
47. 2 Industry." JCT CoatingsTech, 1 (1) 36-44 (2004)
48. 2 Pigment Coated with Porous Alumina/Silica and Dense Silica." US 3,928,057, 1975