Reproduction and denning by urban and rural San Clemente Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae)

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 89, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 976-984

  Gould, Nicholas P ^a   Andelt, W F ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CANID; DEN; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY; POPULATION DECLINE; PROBABILITY; REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR; RURAL AREA; URBAN AREA; WESTERLY;

CALIFORNIA; CHANNEL ISLANDS [CALIFORNIA]; SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND; UNITED STATES;

CANIDAE; UROCYON LITTORALIS;

EID: 80055048703     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: 14803283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z11-070     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Baker, P.J., Dowding, C.V., Molony, S.E., White, P.C.L., and Harris, S. 2007. Activity patterns of urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce the risk of traffic-induced mortality. Behav. Ecol. 18(4): 716-724. doi:10.1093/beheco/arm035.
2. Bjurlin, C.D., Cypher, B.L., Wingert, C.M., and Van Horn Job, C.L. 2005. Urban roads and the endangered San Joaquin kit fox. California State University-Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno.
3. Brittingham, M.C. 1991. Effect of winter feeding on wild birds. In Wildlife conservation in metropolitan environments. Edited by L.W. Adams and D.L. Leedy. National Institute for Urban Wildlife, Columbia, Mo. pp. 185-190.
4. Clifford, D.L., Mazet, J.A.K., Dubovi, E.J., Garcelon, D.K., Coonan, T.J., Conrad, P.A., and Munson, L. 2006. Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: implications for conservation management. Biol. Conserv. 131(2): 230-243. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.029.
5. Clifford, D.L., Woodroffe, R., Garcelon, D.K., Timm, S.F., and Mazet, J.A.K. 2007. Using pregnancy rates and perinatal mortality to evaluate the success of recovery strategies for endangered island foxes. Anim. Conserv. 10(4): 442-451. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795. 2007.00129.x.
6. Collins, P.W. 1991a. Interaction between island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Native Americans on islands off the coast of southern California. I. Morphologic and archaeological evidence of human assisted dispersal. J. Ethnobiol. 11: 51-81.
7. Collins, P.W. 1991b. Interaction between island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Native Americans on islands off the coast of southern California. II. Ethnographic, archaeological, and historical evidence. J. Ethnobiol. 11: 205-229.
8. Collins, P.W. 1993. Taxonomic and biogeographic relationships of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) and gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) from western North America. In Proceedings of the Third California Islands Symposium: recent advances in research on the California Islands, Santa Barabara, Calif., 1987. Edited by F.G. Hochberg. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, Calif. pp. 351-390.
9. Coonan, T.J., Schwemm, C.A., Roemer, G.W., Garcelon, D.K., and Munson, L. 2005. Decline of an island fox subspecies to near extinction. Southwest. Nat. 50(1): 32-41. doi:10.1894/0038-4909 (2005)050<0032:DOAIFS>2.0.CO;2.
10. Cypher, B.L. 2010. Kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis). In Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation. Edited by S.D. Gehrt, S.P.D. Riley, and B.L. Cypher. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. pp. 49-60.
11. Cypher, B.L., and Frost, N. 1999. Condition of San Joaquin kit foxes in urban and exurban habitats. J. Wildl. Manage. 63(3): 930-938. doi:10.2307/3802807.
12. Grilo, C., Bissonette, J.A., and Santos-Reis, M. 2009. Spatialtemporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties. Biol. Conserv. 142(2): 301-313. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.026.
13. Grubbs, S.E., and Krausman, P.R. 2009. Use of urban landscape by coyotes. Southwest. Nat. 54(1): 1-12. doi:10.1894/MLK-05.1.
14. Harrison, R.L. 2003. Swift fox demography, movements, denning, and diet in New Mexico. Southwest. Nat. 48(2): 261-273. doi:10. 1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0261:SFDMDA>2.0.CO;2.
15. Kimura, J.C. 1974. Summary of knowledge of the southern California coastal zone and offshore areas. Phys. Environ. 1: 1-70.
16. Kintigh, K.M., and Andersen, M.C. 2005. A den-centered analysis of swift fox (Vulpes velox) habitat characteristics in northeastern New Mexico. Am. Midl. Nat. 154(1): 229-239. doi:10.1674/0003-0031 (2005)154[0229:ADAOSF]2.0.CO;2.
17. Knowles, C.J. 1985. Observation on prairie dog dispersal in Montana. Prairie Nat. 17: 33-40.
18. Knowles, C.J. 1991. An ecological and taxonomic review of the swift fox with special reference to Montana. FaunaWest Wildlife Commission, Boulder, Mont.
19. Laughrin, L.L. 1977. The island fox: a field study of its behavior and ecology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
20. López-Bao, J.V., Palomares, F., Rodríguez, A., and Delibes, M. 2010. Effects of food supplementation on home-range size, reproductive success, productivity and recruitment in a small population of Iberian lynx. Anim. Conserv. 13: 35-42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795. 2009.00300.x.
21. Macdonald, D.W. 1980. The red fox, Vulpes vulpes, as a predator upon earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris. Z. Tierpsychol. 52(2): 171-200. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb00710.x.
22. Matteson, M.Y. 1992. Denning ecology of wolves in northwestern Montana and southern Canadian rockies. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
23. Moore, C.M., and Collins, P.W. 1995. Urocyon littoralis. Mamm. Species No. 489: 1-7. doi:10.2307/3504160.
24. O'Leary, R., and Jones, D.N. 2006. The use of supplementary foods by Australian magpies Gymnorhina tibicen: implications for wildlife feeding in suburban environments. Austral Ecol. 31(2): 208-216. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01583.x.
25. Olmstead, F.H. 1958. Geologic reconnaissance of San Clemente Island, California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1071-B. pp. 55-68.
26. Otali, E., and Gilchrist, J.S. 2004. The effects of refuse feeding on body condition, reproduction, and survival of banded mongooses. J. Mammal. 85(3): 491-497. doi:10.1644/BRG-021.
27. Ramsey, F.L., and Schafer, D.W. 2002. The statistical sleuth: a course in methods of data analysis. 2nd. ed. Duxbury Press, Belmont, Calif.
28. Resnik, J.R., and Andelt, W.F. 2011. Reproductive ecology and den site characteristics of the San Clemente Island fox. Southwest. Nat. In press.
29. Robel, R.J., Briggs, J.N., Dayton, A.D., and Hulbert, L.C. 1970. Relationship between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation. J. Range Manage. 23(4): 295-297. doi:10. 2307/3896225.
30. Roemer, G.W. 1999. The ecology and conservation of the island fox. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
31. Roemer, G.W., Smith, D.A., Garcelon, D.K., and Wayne, R.K. 2001. The behavioral ecology of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). J. Zool. (Lond.), 255(1): 1-14. doi:10.1017/S0952836901001066.
32. Roemer, G.W., Coonan, T.J., Munson, L., and Wayne, R.K. 2004. Canid action plan for the island fox. In Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs: status survey and conservation action plan. Edited by C. Sillero-Zubiri, J.R. Ginsberg, and D.W. Macdonald. 2nd ed. World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 97-105.
33. Slough, B.G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Can. Field-Nat. 113: 605-608.
34. Snow, C. 1973. San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, related subspecies and swift fox, Vulpes velox: habitat management series for endangered species. Rep. No. 6, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, Colo.
35. Snow, N.P., Andelt, W.F., Stanley, T.R., Resnik, J.R., and Munson, L. 2011a. Effects of roads on survival of island foxes on San Clemente Island. J. Wildl. Manage. In press.
36. Snow, N.P., Andelt, W.F., and Gould, N.P. 2011b. Characteristics of road-kill locations of San Clemente Island foxes. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 35(1): 32-39. doi:10.1002/wsb.4.
37. Soulsbury, A.D., Baker, P.J., Iossa, G., and Harris, S. 2010. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). In Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation. Edited by S.D. Gehrt, S.P.D. Riley, and B.L. Cypher. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. pp. 63-78.
38. Sward, W.L., and Cohen, R.H. 1980. Plant community analysis of San Clemente Island. Report to Naval Ocean System Center, San Diego, Calif.
39. Theobald, D.M., Stevens, D.L., Jr., White, D., Urquhart, D.S., Olsen, A.R., and Norman, J.B. 2007. Using GIS to generate spatially balanced random survey designs for natural resource applications. Environ. Manage. 40(1): 134-146. doi:10.1007/s00267-005-0199-x. PMID:17546523.
40. Thorne, R.F. 1976. The vascular plant communities of California. In Plant communities of southern California. Edited by J. Latting. Calif. Native Plant Soc. Spe. Publ. No.2. pp. 1-31. California Native Plant Society, Riverside.
41. Trapp, J.R. 2004. Wolf den selection and characteristics in the northern Rocky Mountains: a multi-scale analysis. M.S. thesis, Prescott College, Prescott, Ariz.
42. Unger, D. 1999. A multi-scale analysis of timber wolf den and rendezvous site selection in northwestern Wisconsin and eastcentral Minnesota. M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station.
43. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Conservation agreement for the San Clemente island fox Urocyon littoralis clemente. Doc. No. FWS-LA-3287.1. U.S. Department of the Navy and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, Carlsbad, Calif.
44. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: listing the San Miguel Island fox, Santa Rosa Island fox, Santa Cruz Island fox, and San Catalina Island fox as endangered. Fed. Regist. 69: 10 335-10 353.
45. Warrick, G.D., Scrivner, J.H., and O'Farrell, T.P. 1999. Demographic responses of kit foxes to supplemental feeding. Southwest. Nat. 44: 367-374.
46. Wilbur, S.R., Carrier, W.D., and Borneman, J.C. 1974. Supplementary feeding program for California condors. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(2): 343-346. doi:10.2307/3800743.
47. Wood, J.E. 1958. Age structure and productivity of a gray fox population. J. Mammal. 39(1): 74-86. doi:10.2307/1376612.
48. Yoho, D., Boyle, T., and Mcintire, E. 1999. The climate of the Channel Islands, California. In Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium, Santa Barbara, Calif., 29 March-1 April 1999. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, Calif. pp. 81-88.
49. Zabel, C.J., and Taggart, S.J. 1989. Shift in red fox, Vulpes vulpes, mating system associated with El Niño in the Bering Sea. Anim. Behav. 38(5): 830-838. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80114-9.