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Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 703-732

Designing the nation: The belgian railway project, 1830-1837

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EID: 80054939836     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: 10973729     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tech.2011.0145     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (152)
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    • note
    • In France the first legislation that aspired to a railway network dated from 1842, and in the Netherlands from 1860. For a short overview of railways in Europe,
  • 2
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    • Les chemins de fer en Europe
    • ed. Bart Van der Herten,Michelangelo VanMeerten, and Greta Verbeurgt (Leuven, Belgium, For the British railway network
    • Rainer Fremdling, Les chemins de fer en Europe, in Le Temps du train: 175 ans de chemins de fer en Belgique, ed. Bart Van der Herten,Michelangelo VanMeerten, and Greta Verbeurgt (Leuven, Belgium, 2001), 20-34. For the British railway network,
    • (2001) Le Temps Du Train: 175 Ans De Chemins De Fer En Belgique , pp. 20-34
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    • Railroads, politics, and comparative history
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    • Shearer Davis Bowman, Railroads, Politics, and Comparative History, Reviews in American History 23 (1995): 567-573. For a critical overview of European transnational networks conceived in the twentieth century,
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    • History and Technology 21 (2005) and Journal of Transport History 28 (2007). On international railway connections from 1850 onward,
    • (2007) Journal of Transport History , vol.28
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    • note
    • For the first law of 1 May 1834
  • 11
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    • 4 May 1834
    • Moniteur belge 124 (4 May 1834)
    • Moniteur Belge , vol.124
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    • note
    • for the second law of 26 May 1837
  • 14
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    • note
    • The designers of the railway network, engineers Pierre Simons and Gustave De Ridder, explicitly referred to themselves as ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées and ingénieur que l'État choisit to underline their commitment to the public interest. See Simons and De Ridder, Mémoire de M. l'inspecteur Vifquain. Réplique des ingénieurs (Brussels, 1833).
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    • Chemin de fer. Précis historique sur la construction des chemins de fer en Belgique, Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 1 (1843): 13.
    • (1843) Annales Des Travaux Publics De Belgique , vol.1 , pp. 13
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    • See note 1 above.
  • 19
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    • note
    • I follow Bruno Latour's usage in Aramis: namely, that heterogeneous engineering blends together major social questions with technological questions in a single discourse
  • 21
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    • For railway networks and the role of nation-building
  • 22
    • 84858502808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Railway imperialisms, railway nationalisms
    • On railways and nation-building in Belgium
    • Colin Divall, Railway Imperialisms, Railway Nationalisms, in Die Internationalität der Eisenbahn 1850-1970 (n. 1 above), 195-209. On railways and nation-building in Belgium,
    • Die Internationalität Der Eisenbahn 1850-1970 , Issue.1 , pp. 195-209
    • Divall, C.1
  • 26
    • 85038515746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There are, of course, some exceptions: for French railways
  • 28
    • 0040482985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individuals, Organizations, and Engineering: U.S. Army Officers and the American Railroads, 1827-1838
    • Robert G. Angevine, Individuals, Organizations, and Engineering: U.S. Army Officers and the American Railroads, 1827-1838, Technology and Culture 42 (2001): 292-320.
    • (2001) Technology and Culture , vol.42 , pp. 292-320
    • Angevine, R.G.1
  • 29
    • 85038492443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les racines des chemins de fer belges (1825-1835)
    • Van der Herten highlights the importance of engineers and their plans, but he also considers their plans abstract and theoretical, able to be realized only by the political actor, the Section centrale (parliamentary commission)
    • Bart Van der Herten, Les racines des chemins de fer belges (1825-1835), in Le Temps du train, 61. Van der Herten highlights the importance of engineers and their plans, but he also considers their plans abstract and theoretical, able to be realized only by the political actor, the Section centrale (parliamentary commission).
    • Le Temps Du Train , pp. 61
    • van der Herten, B.1
  • 33
    • 0032731609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modernity and Hybridity: Nature, Regeneracionismo, and the Production of the SpanishWaterscape, 1890-1930
    • Erik Swyngedouw, Modernity and Hybridity: Nature, Regeneracionismo, and the Production of the SpanishWaterscape, 1890-1930, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 (1999): 443-465
    • (1999) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.89 , pp. 443-465
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    • Seeing Like an engineer: Water projects and themediation of the incommensurable
    • Martin Ruess, Seeing Like an Engineer:Water Projects and theMediation of the Incommensurable, Technology and Culture 49 (2008): 546
    • (2008) Technology and Culture , vol.49 , pp. 546
    • Ruess, M.1
  • 38
    • 85038519558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For examples of economic approaches to Belgian railway history
  • 39
    • 85038488230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • above, The research of authors like Rainer Fremdling and Mark Casson is also situated within economic history. For a cultural study of railways
    • Van der Herten, België onder stoom (n. 9 above). The research of authors like Rainer Fremdling and Mark Casson is also situated within economic history. For a cultural study of railways,
    • België Onder Stoom , Issue.9
    • van der Herten1
  • 42
    • 33749504393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultures of transport: Representation, practice, and technology
    • Colin Divall and George Revill, Cultures of Transport: Representation, Practice, and Technology, Journal of Transport History 26 (2005): 99-111.
    • (2005) Journal of Transport History , vol.26 , pp. 99-111
    • Divall, C.1    Revill, G.2
  • 43
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    • Cultures of transport: Representation, practice, and technology
    • Colin Divall and George Revill, Cultures of Transport: Representation, Practice, and Technology, Journal of Transport History 26 (2005): 105-106.
    • (2005) Journal of Transport History , vol.26 , pp. 105-106
    • Divall, C.1    Revill, G.2
  • 44
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    • note
    • On the political history of Belgium
  • 46
    • 85038516196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • During the war Belgian politics was characterized by the solidarity of Catholics and liberals against the Dutch, thereby producing a regime called unionism
  • 48
    • 85038497440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a detailed account of the transport economy, including the effects of the Belgian Revolution
  • 50
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    • above
    • Simons and De Ridder (n. 3 above), 3.
    • , Issue.3 , pp. 3
    • Simons1    de Ridder2
  • 51
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    • Sentiment national, sentiment orangiste et sentiment français à l'aube de notre indépendance
    • Jean Stengers, Sentiment national, sentiment orangiste et sentiment français à l'aube de notre indépendance, Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis 29 (1950): 61-92.
    • (1950) Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Filologie En Geschiedenis , vol.29 , pp. 61-92
    • Stengers, J.1
  • 52
    • 85038507259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For public debates about a railway or a waterway connection, (n. 11 above); and Chemin de fer, The quote is from Moniteur belge 124 (4 May 1834)
    • For public debates about a railway or a waterway connection, see Van der Herten, Les racines des chemins (n. 11 above); and Chemin de fer (n. 5 above), 11-46. The quote is from Moniteur belge 124 (4 May 1834).
    • Les Racines Des Chemins , Issue.5 , pp. 11-46
    • van der Herten1
  • 53
    • 85038484456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the second law of 1837, see, above
    • For the second law of 1837, see Pasinomie (n. 2 above).
    • Pasinomie , Issue.2
  • 55
    • 85038521930 scopus 로고
    • De spoorlijn Antwerpen-Gent, 1841-1897. De wisselwerking tussen prive-initiatief en overheidsinterventie in de Belgische spoorwegen
    • On De Ridder, see, on Simons
    • On De Ridder, see Bart Van der Herten and Michelangelo Van Meerten, De spoorlijn Antwerpen-Gent, 1841-1897. De wisselwerking tussen prive-initiatief en overheidsinterventie in de Belgische spoorwegen, Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis 72 (1994): 861-912; on Simons,
    • (1994) Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Filologie En Geschiedenis , vol.72 , pp. 861-912
    • van der Herten, B.1    van Meerten, M.2
  • 58
    • 85038516705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1826 Vifquain even wrote a letter to the government asking for the promotion of Pierre Simons
  • 61
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    • See Quetelet
    • See Quetelet, 446.
  • 62
    • 85038519165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Witte
    • Witte (n. 21 above), 11.
    • , Issue.21 , pp. 11
  • 63
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    • On the debate, Brussels, The quotation is from Simons and De Ridder, Mémoire à l'appui du projet (n. 27 above), 8-9
    • On the debate, see Auguste de Laveleye, Histoire des vingt-cinq premières annéesdes chemins de fer belges (Brussels, 1862), 12. The quotation is from Simons and De Ridder, Mémoire à l'appui du projet (n. 27 above), 8-9.
    • (1862) Histoire Des Vingt-cinq Premières Annéesdes Chemins De Fer Belges , pp. 12
    • de Laveleye, A.1
  • 67
    • 85038520508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a short history of the canal,
  • 68
    • 85038487222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a short history of the canal
    • For a short history of the canal., 12-16
  • 69
    • 85038513035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • for a recent study on the history of the canal
  • 73
    • 85038489451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Prominent engineers openly expressed their preference for a canal among the Scheldt, Meuse, and Rhine rivers. De Puydt published articles in the newspapers Le Libéral (16 and 20 July 1833) and Le Courrier (19 July 1833) that caused a heated debate with Simons and De Ridder in Moniteur belge (19 and 24 July 1833) and Le Courrier (20 and 24 July 1833). Ancien capitaine ingénieurDubois also claimed, in Le Franc-parleur (5 July 1833), that canals were cheaper than railways.
  • 74
    • 85038521073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The line betweenManchester and Liverpool (1830) was the first successful application of a real railway-that is, a locomotive drawing carriages and wagons according to a schedule. The line was laid down between the harbor of Liverpool and the industrial center of Manchester, because the canal between the two cities could not guarantee fast and efficient transport. For an early French publication on this
  • 89
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    • Purity and Theory: Theoretical Tools at Ponts et Chaussées, circa 1800
    • On engineering and mathematics
    • Frédéric Graber,Purity and Theory: Theoretical Tools at Ponts et Chaussées, circa 1800, Technology and Culture 49 (2008): 860-883. On engineering and mathematics
    • (2008) Technology and Culture , vol.49 , pp. 860-883
    • Frédéric, G.1
  • 90
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    • Les ingénieurs et la mathématisation. L'exemple du génie civil et de la construction
    • Antoine Picon, Les ingénieurs et la mathématisation. L'exemple du génie civil et de la construction, Revue d'histoire des sciences 62 (1989): 155-172.
    • (1989) Revue D'histoire Des Sciences , vol.62 , pp. 155-172
    • Picon, A.1
  • 91
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    • note
    • Expérience commune et vulgaire can be translated as the common and accepted experience
  • 94
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    • Michel Senellart (New York, On the notion of territory and the politics of calculation in the lectures of Foucault at the Collège de France
    • Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978, ed. Michel Senellart (New York, 2007), 101. On the notion of territory and the politics of calculation in the lectures of Foucault at the Collège de France
    • (2007) Security, Territory, Population: Lectures At the Collège De France, 1977-1978 , pp. 101
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 97
    • 85038500780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rabinow, above
    • Rabinow (n. 49 above), 63
    • , Issue.49 , pp. 63
  • 98
    • 85038486118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quetelet, above
    • Quetelet (n. 29 above).
    • , Issue.29
  • 102
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    • Route en fer de la mer au Rhin. Réponse aux articles insérés dans Le Libéral et Le Courier belge des 16 et 17 juillet
    • Quetelet
    • Pierre Simons and Gustave De Ridder, Route en fer de la mer au Rhin. Réponse aux articles insérés dans Le Libéral et Le Courier belge des 16 et 17 juillet,Moniteur belge 200 (19 July 1833); Quetelet
    • (1833) Moniteur Belge , vol.200
    • Simons, P.1    de Ridder, G.2
  • 105
    • 85038490274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casson, For maps of the international system
    • Casson (n. 1 above), 3. For maps of the international system
    • , Issue.1 , pp. 3
  • 106
    • 85038514977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freeman
    • Freeman (n. 16 above), 1-4.
    • , Issue.16 , pp. 1-4
  • 108
    • 85038516066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, Leopold I gave a speech in June 1833-strategically after the publication of Simons and De Ridder's plan and before the parliamentary debates regarding the importance of the Antwerp-Rhine connection.
  • 109
    • 33748419294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9 June 1833
    • Moniteur belge 160 (9 June 1833)
    • Moniteur Belge , pp. 160
  • 110
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    • Leopold ier et le chemin de fer d'anvers au rhin
    • Brussels
    • Jean Stengers, Leopold Ier et le chemin de fer d'Anvers au Rhin, in Mélanges offerts à G. Jacquemyns (Brussels, 1968), 573-599.
    • (1968) Mélanges Offerts À G. Jacquemyns , pp. 573-599
    • Stengers, J.1
  • 111
    • 85038526598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Picon, For Saint-Simonianism
    • Picon, Les saint-simoniens (n. 10 above), 19, 37. For Saint-Simonianism
    • Les Saint-simoniens , Issue.10 , pp. 19
  • 113
    • 33749396442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris, On Saint-Simonianism and the railway network
    • Pierre Musso, Saint-Simon et le saint-simonisme (Paris, 1999). On Saint-Simonianism and the railway network
    • (1999) Saint-Simon et Le Saint-simonisme
    • Musso, P.1
  • 116
    • 79951923639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saintsimonisme et organisation du territoire. Sur un programme de 1832
    • Jean-Pierre Hirsch, Saintsimonisme et organisation du territoire. Sur un programme de 1832, Revue du nord 325 (2003): 863-886
    • (2003) Revue Du Nord , vol.325 , pp. 863-886
    • Jean-Pierre, H.1
  • 119
    • 85038508364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Un territoire de réseaux
    • Picon, Although Picon disagrees with François Caron's reduction of French Saint-Simonianism to a mere idegovernment ology, he admits that its influence on railway practice was, certainly until 1840, limited to private local lines
    • Un territoire de réseaux, in Picon, Les saint-simoniens, 223-244. Although Picon disagrees with François Caron's reduction of French Saint-Simonianism to a mere idegovernment ology, he admits that its influence on railway practice was, certainly until 1840, limited to private local lines.
    • Les Saint-simoniens , pp. 223-244
  • 120
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    • Un territoire de réseaux
    • Picon, Although Picon disagrees with François Caron's reduction of French Saint-Simonianism to a mere idegovernment ology, he admits that its influence on railway practice was, certainly until 1840, limited to private local lines
    • Simons and De Ridder, Mémoire de M. l'inspecteur Vifquain (n. 3 above)., 227-234
    • Les Saint-simoniens , pp. 227-234
  • 125
    • 85038520826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As a young intellectual with strong French ties, Charles Rogier was a key figure during the Belgian Revolution. Before the country's independence he had attended Saint-Simonian conferences in Paris, and he read the Saint-Simonian newspaper Le Globe
  • 126
    • 85038500833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Brussels, 1892-95], 4:298-99). Shortly after his appointment as prime minister on 20 October 1832 he summoned Simons and De Ridder to discuss the railway project
    • Ernest Discailles, Charles Rogier [1800-1885] d'après des documents inédit, vol. 4 [Brussels, 1892-95], 4:298-99). Shortly after his appointment as prime minister on 20 October 1832 he summoned Simons and De Ridder to discuss the railway project
    • Charles Rogier [1800-1885] D'après Des Documents Inédit , vol.4
    • Discailles, E.1
  • 127
    • 85038510258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemin de fer. Précis historique
    • Although there is no historical evidence of their meetings, it is possible that Rogier introduced the two engineers to Saint-Simonianism
    • Chemin de fer. Précis historique, Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 1: 20). Although there is no historical evidence of their meetings, it is possible that Rogier introduced the two engineers to Saint-Simonianism.
    • Annales Des Travaux Publics De Belgique , vol.1 , pp. 20
  • 128
    • 85038526647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discailles
    • Discailles, 298-299.
  • 129
    • 85038505839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 March 1834, and Moniteur belge 77 (18 March 1834)
    • Charles Rogier, in Moniteur belge 72 (13 March 1834) and Moniteur belge 77 (18 March 1834).
    • Moniteur Belge , vol.72
    • Rogier, C.1
  • 131
    • 85038521958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Picon
    • Picon, Les saint-simoniens (n. 10 above), 226.
    • Les Saint-simoniens , Issue.10 , pp. 226
  • 136
    • 85038485860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Besides the influence of Saint-Simonian treatises, the two engineers had also experienced the advantages and disadvantages of private initiative during the Dutch regime
    • Simons and De Ridder, Mémoire de M. l'inspecteur Vifquain (n. 3 above), 72-73. Besides the influence of Saint-Simonian treatises, the two engineers had also experienced the advantages and disadvantages of private initiative during the Dutch regime.
    • Mémoire De M. L'inspecteur Vifquain , Issue.3 , pp. 72-73
    • Simons1    de Ridder2
  • 147
    • 85038487726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latour, Aramis (n. 8 above), 33.
    • Aramis , Issue.8 , pp. 33
    • Latour1
  • 149
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    • Chambre des représentants. rapport de la section centrale sur le projet de loi relative à la route en fer
    • 27 November
    • Chambre des représentants. Rapport de la section centrale sur le projet de loi relative à la route en fer, in Moniteur belge 331 (27 November 1833).
    • (1833) Moniteur Belge , pp. 331
  • 150
    • 85038511928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For an overview of the parliamentary sessions, with a focus on the transport economy,


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