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1
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79957868372
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Can congress overturn kennedy v. louisiana?
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Richard M. Ré, Can Congress Overturn Kennedy v. Louisiana?, 33 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 1031 (2010).
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(2010)
Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'Y
, vol.33
, pp. 1031
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Re, R.M.1
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2
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84859593249
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130 S. Ct. 2011 (2010).
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(2010)
S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2011
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3
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84871892279
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2651-53
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128 S. Ct. 2641, 2651-53 (2008).
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(2008)
S. Ct.
, vol.128
, pp. 2641
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4
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79957839439
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Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2030.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2030
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Graham1
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5
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77956802508
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citing, & Supp. II, id. § 5032 2006
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(citing 28 U. S. C. § 2241 (2006 & Supp. II 2009); id. § 5032 (2006)).
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(2006)
U. S. C.
, vol.28
, pp. 2241
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6
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80055052274
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Kennedy v. Louisiana, 2-3, statement respecting the denial of rehearing
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See Kennedy v. Louisiana, 129 S. Ct. 1, 2-3 (2008) (Kennedy, J., statement respecting the denial of rehearing).
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(2008)
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 1
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Kennedy, J.1
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7
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79957802808
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Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2023-25.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2023-2025
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Graham1
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8
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33750130266
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Roper v. Simmons, 567, highlighting "the infrequency of the punishment's use even where it remains on the books"
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See, e.g., Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551, 567 (2005) (highlighting "the infrequency of [the punishment's] use even where it remains on the books").
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(2005)
U. S.
, vol.543
, pp. 551
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9
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33144461067
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313-16
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536 U. S. 304, 313-16 (2002).
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(2002)
U. S.
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, pp. 304
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10
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33750130266
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564-67
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543 U. S. 551, 564-67 (2005).
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(2005)
U. S.
, vol.543
, pp. 551
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11
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84871892279
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Kennedy v. Louisiana, 2651-53, dissenting
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Kennedy v. Louisiana, 128 S. Ct. 2641, 2651-53 (2008) (Thomas, J., dissenting).
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(2008)
S. Ct.
, vol.128
, pp. 2641
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Thomas, J.1
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12
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79957802808
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See Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2023.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2023
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Graham1
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13
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84863469193
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Ring v. Arizona, 608 n. 6, noting that only five states commit "both capital sentencing factfinding and the ultimate sentencing decision entirely to judges" citations omitted
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See Ring v. Arizona, 536 U. S. 584, 608 n. 6 (2002) (noting that only five states commit "both capital sentencing factfinding and the ultimate sentencing decision entirely to judges" (citations omitted)).
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(2002)
U. S.
, vol.536
, pp. 584
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14
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33645379293
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Gregg v. Georgia, 181, plurality opinion "The jury also is a significant and reliable objective index of contemporary values because it is so directly involved."
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See, e.g., Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153, 181 (1976) (Stewart, J., plurality opinion) ("The jury also is a significant and reliable objective index of contemporary values because it is so directly involved.");
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(1976)
U. S.
, vol.428
, pp. 153
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Stewart, J.1
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15
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33644869039
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Witherspoon v. Illinois, 519, "A jury that must choose between life imprisonment and capital punishment can do little more-and must do nothing less-than express the conscience of the community on the ultimate question of life or death."
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Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U. S. 510, 519 (1968) ("[A] jury that must choose between life imprisonment and capital punishment can do little more-and must do nothing less-than express the conscience of the community on the ultimate question of life or death.");
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(1968)
U. S.
, vol.391
, pp. 510
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16
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80055056743
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Ring, concurring "Even in jurisdictions where judges are selected directly by the people, the jury remains uniquely capable of determining whether, given the community's views, capital punishment is appropriate in the particular case at hand."
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see also Ring, 536 U. S. at 616 (Breyer, J., concurring) ("Even in jurisdictions where judges are selected directly by the people, the jury remains uniquely capable of determining whether, given the community's views, capital punishment is appropriate in the particular case at hand.").
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U. S.
, vol.536
, pp. 616
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Breyer, J.1
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17
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4644300278
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Felony jury sentencing in practice: A three-state study
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886, observing that in six states-namely, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma-"felons convicted by juries are routinely sentenced by juries"
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See Nancy J. King & Rosevelt L. Noble, Felony Jury Sentencing in Practice: A Three-State Study, 57 VAND. L. REV. 885, 886 (2004) (observing that in six states-namely, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma-"felons convicted by juries are routinely sentenced by juries");
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(2004)
Vand. L. Rev.
, vol.57
, pp. 885
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King, N.J.1
Noble, R.L.2
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18
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0346345914
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Note, jury sentencing in noncapital cases: An idea whose time has come (Again) ?
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1790
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Adriaan Lanni, Note, Jury Sentencing in Noncapital Cases: An Idea Whose Time Has Come (Again) ?, 108 YALE L. J. 1775, 1790 (1999). Notably, Graham found that Kentucky and Texas did not permit life without parole to be imposed on juveniles for nonhomicide offenses.
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(1999)
Yale L. J.
, vol.108
, pp. 1775
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Lanni, A.1
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19
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79957874773
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Meanwhile, Virginia had eight juvenile nonhomicide offenders serving life-withoutparole sentences and Oklahoma had just imposed such a sentence
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See Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2036. Meanwhile, Virginia had eight juvenile nonhomicide offenders serving life-withoutparole sentences and Oklahoma had just imposed such a sentence.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2036
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Graham1
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20
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63849281560
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Counting states
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Professor Hills's view, that "it is sufficient for the Court to show that its holding has not been rejected by a majority of the States", seems closer to the mark, 23
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Professor Hills's view, that "it is sufficient for the Court to show that its holding has not been rejected by a majority of the States", seems closer to the mark. Roderick M. Hills, Jr., Counting States, 32 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 17, 23 (2009).
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(2009)
Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'Y
, vol.32
, pp. 17
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Hills Jr., R.M.1
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21
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80055032735
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But see, dissenting "Not only is there no consensus against this penalty, there is a clear legislative consensus in favor of its availability."
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But see Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2049 (Thomas, J., dissenting) ("Not only is there no consensus against this penalty, there is a clear legislative consensus in favor of its availability.").
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2049
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Graham1
Thomas, J.2
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22
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80055041301
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Court's independent judgment is informed by the similar judgments of other sentencing experts, both foreign and domestic. See, e.g., "The Court has treated the laws and practices of other nations and international agreements as relevant to the Eighth Amendment... because the judgment of the world's nations that a particular sentencing practice is inconsistent with basic principles of decency demonstrates that the Court's rationale has respected reasoning to support it."
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The Court's independent judgment is informed by the similar judgments of other sentencing experts, both foreign and domestic. See, e.g., Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2034 ("The Court has treated the laws and practices of other nations and international agreements as relevant to the Eighth Amendment... because the judgment of the world's nations that a particular sentencing practice is inconsistent with basic principles of decency demonstrates that the Court's rationale has respected reasoning to support it.").
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2034
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Graham1
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23
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33750130266
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Roper v. Simmons, 564-67
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Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551, 564-67 (2005);
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(2005)
U. S.
, vol.543
, pp. 551
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24
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33144461067
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Atkins v. Virginia, 314-16
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Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U. S. 304, 314-16 (2002).
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(2002)
U. S.
, vol.536
, pp. 304
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25
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33645351917
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408 U. S. 238 (1972).
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(1972)
U. S.
, vol.408
, pp. 238
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26
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80055042447
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Kennedy v. Louisiana, 2651 2008, In fact, most states had turned away from capital rape laws even before Furman
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See Kennedy v. Louisiana, 128 S. Ct. 2641, 2651 (2008). In fact, most states had turned away from capital rape laws even before Furman.
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S. Ct.
, vol.128
, pp. 2641
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27
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15744402805
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573-74
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539 U. S. 558, 573-74 (2003).
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(2003)
U. S.
, vol.539
, pp. 558
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28
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84859593249
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Graham v. Florida, 2026
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Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 2026 (2010).
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(2010)
S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2011
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29
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80055036092
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Graham, The Court's original opinion emphasized that only a small number of federal prisoners fell in this category
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See Graham, 3130 S. Ct. at 2024. The Court's original opinion emphasized that only a small number of federal prisoners fell in this category.
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S. Ct.
, vol.3130
, pp. 2024
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30
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80055051199
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*. The Court accordingly amended its initial opinion
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*. The Court accordingly amended its initial opinion.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2024
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Graham1
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31
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79957804138
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Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2026.
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2026
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Graham1
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32
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0027673750
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Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy
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citing, 678
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(citing Terrie E. Moffitt, Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy, 100 PSYCHOL. REV. 674, 678 (1993)));
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(1993)
Psychol. Rev.
, vol.100
, pp. 674
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Moffitt, T.E.1
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33
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0031115522
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Violent offender research and implications for the criminal justice system
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414, "Psychopathic offenders are especially likely to be violent, and future violence can be predicted with considerable accuracy among men who have committed at least 1 violent offense."
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see also Marnie E. Rice, Violent Offender Research and Implications for the Criminal Justice System, 52 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 414, 414 (1997) ("[P]sychopathic offenders are especially likely to be violent, [and] future violence can be predicted with considerable accuracy among men who have committed at least 1 violent offense.");
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(1997)
Am. Psychologist
, vol.52
, pp. 414
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Rice, M.E.1
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34
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0003789144
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cf, "Most psychopaths showed signs of malice from the time they were children. They bullied smaller children, tortured animals, lied habitually, and were incapable of empathy or remorse, often despite normal family backgrounds and the best efforts of their distraught parents. Most experts on psychopathy believe that it comes from a genetic predisposition, though in some cases it may come from early brain damage."
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cf. STEVEN PINKER, THE BLANK SLATE: THE MODERN DENIAL OF HUMAN NATURE 51 ("Most psychopaths showed signs of malice from the time they were children. They bullied smaller children, tortured animals, lied habitually, and were incapable of empathy or remorse, often despite normal family backgrounds and the best efforts of their distraught parents. Most experts on psychopathy believe that it comes from a genetic predisposition, though in some cases it may come from early brain damage.").
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The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
, pp. 51
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Pinker, S.1
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35
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77955654117
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Moral responsibility and the psychopath
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But see, 158, arguing that the "cognitive and affective impairment of the psychopath justifies mitigated responsibility, but not excuse"
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But see Walter Glannon, Moral Responsibility and the Psychopath, 1 NEUROETHICS 158, 158 (2008) (arguing that the "cognitive and affective impairment of the psychopath justifies mitigated responsibility, but not excuse");
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(2008)
Neuroethics
, vol.1
, pp. 158
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Glannon, W.1
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36
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77952606905
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Psychopathy and criminal responsibility
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205, arguing that because psychopaths "lack moral rationality", they should be "excused from crimes that violate the moral rights of others"
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Stephen J. Morse, Psychopathy and Criminal Responsibility, 1 NEUROETHICS 205, 205 (2008) (arguing that because psychopaths "lack moral rationality", they should be "excused from crimes that violate the moral rights of others").
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(2008)
Neuroethics
, vol.1
, pp. 205
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Morse, S.J.1
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37
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84859593249
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Graham v. Florida, "In accordance with the constitutional design, 'the task of interpreting the Eighth Amendment remains our responsibility. '"
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See Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 2026 (2010) ("In accordance with the constitutional design, 'the task of interpreting the Eighth Amendment remains our responsibility.'"
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(2010)
S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2026
-
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38
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33750130266
-
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quoting Roper v. Simmons, 575
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(quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551, 575 (2005))).
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(2005)
U. S.
, vol.543
, pp. 551
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39
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79957839439
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See Graham, 130 S. Ct. at 2030 ("A State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom to a juvenile offender convicted of a nonhomicide crime. What the State must do, however, is give defendants like Graham some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation. ").
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S. Ct.
, vol.130
, pp. 2030
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Graham1
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40
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33645379293
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428 U. S. 153 (1976).
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(1976)
U. S.
, vol.428
, pp. 153
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