Malignant catarrhal fever: Understanding molecular diagnostics in context of epidemiology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 12, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 6881-6893

  Li, Hong ^a   Cunha, Cristina W ^a   Taus, Naomi S ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cELISA; Diagnosis; Gammaherpesvirus; Infection; Malignant catarrhal fever; PCR

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; CORNEA OPACITY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIARRHEA; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EYE DISCHARGE; FEVER; IMMUNOBLOTTING; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; IMMUNOPEROXIDASE STAINING; LABORATORY TEST; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; OVINE HERPESVIRUS 2; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEROLOGY; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; ANIMAL; BLOOD; BOVINAE; GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE; GENETICS; MALIGNANT CATARRH; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ANTIBODY; VIRUS DNA;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES; CATTLE; DNA, VIRAL; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE; MALIGNANT CATARRH; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

EID: 80055031892     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106881     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Crawford, T.B.; O'Toole, D.T.; Li, H. Malignant catarrhal fever. In Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice, 4th ed.; Howell, J., Smith, R.A., Eds.; W.B. Saunders Company: Oklahoma, OK, USA, 1999; pp. 306-309.
2. Plowright, W. Malignant catarrhal fever virus. In Virus Infections of Ruminants, 3rd ed.; Dinter, Z., Morein, B., Eds.; Elsevier Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 123-150.
3. Russell, G.C.; Stewart, J.P.; Haig, D.M. Malignant catarrhal fever: a review. Vet. J. 2009, 179, 324-335.
4. Li, H.; Gailbreath, K.; Flach, E.J.; Taus, N.S.; Cooley, J.; Keller, J.; Russell, G.C.; Knowles, D.P.; Haig, D.M.; Oaks, J.L. et al. A novel subgroup of rhadinoviruses in ruminants. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86, 3021-3026.
5. Plowright, W.; Ferris, R.D.; Scott, G.R. Blue Wildebeest and the aetiological agent of bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus. Nature 1960, 188, 1167-1169.
6. Li, H.; Keller, J.; Knowles, D.P.; Crawford, T.B. Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82, 227-232.
7. Chmielewicz, B.; Goltz, M.; Ehlers, B. Detection and multigenic characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus in goats. Virus Res. 2001, 75, 87-94.
8. Li, H.; Dyer, N.; Keller, J.; Crawford, T.B. Newly recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38, 1313-1318.
9. Kleiboeker, S.B.; Miller, M.A.; Schommer, S.K.; Ramos-Vara, J.A.; Boucher, M.; Turnquist, S.E. Detection and multigenic characterization of a herpesvirus associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Missouri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40, 1311-1318.
10. Li, H.; Gailbreath, K.; Bender, L.C.; West, K.; Keller, J.; Crawford, T.B. Evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubianibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella). J. Wildl. Dis. 2003, 39, 875-880.
11. Klieforth, R.; Maalouf, G.; Stalis, I.; Terio, K.; Janssen, D.; Schrenzel, M. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in Barbary red deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40, 3381-3390.
12. Reid, H.W.; Bridgen, A. Recovery of a herpesvirus from a roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus). Vet. Microbiol. 1991, 28, 269-278.
13. Cleaveland, S.; Kusiluka, L.; Kuwai, J.O.; Bell, C.; Rudovick, K. Assessing the Impact of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Ngorongoro District, Tanzania. Available online: http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/11676.html (accessed on 13 October 2011).
14. Li, H.; Taus, N.S.; Jones, C.; Murphy, B.; Evermann, J.F.; Crawford, T.B. A devastating outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006, 18, 119-123.
15. Moore, D.A.; Kohrs, P.; Baszler, T.; Faux, C.; Sathre, P.; Wenz, J.R.; Eldridge, L.; Li, H. Outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever among cattle associated with a state livestock exhibition. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2010, 237, 87-92.
16. Cooley, A.J.; Taus, N.S.; Li, H. Development of a management program for a mixed species wildlife park following an occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2008; 39, 380-385.
17. Li, H.; Westover, W.C.; Crawford, T.B. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in a petting zoo. J. Zoo. Wildl. Med. 1999, 30, 408-412.
18. Heuschele, W.P. Malignant catarrhal fever in wild ruminants-A review and current status report. In Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, Nashville, TN, USA, 7-12 November 1982.
19. Liggitt, H.D.; DeMartini, J.C. The pathomorphology of malignant catarrhal fever. I. Generalized lymphoid vasculitis. Vet. Pathol. 1980, 17, 58-72.
20. Liggitt, H.D.; DeMartini, J.C. The pathomorphology of malignant catarrhal fever. II. Multisystemic epithelial lesions. Vet. Pathol. 1980, 17, 73-83.
21. O'Toole, D.; Li, H.; Sourk, C.; Montgomery, D.L.; Crawford, T.B. Malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot, 1994-2000. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2002, 14, 183-193.
22. Schultheiss, P.C.; Collins, J.K.; Austgen, L.E.; DeMartini, J.C. Malignant catarrhal fever in bison, acute and chronic cases. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1998, 10, 255-262.
23. Selman, I.E.; Wiseman, A.; Murray, M.; Wright, N.G. A clinico-pathological study of bovine malignant catarrhal fever in Great Britain. Vet. Rec. 1974, 94, 483-490.
24. O'Toole, D.; Taus, D.N.; Montgomery, D.L.; Oaks, J.L.; Crawford, T.B.; Li, H. Intra-nasal inoculation of American bison (Bison bison) with OvHV-2 reliably reproduces malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Pathol. 2007, 44, 655-662.
25. Gailbreath, K.L.; O'Toole, D.; Taus, N.S.; Knowles, D.P.; Oaks, J.L.; Li, H. Experimental nebulization of American bison (Bison bison) with low doses of ovine herpesvirus 2 from sheep nasal secretions. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 143, 389-393
26. Traul, D.L.; Taus, N.S.; Oaks, J.L.; O'Toole, D.; Rurangirwa, F.R.; Baszler, T.V.; Li, H. Validation of nonnested and real-time PCR for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in clinical samples. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2007, 19, 405-408.
27. Taus, N.S.; Oaks, J.L.; Gailbreath, K.; Traul, D.L.; O'Toole, D.; Li, H. Experimental aerosol infection of cattle (Bos taurus) with ovine herpesvirus 2 using nasal secretions from infected sheep. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 116, 29-36.
28. Li, H.; O'Toole, D.; Kim, O.; Oaks, J.L.; Crawford, T.B. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in sheep after intranasal inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2005, 17, 171-175.
29. Powers, J.G.; VanMetre, D.C.; Collins, J.K.; Dinsmore, R.P.; Carman, J.; Patterson, G.; Brahmbhatt, D.; Callan, R.J. Evaluation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 infections, as detected by competitive inhibition ELISA and polymerase chain reaction assay, in dairy cattle without clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005, 227, 606-611.
30. Loken, T.; Bosman, A.M.; van Vuuren, M. Infection with Ovine herpesvirus 2 in Norwegian herds with a history of previous outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2009, 21, 257-261.
31. Li, H.; Shen, D.T.; Jessup, D.A.; Knowles, D.P.; Gorham, J.R.; Thorne, T.; O'Toole, D.; Crawford, T.B. Prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition ELISA. J. Wildl. Dis. 1996, 32, 437-443.
32. Mushi, E.Z.; Rurangirwa, F.R.; Karstad, L. Shedding of malignant catarrhal fever virus by wildebeest calves. Vet. Microbiol. 1981, 6, 281-286.
33. Li, H.; Taus, N.S.; Lewis, G.S.; Kim, O.; Traul, D.L.; Crawford, T.B. Shedding of ovine herpesvirus 2 in sheep nasal secretions: the predominant mode for transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42, 5558-5564.
34. CAB International. Available online: http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/default.aspx?site=160&page=2143 (accessed on 13 October 2011).
35. Li, H.; Karney, G.; O'Toole, D.; Crawford, T.B. Long distance spread of malignant catarrhal fever virus from feedlot lambs to ranch bison. Can. Vet. J. 2008, 49, 183-185.
36. Berezowski, J.A.; Appleyard, G.D.; Crawford, T.B.; Haigh, J.; Li, H.; Middleton, D.M.; O'Connor, B.P.; West, K.; Woodbury, M. An outbreak of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in bison (Bison bison) after exposure to sheep at a public auction sale. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2005, 17, 55-58.
37. Jacobsen, B.; Thies, K.; von Altrock, A.; Forster, C.; Konig, M.; Baumgartner, W. Malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in three goats. Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 124, 353-357.
38. Plowright, W. Malignant catarrhal fever. Rev. Sci. Tech. Oie. 1986, 5, 897-958.
39. Barnard, B.J.H.; Bengis, R.G.; Griessel, M.D.; deVos, V. Excretion of alcelaphineherpesvirus-1 by captive and free-living wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1989, 56, 131-134.
40. Plowright, W. Malignant Catarrhal Fever in East Africa. Res. Vet. Sci. 1965, 6, 57-83.
41. Mushi, E.Z.; Rossiter, P.B.; Jessett, D.; Karstad, L. Isolation and characterization of a herpesvirus from topi (Damaliscus korrigum, Ogilby). J. Comp. Pathol. 1981, 91, 63-68.
42. Baxter, S.I.F.; Wiyono, A.; Pow, I.; Reid, H.W. Identification of ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in sheep. Arch. Virol. 1997, 142, 823-831.
43. Li, H.; Snowder, G.; O'Toole, D.T.; Crawford, T.B. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998, 36, 223-226.
44. Li, H.; Snowder, G.; Crawford, T.B. Production of malignant catarrhal fever virus-free sheep. Vet. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 167-172.
45. Li, H.; Snowder, G.; O'Toole, D.T.; Crawford, T.B. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 among adult sheep. Vet. Microbiol. 2000, 71, 27-35.
46. Li, H.; Snowder, G.; Crawford, T.B. Effect of passive transfer of maternal immune components on infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002, 63, 631-633.
47. Li, H.; Keller, J.; Knowles, D.P.; Taus, N.S.; Oaks, J.L.; Crawford, T.B. Transmission of caprine herpesvirus 2 in domestic goats. Vet. Microbiol. 2005, 107, 23-29.
48. Crawford, T.B.; Li, H.; Rosenberg, S.R.; Norhausen, R.W.; Garner, M.M. Mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two sika deer. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001, 221, 843-847.
49. Keel, M.K.; Patterson, J.G.; Noon, T.H.; Bradley, G.A.; Collins, J.K. Caprine herpesvirus-2 in association with naturally occurring malignant catarrhal fever in captive sika deer (Cervus nippon). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2003, 15, 179-183.
50. Li, H.; Wunschmann, A.; Keller, J.; Hall, D.G.; Crawford, T.B. Caprine herpesvirus-2 associated malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2002, 15, 46-49.
51. Larochelle, D. Laboratoire de Pathologie Animale, Quebec, Canada; Li, H. Aninal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA. Unpublished work, 2004.
52. Okeson, D.M.; Garner, M.M.; Taus, N.S.; Li, H.; Coke, R. Ibex-associated malignant catarrhal fever in a bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2007, 38, 460-464.
53. Lung, N. Fort Worth Zoo, Dallas, TX, USA; Li, H. Aninal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA. Unpublished work, 2007.
54. Wan, S.K.; Castro, A.E.; Heuschele, W.P.; Ramsay, E.C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to the alcelaphine herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever in exotic ruminants. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1988, 49, 164-168.
55. Rossiter, P.B. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques for detecting antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever in infected cattle. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 1981, 13, 189-192.
56. Herring, A.; Reid, H.; Inglis, N.; Pow, I. Immunoblotting analysis of the reaction of wildebeest, sheep and cattle sera with the structural antigens of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever virus). Vet. Microbiol. 1989, 19, 205-215.
57. Sentsui, H.; Nishimori, T.; Nagai, I.; Nishioka, N. Detection of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus antibodies by complement fixation tests. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1996, 58, 1-5.
58. Li, H.; Shen, D.T.; Knowles, D.P.; Gorham, J.R.; Crawford, T.B. Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in sheep and other ruminants to a conserved epitope of malignant catarrhal fever virus. J. Clin.Microbiol. 1994, 32, 1674-1679.
59. Mushi, E.Z.; Plowright, W. A microtitre technique for the assay of malignant catarrhal fever virus and neutralising antibody. Res. Vet. Sci. 1979, 27, 230-232.
60. Decaro, N.; Tinelli, A.; Pratelli, A.; Martella, V.; Tempesta, M.; Buonavoglia, C. First two confirmed cases of malignant catarrhal fever in Italy. New Microbiol. 2003, 26, 39-344.
61. Reid, H.W.; Plowright, W.; Rowe, L.W. Neutralising antibody to herpesviruses derived from wildebeest and hartebeest in wild animals in East Africa. Res. Vet. Sci. 1975, 18, 269-273.
62. Heuschele, W.P.; Fletcher, H.R.; Oosterhuis, J.E.; Jansenn, D.; Robinson, P.T. Epidemiologic aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in the USA. Proc. US Anim. Health Assoc. 1984, 88, 640-651.
63. Dubuisson, J.; Thiry, E.; Bublot, M.; Sneyers, M.; Boulanger, D.; Guillaume, J.; Pastoret, P.P. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovid herpesvirus-4. Vet. Microbiol. 1989, 19, 305-315.
64. Li, H.; Shen, D.T.; Davis, W.C.; Knowles, D.P.; Gorham, J.R.; Crawford, T.B. Identification and characterization of the major proteins of malignant catarrhal fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1995, 76, 123-129.
65. Li, H.; McGuire, T.C.; Muller-Doblies, U.U.; Crawford, T.B. A simpler, more sensitive competitive inhibition ELISA for detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever viruses. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2001, 13, 361-364.
66. Fraser, S.J.; Nettleton, P.F.; Dutia, B.M.; Haig, D.M.; Russell, G.C. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever viruses in cattle serum. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 116, 21-28.
67. Taus, N.S.; Traul, D.L.; Oaks, J.L.; Crawford, T.B.; Lewis, G.S.; Li, H. Experimental infection of sheep with ovine herpesvirus 2 via aerosolization of nasal secretions. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86, 575-579.
68. Hsu, D.; Shih, L.M.; Castro, A.E.; Zee, Y.C. A diagnostic method to detect alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 of malignant catarrhal fever using the polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Virol. 1990, 114, 259-263.
69. Katz, J.; Seal, B.S.; Ridpath, J. Molecular diagnosis of alcelaphine herpesvirus (malignant catarrhal fever) infections by nested amplification of viral DNA in bovine blood buffy coat specimens. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1991, 3, 193-198.
70. Baxter, S.I.F.; Pow, I.; Bridgen, A.; Reid, H.W. PCR detection of the sheep-associated agent of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch. Virol. 1993, 132, 145-159.
71. Tham, K.M.; Ng, K.; Young, L.W. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of wildebeestassociated and cervine-derived malignant catarrhal fever virus DNA. Arch. Virol. 1994, 135, 355-364.
72. Lahijani, R.S.; Sutton, S.M.; Klieforth, R.B.; Murphy, M.F.; Heuschele, W.P. Application of polymerase chain reaction to detect animals latently infected with agents of malignant catarrhal fever. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1994, 6, 403-409.
73. Traul, D.L.; Elias, S.; Taus, N.S.; Herrmann, L.M.; Oaks, J.L.; Li, H. A real-time PCR assay for measuring alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 DNA. J. Virol. Methods 2005, 129, 186-190.
74. Bremer, C.W.; Swart, H.; Doboro, F.A.; Dungu, B.; Romito, M.; Viljoen, G.J. Discrimination between sheep-associated and wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus by means of a single-tube duplex nested PCR. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 2005, 72, 285-291.
75. Ellis, T.M.; Masters, A.M. Use of magnetic particles to improve the diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 1997, 75, 520-521.
76. Cunha, C.W.; Otto, L.; Taus, N.S.; Knowles, D.P.; Li, H. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47, 2586-2589.
77. Hussy, D.; Stauber, N.; Leutenegger, C.M.; Rieder, S.; Ackermann, M. Quantitative fluorogenic PCR assay for measuring ovine herpesvirus 2 replication in sheep. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2001, 8, 123-128.
78. Muller-Doblies, U.U.; Li, H.; Hauser, B.; Adler, H.; Ackermann, M. Field validation of laboratory tests for clinical diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998, 36, 2970-2972.
79. Li, H.; Taus, N.S.; Jones, C.; Murphy, B.; Evermann, J.F.; Crawford, T.B. A devastating outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006, 18, 119-123.
80. Pretorius, J.A.; Oosthuizen, M.C.; van Vuuren, M. Gammaherpesvirus carrier status of black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) in South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2008, 79, 136-141.
81. VanDevanter, D.R.; Warrener, P.; Bennett, L.; Schultz, E.R.; Coulter, S.; Garber, R.L.; Rose, T.M. Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996, 34, 1666-1671.
82. Simon, S.; Li, H.; O'Toole, D.; Crawford, T.B.; Oaks, J.L. The vascular lesions of a cow and bison with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever contain ovine herpesvirus 2-infected CD8(+) T lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol. 2003, 84, 2009-2013.
83. Taus, N.S.; Schneider, D.A.; Oaks, J.L.; Yan, H.; Gailbreath, K.L.; Knowles, D.P.; Li, H. Sheep (Ovis aries) airway epithelial cells support ovine herpesvirus 2 lytic replication in vivo. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 145, 47-53.
84. Meier-Trummer, C.S.; Tobler, K.; Hilbe, M.; Stewart, J.P.; Hart, J.; Campbell, I.; Haig, D.M.; Glauser, D.L.; Ehrensperger, F.; Arckermann, M. Ovine herpesvirus 2 structural proteins in epithelial cells and M-cells of the appendix in rabbits with malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 137, 235-242.
85. Cunha, C.W.; Traul, D.L.; Taus, N.S.; Oaks, J.L.; O'Toole, D.; Davitt, C.M.; Li, H. Detection of ovine herpesvirus 2 major capsid gene transcripts as an indicator of virus replication in shedding sheep and clinically affected animals. Virus Res. 2008, 132, 69-75.
86. Cunha, C.W.; Gailbreatha, K.L.; O'Toole, D.; Knowles, D.P.; Schneider, D.A.; White, S.N.; Taus, N.S.; Davies, C.J.; Davis, W.C.; Li, H. Ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in American bison: virus and host dynamics in the development of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. PLoS One, submitted for publication, 2011.
87. Cunha, C.W.; Taus, N.S.; Li, H. Aninal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA. Unpublished work, 2011.