The muslim brotherhood and democratic transition in Egypt

Middle East Law and Governance

Volumn 3, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 204-223

  Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Democracy; Egypt; Muslim Brotherhood; Religion

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054959582     PISSN: 18763367     EISSN: 18763375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633711X591558     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. The trajectory of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the ways it corresponds with and diverges from those of mainstream Islamist groups in Jordan, Morocco and Kuwait is the focus of a new book I am currently writing, which is forthcoming with Princeton University Press. Also, "The Muslim Brotherhood After Mubarak" is a shorter essay addressing some of the themes covered here, which appeared on the Foreign Affairs Web site February 3, 2011.
2. See http://www.foreignAffairs.com/articles/67348/carrie-rosefsky-wickham/ the-muslim-brother hood-after-mubarak .
3. For a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the Brotherhood's early years, see Richard Mitchell's seminal work, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
4. See for example the comments of prominent Brotherhood leader Mustafa Mashhur in Al-Da'wa [in Arabic], January 1981, cited in Osama Salama, "The Rulings of the Brotherhood in Declaring Parties Apostate and the Oppression of Women and Copts," Ruz al-Yusuf [in Arabic] 3953, no.13 (2004): 30.
5. For further analysis of the emergence of the reformist trend in the Muslim Brotherhood, see Talaat Ramih; Al-Wasat Wa Al-Ikhwan [The Wasat and the Brotherhood]; (Cairo:The Jaff a Center For Studies and Research, 1997);
6. and Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, "The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt's Wasat Party"; Comparative Politics 36, no. 2, (2004), pp. 205-228.
7. Hossam Tammam, Tahawwulat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin: Tafakuk al-Idiolojiyya wa Nihayit al-Tanzim [The Evolutions of the Muslim Brotherhood: The Fragmentation of Ideology and the End of the Organization] (Cairo: Madbouli Publishers, 2006).
8. Tammam's analysis is summarized in "Back to the Future", Al-Ahram Weekly, October 29-November 4, 2009; http://weekly .ahram.org.eg/2009/ 970/focus.htm, accessed April 24, 2011.
9. "Al-Shater: MB Calls for Civil State Based on Islamic References"; Muslim Brotherhood English Web-site, April 24, 2011; http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.phpid=28450; accessed May 26, 2011.
10. Dina Ezzat, "Tactical Gains", Al Ahram Weekly, 10-16 February 2011, http://weekly.ahram .org.eg/2011/1034/sc51.htm ; accessed March 2, 2011;
11. Dina Ezzat, "A Justifi ed Fear; Al Ahram Weekly, No. 1040, 24-30 March 2011; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1040/eg5 .htm ; accessed April 5, 2011
12. Tammam, Hossam and Patrick Haenni, "Islam in the Insurrection", Al Ahram Weekly, no. 1037, 3-9 March, 2011, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/ 1037/sc70.htm ; accessed March 16, 2011.
13. Author's interview with Abu Ayla Madi Abu Ayla, Cairo, April 5, 2011.
14. Noha El-Hennawy,"Political Freedom, Competition Drives Rifts Between Government Factions"; Al-Masry al-Yawm, 24 March 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/372967 ; accessed March 30, 2011;
15. and Hani Nasira, "The Internal Crisis of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt", Terrorism Monitor 9, no. 16 (2011); http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/ docid/4db806622.html ; accessed May 4, 2011.
16. "Former Deputy Supreme Guide of Muslim Brotherhood Resigns", Ahram Online, July 13, 2011, http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/16301 .aspx, accessed July 21, 2011.
17. Salah al-Din Hassan, "Abul Fotouh: I Reject the Existence of a Muslim Brotherhood Party in Egypt", Interview, Islam On-Line, March 16, 2011; http://www.islamonline.net, accessed March 28, 2011.
18. Hanan Solayman,"Muslim Brotherhood Young Members Dismayed at New Leadership Appointments", Daily News Egypt, 4 May 2011; www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/mulim-brotherhoods-young-members-dismayed-at- the-leadership-appointments.html; accessed May 15, 2011;
19. Amani Maged,"Not Without Squabble", Al-Ahram Weekly, 5-11 May 2011, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1046/eg6/htm, accessed May 20, 2011.
20. "Young Members of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Call for Revolution Within", MEMRI (Special Dispatch No. 3654) 9 March 2011, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5080/htm ; accessed March 18, 2011;
21. Noha El-Hennawy, "Brotherhood Youths Broach Reformation at Conference Denounced by Group's Vanguard, Al-Masry al-Yawm, 26 March 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/375321 ; accessed March 29, 2011;
22. Amira Howeidy, "Message From the Young Brothers", Al-Ahram Weekly, 31 March 2011-6April 2011; http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041.eg7/htm ; accessed April 10, 2011.
23. For example, see Hossam Tammam, "The Brotherhood Embraces Salafism", Marased [ (a periodical published by the Future Studies Unit of the Biblotheca Alexandrina) [in Arabic] 2010.
24. For a summary of Tammam's findings, see Basant Zain-eddin, "Study: Salafism a Strong Influence in Brotherhood", al-Masry al-Youm, 1 December 2010; http://www.almasryalyoum .com/en/node/261823, accessed April 6, 2011;
25. and Galal Nassar, "Egypt: Down the SalafiRoad", Al-Ahram Weekly, 16-22 December, 2010, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2010/1027/eg2 .htm ; accessed April 8, 2011.
26. Interview with Muhammad Beltagui, Cairo, Egypt, April 6, 2011.
27. Muhammad Hassan Shaban, "Panic in Egypt over Muslim Brotherhood's Call for Isalmic Rule", Al Sharq al-Awsat, 20 April 2011; http://www.asharq-e.com/news.aspsection=1&id =24914, accessed May 2, 2011.
28. For example, see Noha El-Hennawy, "Islamists and Secularists Battle for the Heart of the Nation", Al-Masry al-Youm, 26 May 2011; http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/451725 ; accessed June 3, 2011.
29. For an incisive review of the literature on participation and moderation, see Jillian Schwedler, "Can Islamists Become Moderates: Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis"; World Politics 63, no. 2 (2011), pp. 347-376.
30. "In Egypt, Youth Wing Breaks from Muslim Brotherhood", New York Times, 22 June 2011; http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/world/middleeast/ 23egypt.html ; accessed June 25, 2011.