메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 271-293

Temperate grasslands as a dust source: Knowledge, uncertainties, and challenges

Author keywords

Dust emission; Dust storm; Land degradation; Vegetation effect; Wind erosion

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DUST STORM; EMISSION; EOLIAN PROCESS; GRASSLAND; HUMAN ACTIVITY; KNOWLEDGE; LAND DEGRADATION; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; WIND EROSION;

EID: 80054884330     PISSN: 18759637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.07.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (78)

References (207)
  • 1
    • 0034806125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Emission intensities and aerosol size distribution in source areas
    • Alfaro S.C., Gomes L. Modeling mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Emission intensities and aerosol size distribution in source areas. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:18075-18084.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 18075-18084
    • Alfaro, S.C.1    Gomes, L.2
  • 4
    • 2642588336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global modeling of heterogeneous chemistry on mineral aerosol surfaces: influence on tropospheric ozone chemistry and comparison to observations
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003868.
    • Bauer, S.E., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Dentener, F., 2004. Global modeling of heterogeneous chemistry on mineral aerosol surfaces: influence on tropospheric ozone chemistry and comparison to observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 109. doi:10.1029/2003JD003868.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.109
    • Bauer, S.E.1    Balkanski, Y.2    Schulz, M.3    Hauglustaine, D.A.4    Dentener, F.5
  • 5
    • 0031432795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance of biological soil crusts: impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in SE Utah
    • Belnap J., Gillette D.A. Disturbance of biological soil crusts: impacts on potential wind erodibility of sandy desert soils in SE Utah. Land Deg. Dev. 1997, 8:355-362.
    • (1997) Land Deg. Dev. , vol.8 , pp. 355-362
    • Belnap, J.1    Gillette, D.A.2
  • 6
    • 0028042585 scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion losses as related to plant silhouette and soil cover
    • Bilbro J.D., Fryrear D.W. Wind erosion losses as related to plant silhouette and soil cover. Agron. J. 1994, 86:550-553.
    • (1994) Agron. J. , vol.86 , pp. 550-553
    • Bilbro, J.D.1    Fryrear, D.W.2
  • 7
    • 0029478428 scopus 로고
    • The regional particulate model 1. Model description and preliminary results
    • Binkowski F.S., Shankar U. The regional particulate model 1. Model description and preliminary results. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(D12):26191-26209.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , Issue.D12 , pp. 26191-26209
    • Binkowski, F.S.1    Shankar, U.2
  • 8
    • 70349311893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimate of Sahelian dust emissions in the intertropical discontinuity region of the West African Monsoon
    • Bou Karam D., Flamant C., Tulet P., Chaboureau J.-P., Dabas A., Todd M.C. Estimate of Sahelian dust emissions in the intertropical discontinuity region of the West African Monsoon. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D13106. 10.1029/2008JD011444.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Bou Karam, D.1    Flamant, C.2    Tulet, P.3    Chaboureau, J.-P.4    Dabas, A.5    Todd, M.C.6
  • 9
    • 0023162969 scopus 로고
    • The effect of sparse vegetation in the transport of sand dune by wind
    • Buckerly R. The effect of sparse vegetation in the transport of sand dune by wind. Nature 1987, 325:426-428.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 426-428
    • Buckerly, R.1
  • 10
  • 11
    • 68849130499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical model simulation of the Saharan dust event of 6-11 March 2006 using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3)
    • Cavazos C., Todd M.C., Schepanski K. Numerical model simulation of the Saharan dust event of 6-11 March 2006 using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3). J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D12109. 10.1029/2008JD011078.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Cavazos, C.1    Todd, M.C.2    Schepanski, K.3
  • 12
    • 77951123236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance
    • Chappell A., Van Pelt S., Zobeck T., Dong Z. Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance. Rem. Sens. Environ. 2010, 114:1462-1470.
    • (2010) Rem. Sens. Environ. , vol.114 , pp. 1462-1470
    • Chappell, A.1    Van Pelt, S.2    Zobeck, T.3    Dong, Z.4
  • 13
    • 0343184772 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of crop residues for wind erosion control
    • Chepil W.S. Utilization of crop residues for wind erosion control. Sci. Agr. 1944, 24(7):307-319.
    • (1944) Sci. Agr. , vol.24 , Issue.7 , pp. 307-319
    • Chepil, W.S.1
  • 14
    • 80054899490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why did a synoptic storm cause a dramatic damage in a limited area of Mongolia?
    • Chimgee D., Shinoda M., Tachiiri K., Kurosaki Y. Why did a synoptic storm cause a dramatic damage in a limited area of Mongolia?. Mongolian Population J. 2010, 19:63-68.
    • (2010) Mongolian Population J. , vol.19 , pp. 63-68
    • Chimgee, D.1    Shinoda, M.2    Tachiiri, K.3    Kurosaki, Y.4
  • 15
    • 0035245084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection on the atmospheric general circulation
    • Chun H.Y., Song M.D., Kim J.W., Baik J.J. Effects of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection on the atmospheric general circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 2001, 58:302-319.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 302-319
    • Chun, H.Y.1    Song, M.D.2    Kim, J.W.3    Baik, J.J.4
  • 16
    • 0024896980 scopus 로고
    • Disturbances and gap dynamics in a semiarid grassland: a landscape-level approach
    • Coffin D.P., Lauenroth W.K. Disturbances and gap dynamics in a semiarid grassland: a landscape-level approach. Landsc. Ecol. 1989, 3:19-27.
    • (1989) Landsc. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 19-27
    • Coffin, D.P.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 18
    • 0001611019 scopus 로고
    • Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements
    • Counihan J. Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements. Atmos. Environ. 1971, 5:637-642.
    • (1971) Atmos. Environ. , vol.5 , pp. 637-642
    • Counihan, J.1
  • 19
    • 0037096645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assimilating remote sensing data in a surface flux-soil moisture model
    • Crosson W.L., Laymon C.A., Inguva R., Schamschula M.P. Assimilating remote sensing data in a surface flux-soil moisture model. Hydrol. Proc. 2002, 16:1645-1662.
    • (2002) Hydrol. Proc. , vol.16 , pp. 1645-1662
    • Crosson, W.L.1    Laymon, C.A.2    Inguva, R.3    Schamschula, M.P.4
  • 20
    • 0037298763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature imagery into a land surface model using Ensemble Kalman filtering: a case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97
    • Crow W.T., Wood E.F. The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature imagery into a land surface model using Ensemble Kalman filtering: a case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97. Adv. Water Resour. 2003, 26:137-149.
    • (2003) Adv. Water Resour. , vol.26 , pp. 137-149
    • Crow, W.T.1    Wood, E.F.2
  • 21
    • 0003712543 scopus 로고
    • Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version le as coupled with the NCAR Community Land Model
    • NCAR, Technical Note TN383+STR.
    • Dickinson, R.E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Kennedy, P.J., 1993. Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version le as coupled with the NCAR Community Land Model, NCAR, Technical Note TN383+STR, 72 pp.
    • (1993) , pp. 72
    • Dickinson, R.E.1    Henderson-Sellers, A.2    Kennedy, P.J.3
  • 23
    • 84979187122 scopus 로고
    • The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer
    • Elliot W.P. The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer. Am. Geophys. Union. Trans. 1958, 39:1048-1054.
    • (1958) Am. Geophys. Union. Trans. , vol.39 , pp. 1048-1054
    • Elliot, W.P.1
  • 24
    • 34247098311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The portable in situ wind erosion laboratory (PI-SWERL): a new method to measure PM10 windblown dust properties and potential for emissions
    • Etyemezian V., Nikolich G., Ahonen S., Pitchford M., Sweeney M., Purcell R., Gillies J., Kuhns H. The portable in situ wind erosion laboratory (PI-SWERL): a new method to measure PM10 windblown dust properties and potential for emissions. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:3789-3796.
    • (2007) Atmos. Environ. , vol.41 , pp. 3789-3796
    • Etyemezian, V.1    Nikolich, G.2    Ahonen, S.3    Pitchford, M.4    Sweeney, M.5    Purcell, R.6    Gillies, J.7    Kuhns, H.8
  • 25
    • 0141443013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semiarid areas
    • Fécan F., Marticorena B., Bergametti G. Parameterization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semiarid areas. Ann. Geophys. 1999, 17:149-157.
    • (1999) Ann. Geophys. , vol.17 , pp. 149-157
    • Fécan, F.1    Marticorena, B.2    Bergametti, G.3
  • 26
    • 34250165070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size-segregated fluxes of mineral dust from a desert area of northern China by eddy covariance
    • Fratini G., Ciccioli P., Febo A., Forgione A., Valentini R. Size-segregated fluxes of mineral dust from a desert area of northern China by eddy covariance. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:2839-2854.
    • (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.7 , pp. 2839-2854
    • Fratini, G.1    Ciccioli, P.2    Febo, A.3    Forgione, A.4    Valentini, R.5
  • 28
    • 0027038336 scopus 로고
    • Simulations of desert dust and sea salt aerosols in Antarctica with a general circulation model of the atmosphere
    • Genthon C. Simulations of desert dust and sea salt aerosols in Antarctica with a general circulation model of the atmosphere. Tellus B 1992, 44:371-389.
    • (1992) Tellus B , vol.44 , pp. 371-389
    • Genthon, C.1
  • 29
    • 0039150237 scopus 로고
    • Threshold friction velocities for dust production for agricultural soils
    • Gillette D.A. Threshold friction velocities for dust production for agricultural soils. J. Geophys. Res. 1988, 93:12645-12662.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 12645-12662
    • Gillette, D.A.1
  • 30
    • 57749198832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expressing sand supply limitation using a modified Owen saltation equation
    • Gillette D.A., Ono D. Expressing sand supply limitation using a modified Owen saltation equation. Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 2008, 33:1806-1813.
    • (2008) Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. , vol.33 , pp. 1806-1813
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Ono, D.2
  • 31
    • 0024837265 scopus 로고
    • The effect of nonerodible particles on the wind erosion of erodible surfaces
    • Gillette D.A., Stockton P.H. The effect of nonerodible particles on the wind erosion of erodible surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:12885-12893.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 12885-12893
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Stockton, P.H.2
  • 32
    • 0024218894 scopus 로고
    • Modeling dust emission caused by wind erosion
    • Gillette D.A., Passi R. Modeling dust emission caused by wind erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93(11):14234-14242.
    • (1988) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.93 , Issue.11 , pp. 14234-14242
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Passi, R.2
  • 33
    • 0019143738 scopus 로고
    • Threshold velocities for input of soil particles into the air by desert soils
    • Gillette D.A., Adams J., Endo E., Smith D. Threshold velocities for input of soil particles into the air by desert soils. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:5621-5630.
    • (1980) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.85 , pp. 5621-5630
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Adams, J.2    Endo, E.3    Smith, D.4
  • 34
    • 0001015731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 μm to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owen Lake
    • Gillette D.A., Fryrear D.W., Gill T.E., Ley T., Cahill T.A., Gearhart E.A. Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 μm to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owen Lake. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:26009-26015.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 26009-26015
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Fryrear, D.W.2    Gill, T.E.3    Ley, T.4    Cahill, T.A.5    Gearhart, E.A.6
  • 35
    • 0034533594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field determination of drag forces and shear stress partitioning effects for a desert shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus, greasewood)
    • Gillies J.A., Lancaster N., Nickling W.G., Crawley D.M. Field determination of drag forces and shear stress partitioning effects for a desert shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus, greasewood). J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:24871-24880.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 24871-24880
    • Gillies, J.A.1    Lancaster, N.2    Nickling, W.G.3    Crawley, D.M.4
  • 36
    • 15844400464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drag coefficient and plant form response to wind speed in three plant species: Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus), Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens glauca), and Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum)
    • Gillies J.A., Nickling W.G., King J. Drag coefficient and plant form response to wind speed in three plant species: Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus), Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens glauca), and Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum). J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107:4760. 10.1029/2001JD001259.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4760
    • Gillies, J.A.1    Nickling, W.G.2    King, J.3
  • 37
    • 33646703952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA
    • Gillette D.A., Herrick J., Herbert G.A. Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA. Environ. Fluid Mech. 2006, 6:241-275.
    • (2006) Environ. Fluid Mech. , vol.6 , pp. 241-275
    • Gillette, D.A.1    Herrick, J.2    Herbert, G.A.3
  • 38
    • 33846825203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aeolian sediment transport through large patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer
    • doi:10.1029/2005JF000434
    • Gillies, J.A., Nickling, W.G., King, J. 2006. Aeolian sediment transport through large patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 111. doi:10.1029/2005JF000434.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. , vol.111
    • Gillies, J.A.1    Nickling, W.G.2    King, J.3
  • 39
    • 33846813796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear stress partitioning in large patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer, Bound
    • Gillies J.A., Nickling W.G., King J. Shear stress partitioning in large patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer, Bound. Layer Meteorol. 2007, 122(2):367-396.
    • (2007) Layer Meteorol. , vol.122 , Issue.2 , pp. 367-396
    • Gillies, J.A.1    Nickling, W.G.2    King, J.3
  • 40
    • 80054880198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetative roughness controls on wind erosion: a shear stress partitioning approach
    • Saxena, M. (Ed.), Ninth International Conference on Dryland Development: Sustainable Development in the Drylands - Meeting the Challenge of Global Climate Change, Alexandria, Egypt.
    • Gillies, J.A., Nickling, W.G., Lancaster, N., 2010. Vegetative roughness controls on wind erosion: a shear stress partitioning approach. In: Saxena, M. (Ed.), Ninth International Conference on Dryland Development: Sustainable Development in the Drylands - Meeting the Challenge of Global Climate Change, Alexandria, Egypt.
    • (2010)
    • Gillies, J.A.1    Nickling, W.G.2    Lancaster, N.3
  • 41
    • 0842284601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Ginoux P., Prospero J.M., Torres O., Chin M. Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation. Environ. Model. Soft. 2004, 19:113-128.
    • (2004) Environ. Model. Soft. , vol.19 , pp. 113-128
    • Ginoux, P.1    Prospero, J.M.2    Torres, O.3    Chin, M.4
  • 42
    • 0031867714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct field measurement of wind drag on vegetation for application to windbreak design and modeling
    • Grant P.F., Nickling W.G. Direct field measurement of wind drag on vegetation for application to windbreak design and modeling. Land Degrad. Develop. 1998, 9:57-66.
    • (1998) Land Degrad. Develop. , vol.9 , pp. 57-66
    • Grant, P.F.1    Nickling, W.G.2
  • 44
    • 0036170949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term oscillations in grassland productivity induced by drought
    • Haddad N.M., Tilman D., Knops J.M.H. Long-term oscillations in grassland productivity induced by drought. Ecol. Lett. 2002, 5:110-120.
    • (2002) Ecol. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 110-120
    • Haddad, N.M.1    Tilman, D.2    Knops, J.M.H.3
  • 45
    • 0026158477 scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion mechanics: abrasion of aggregated soil
    • Hagen L.J. Wind erosion mechanics: abrasion of aggregated soil. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 1991, 34:831-837.
    • (1991) Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. , vol.34 , pp. 831-837
    • Hagen, L.J.1
  • 47
    • 80054910494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proc. Int.Conf. on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Kansas City, MO.
    • Hagen L.J., Mirzomostafa N., Hawkins A. PM-10 generation by wind erosion 1996, Proc. Int.Conf. on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations. Kansas City, MO, pp. 79-86.
    • (1996) PM-10 generation by wind erosion , pp. 79-86
    • Hagen, L.J.1    Mirzomostafa, N.2    Hawkins, A.3
  • 48
    • 0006931653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of dispersion within simulated urban arrays - a small scale wind tunnel study
    • Report, BRE Client Report CR 178/96, Garston Watford.
    • Hall, D.J., Macdonald, R., Walker, S., Spanton, A.M., 1996. Measurements of dispersion within simulated urban arrays - a small scale wind tunnel study. Report, BRE Client Report CR 178/96, Garston Watford.
    • (1996)
    • Hall, D.J.1    Macdonald, R.2    Walker, S.3    Spanton, A.M.4
  • 49
    • 0001898584 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic properties of partial canopies
    • Hatfield J.L. Aerodynamic properties of partial canopies. Forest. Meteorol. 1989, 46:15-22.
    • (1989) Forest. Meteorol. , vol.46 , pp. 15-22
    • Hatfield, J.L.1
  • 50
    • 58249087190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dust radiative feedback on Saharan boundary layer dynamics and dust mobilization
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL035319
    • Heinold, B., Tegen, I., Schepanski, K., Hellmuth, O., 2008. Dust radiative feedback on Saharan boundary layer dynamics and dust mobilization. Geophys. Res. Letteres 35, L20817. doi:10.1029/2008GL035319.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Letteres , vol.35
    • Heinold, B.1    Tegen, I.2    Schepanski, K.3    Hellmuth, O.4
  • 51
    • 40749156213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia
    • Hoffmann C., Funk R., Wieland R., Li Y., Sommer M. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. J. Arid. Environ. 2008, 72:792-807.
    • (2008) J. Arid. Environ. , vol.72 , pp. 792-807
    • Hoffmann, C.1    Funk, R.2    Wieland, R.3    Li, Y.4    Sommer, M.5
  • 52
    • 52149101590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of grazing on wind driven carbon and nitrogen ratios in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia
    • Hoffmann C., Funk R., Li Y., Sommer M. Effect of grazing on wind driven carbon and nitrogen ratios in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Catena 2008, 75:182-190.
    • (2008) Catena , vol.75 , pp. 182-190
    • Hoffmann, C.1    Funk, R.2    Li, Y.3    Sommer, M.4
  • 54
    • 80054930856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPCC WG I (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I)
    • Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • IPCC WG I (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I), 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 800.
    • (2007) , pp. 800
  • 55
    • 27744571918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational study of soil moisture effects on wind erosion at a gobi site in the Taklimakan desert
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD004709
    • Ishizuka, M., Mikami, M., Yamada, Y., Zeng, F., Gao, W., 2005. An observational study of soil moisture effects on wind erosion at a gobi site in the Taklimakan desert. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D18S03. doi:10.1029/2004JD004709.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Ishizuka, M.1    Mikami, M.2    Yamada, Y.3    Zeng, F.4    Gao, W.5
  • 56
    • 62149144734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil moisture and dried raindroplet crust on saltation and dust emission
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD009955
    • Ishizuka, M., Mikami, M., Leys, J., Yamada, Y., Heidenreich, S., Shao, Y., McRanish, G.H., 2008. Effects of soil moisture and dried raindroplet crust on saltation and dust emission, J. Geophys. Res. 113. doi:10.1029/2008JD009955.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Ishizuka, M.1    Mikami, M.2    Leys, J.3    Yamada, Y.4    Heidenreich, S.5    Shao, Y.6    McRanish, G.H.7
  • 58
    • 0019357621 scopus 로고
    • On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile
    • Jackson P.S. On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1981, 111:15-25.
    • (1981) Journal of Fluid Mechanics , vol.111 , pp. 15-25
    • Jackson, P.S.1
  • 59
    • 80054913552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of threshold wind speeds for dust outbreaks in northeast Asia
    • Kimura R., Shinoda M. Spatial distribution of threshold wind speeds for dust outbreaks in northeast Asia. Geomorphology 2010, 119:315-329.
    • (2010) Geomorphology , vol.119 , pp. 315-329
    • Kimura, R.1    Shinoda, M.2
  • 60
    • 62249171483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among dust outbreaks, vegetation cover, and surface soil water content on the Loess Plateau of China, 1999-2000
    • Kimura R., Bai L., Wang J. Relationships among dust outbreaks, vegetation cover, and surface soil water content on the Loess Plateau of China, 1999-2000. Catena 2009, 77:292-296.
    • (2009) Catena , vol.77 , pp. 292-296
    • Kimura, R.1    Bai, L.2    Wang, J.3
  • 61
    • 33751316612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of vegetation and other non-erodible elements in aeolian sediment transport models
    • doi:10.1029/2004JF000281
    • King, J., Nickling, W.G., Gillies, J.A., 2005. Representation of vegetation and other non-erodible elements in aeolian sediment transport models. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 110, F04015. doi:10.1029/2004JF000281.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. , vol.110
    • King, J.1    Nickling, W.G.2    Gillies, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 50849111451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigations the law-of-the-wall over sparse roughness elements
    • doi:10.1029/2007JF000804
    • King, J., Nickling, W.G., Gillies, J.A., 2008. Investigations the law-of-the-wall over sparse roughness elements. J. Geophys. Res. Earth-Surf. 113, F02S07. doi:10.1029/2007JF000804.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. Earth-Surf. , vol.113
    • King, J.1    Nickling, W.G.2    Gillies, J.A.3
  • 63
    • 0141942138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent frequent dust events and their relation to surface wind in East Asia, Geophys
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017261
    • Kurosaki, Y., Mikami, M., 2003. Recent frequent dust events and their relation to surface wind in East Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(14), 1736. doi:10.1029/2003GL017261.
    • (2003) Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.14 , pp. 1736
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Mikami, M.2
  • 64
    • 18144446067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of snow cover on threshold wind velocity of dust outbreak, Geophys
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018632
    • Kurosaki, Y., Mikami, M., 2004. Effect of snow cover on threshold wind velocity of dust outbreak, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L03106. doi:10.1029/2003GL018632.
    • (2004) Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Mikami, M.2
  • 65
    • 22244464249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional difference in the characteristic of dust event in East Asia: relationship among dust outbreak, surface wind, and land surface condition
    • Kurosaki Y., Mikami M. Regional difference in the characteristic of dust event in East Asia: relationship among dust outbreak, surface wind, and land surface condition. J. Met. Soc. Japan 2005, 83A:1-18.
    • (2005) J. Met. Soc. Japan , vol.83 A , pp. 1-18
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Mikami, M.2
  • 66
    • 35748980284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold wind speed for dust emission in east Asia and its seasonal variations
    • doi:10.1029/2006JD007988
    • Kurosaki, Y., Mikami, M., 2007. Threshold wind speed for dust emission in east Asia and its seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D17202. doi:10.1029/2006JD007988.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Mikami, M.2
  • 67
    • 79958803657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What caused a recent increase in dust outbreaks over East Asia?
    • Kurosaki Y., Shinoda M., Mikami M. What caused a recent increase in dust outbreaks over East Asia?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L11702. 10.1029/2011GL047494.
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Shinoda, M.2    Mikami, M.3
  • 68
    • 80054948056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil and land surface conditions in summer on dust outbreaks in the following spring in a Mongolian grassland
    • Kurosaki Y., Shinoda M., Mikami M., Nandintsetseg B. Effects of soil and land surface conditions in summer on dust outbreaks in the following spring in a Mongolian grassland. SOLA 2011, 7:69-72.
    • (2011) SOLA , vol.7 , pp. 69-72
    • Kurosaki, Y.1    Shinoda, M.2    Mikami, M.3    Nandintsetseg, B.4
  • 69
    • 0031946366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: Field studies at Owens Lake
    • Lancaster N., Baas A. Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: Field studies at Owens Lake. California Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 1998, 23:69-82.
    • (1998) California Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. , vol.23 , pp. 69-82
    • Lancaster, N.1    Baas, A.2
  • 70
    • 0027047230 scopus 로고
    • Long-term forage production of North American shortgrass steppe
    • Lauenroth W.K., Sala O.E. Long-term forage production of North American shortgrass steppe. Ecol. Appl. 1992, 2:397-403.
    • (1992) Ecol. Appl. , vol.2 , pp. 397-403
    • Lauenroth, W.K.1    Sala, O.E.2
  • 71
    • 66449095945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the impact of wind and surface vegetation on the Asian dust occurrence over three classified source regions, J
    • Lee E.-H., Sohn B.-J. Examining the impact of wind and surface vegetation on the Asian dust occurrence over three classified source regions, J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D06205. 10.1029/2008JD010687.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Lee, E.-H.1    Sohn, B.-J.2
  • 73
    • 0001355423 scopus 로고
    • Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description
    • Lettau H.H. Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description. J. Appl. Meteor. 1969, 8:828-832.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 828-832
    • Lettau, H.H.1
  • 74
    • 0025953448 scopus 로고
    • Towards a better model of the effect of prostrate vegetation cover on wind erosion
    • Leys J.F. Towards a better model of the effect of prostrate vegetation cover on wind erosion. Vegetation 1991, 91:49-58.
    • (1991) Vegetation , vol.91 , pp. 49-58
    • Leys, J.F.1
  • 76
    • 34547851688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative effects of vegetation cover on wind erosion and soil nutrient loss in a desert grassland of southern New Mexico, USA
    • Li J., Okin G.S., Alvarez L., Epstein H. Quantitative effects of vegetation cover on wind erosion and soil nutrient loss in a desert grassland of southern New Mexico, USA. Biogeochemistry 2007, 85:317-332.
    • (2007) Biogeochemistry , vol.85 , pp. 317-332
    • Li, J.1    Okin, G.S.2    Alvarez, L.3    Epstein, H.4
  • 77
    • 77953338715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case study: the indirect aerosol effects of mineral dust on warm clouds
    • Li R., Min Q.L., Harrison L.C. A case study: the indirect aerosol effects of mineral dust on warm clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010, 67:805-816.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 805-816
    • Li, R.1    Min, Q.L.2    Harrison, L.C.3
  • 78
    • 80054939532 scopus 로고
    • An experimental investigation into the dispersion behavior in neutral and unstable zero pressure gradient boundary layers with different roughnesses
    • Ph.D. thesis, University of Bundeswehr, Munich.
    • Liedtke, J., 1992. An experimental investigation into the dispersion behavior in neutral and unstable zero pressure gradient boundary layers with different roughnesses. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bundeswehr, Munich.
    • (1992)
    • Liedtke, J.1
  • 79
    • 0038529451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term dynamics of wind erosion of three newly cultivated grassland soils in Northern China
    • Liu L.Y., Shi P.J., Zou X.Y., Gao S.Y., Erdon H., Yan P., Li X.Y., Dong Z.B., Wang J.H. Short-term dynamics of wind erosion of three newly cultivated grassland soils in Northern China. Geoderma 2003, 115:55-64.
    • (2003) Geoderma , vol.115 , pp. 55-64
    • Liu, L.Y.1    Shi, P.J.2    Zou, X.Y.3    Gao, S.Y.4    Erdon, H.5    Yan, P.6    Li, X.Y.7    Dong, Z.B.8    Wang, J.H.9
  • 80
    • 7044264967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of the spring dust storm frequency of northern China in relation to antecedent and concurrent wind, precipitation, vegetation, and soil moisture conditions
    • Liu X., Yin Z.-Y., Zhang X., Yang X. Analyses of the spring dust storm frequency of northern China in relation to antecedent and concurrent wind, precipitation, vegetation, and soil moisture conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D16210. 10.1029/2004JD004615.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Liu, X.1    Yin, Z.-Y.2    Zhang, X.3    Yang, X.4
  • 81
    • 43549094225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between plant species diversity and soil microbial functional diversity along a longitudinal gradient in temperate grasslands of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, China
    • Liu Z.F., Liu G.H., Fu B.J., Zheng X.Q. Relationship between plant species diversity and soil microbial functional diversity along a longitudinal gradient in temperate grasslands of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, China. Ecol. Res. 2008, 23:511-518.
    • (2008) Ecol. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 511-518
    • Liu, Z.F.1    Liu, G.H.2    Fu, B.J.3    Zheng, X.Q.4
  • 82
    • 0035297912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global interannual variations in sea surface temperature and land surface vegetation, air temperature, and precipitation
    • Los S.O., Collatz G.J., Bounoua L., Sellers P.J., Tucker C.J. Global interannual variations in sea surface temperature and land surface vegetation, air temperature, and precipitation. J. Clim. 2001, 14:1535-1549.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 1535-1549
    • Los, S.O.1    Collatz, G.J.2    Bounoua, L.3    Sellers, P.J.4    Tucker, C.J.5
  • 83
    • 0016888383 scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion: the protective role of simulated standing stubble
    • Lyles L., Allison b.E. Wind erosion: the protective role of simulated standing stubble. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 1976, 19:61-64.
    • (1976) Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs. , vol.19 , pp. 61-64
    • Lyles, L.1    Allison, B.2
  • 84
    • 0019802239 scopus 로고
    • Equivalent wind-erosion protection from selected crop residues
    • Lyles L., Allison B.E. Equivalent wind-erosion protection from selected crop residues. Trans. ASAE 1981, 24:405-408.
    • (1981) Trans. ASAE , vol.24 , pp. 405-408
    • Lyles, L.1    Allison, B.E.2
  • 85
    • 0016128118 scopus 로고
    • Commercial soil stabilizers for temporary wind erosion control
    • Lyles L., Schrandt R.L., Schmeidler N.F. Commercial soil stabilizers for temporary wind erosion control. Trans. ASAE 1974, 17:1015-1019.
    • (1974) Trans. ASAE , vol.17 , pp. 1015-1019
    • Lyles, L.1    Schrandt, R.L.2    Schmeidler, N.F.3
  • 86
    • 0032539057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays
    • Macdonald R.W., Griffiths R.F., Hall D.J. An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32:3845-3862.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 3845-3862
    • Macdonald, R.W.1    Griffiths, R.F.2    Hall, D.J.3
  • 89
    • 0004035317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aridity: Droughts and Human Development
    • Springer, Berlin.
    • Mainguet, M., 1999. Aridity: Droughts and Human Development. Springer, Berlin, p. 302.
    • (1999) , pp. 302
    • Mainguet, M.1
  • 90
    • 80054911320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present Status of Desertification in Mongolia-Geoecological Issues in Mongolia. UB
    • Tsogtbaatar, J. (Eds),
    • Mandakh, N., Dash, D., Khaulenbek, A., 2007. In: Tsogtbaatar, J. (Eds), Present Status of Desertification in Mongolia-Geoecological Issues in Mongolia. UB, pp. 63-73.
    • (2007) , pp. 63-73
    • Mandakh, N.1    Dash, D.2    Khaulenbek, A.3
  • 91
    • 0000571433 scopus 로고
    • Drag measurements in roughness arrays of varying density and distribution
    • Marshall J.K. Drag measurements in roughness arrays of varying density and distribution. Agric. Meteorol. 1971, 8:269-292.
    • (1971) Agric. Meteorol. , vol.8 , pp. 269-292
    • Marshall, J.K.1
  • 92
    • 0000584411 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1-design of a soil derived dust production scheme
    • 16,415-16.
    • Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., 1995. Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1-design of a soil derived dust production scheme. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16,415-16,430.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 430
    • Marticorena, B.1    Bergametti, G.2
  • 93
    • 0030183020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-year simulations of seasonal and interannual changes of the Sahran dust emission
    • Marticorena B., Bergametti G. Two-year simulations of seasonal and interannual changes of the Sahran dust emission. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23(15):1921-1924.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , Issue.15 , pp. 1921-1924
    • Marticorena, B.1    Bergametti, G.2
  • 95
    • 1342288374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the aerodynamic roughness length of desert surfaces from the polder/adeos bidirectional reflectance product
    • Marticorena B., Chazette P., Bergametti G., Dulac F., Legrand M. Mapping the aerodynamic roughness length of desert surfaces from the polder/adeos bidirectional reflectance product. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 2004, 25:603-626.
    • (2004) Int. J. Rem. Sens. , vol.25 , pp. 603-626
    • Marticorena, B.1    Chazette, P.2    Bergametti, G.3    Dulac, F.4    Legrand, M.5
  • 96
  • 97
    • 33644944896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review: factors influencing fine root longevity in forest ecosystem
    • (in Chinese)
    • Mei L., Wang Z.Q., Cheng Y.H., Guo D.L. A review: factors influencing fine root longevity in forest ecosystem. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica 2004, 28(5):704-710. (in Chinese).
    • (2004) Acta Phytoecologica Sinica , vol.28 , Issue.5 , pp. 704-710
    • Mei, L.1    Wang, Z.Q.2    Cheng, Y.H.3    Guo, D.L.4
  • 98
    • 71949093621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of Saharan dust on radionuclide aerosol activity levels in Europe? The 21-22 February 2004 case study
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD011767
    • Menut, L., Masson, O., Bessagnet, B., 2009. Contribution of Saharan dust on radionuclide aerosol activity levels in Europe? The 21-22 February 2004 case study. J. Geophys. Res. 15 114, D16202. doi:10.1029/2009JD011767.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114 , Issue.15
    • Menut, L.1    Masson, O.2    Bessagnet, B.3
  • 99
    • 0026313719 scopus 로고
    • Dust storms in the Mongolian People's Republic
    • Middleton N.J. Dust storms in the Mongolian People's Republic. Journal of Arid Environment 1991, 20:287-297.
    • (1991) Journal of Arid Environment , vol.20 , pp. 287-297
    • Middleton, N.J.1
  • 100
    • 0030426876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analytical method for the determination of the roughness parameters over complex regions
    • Mikami M., Toya T., Yasuda N. An analytical method for the determination of the roughness parameters over complex regions. Bound. Layer. Met. 1996, 79:23-33.
    • (1996) Bound. Layer. Met. , vol.79 , pp. 23-33
    • Mikami, M.1    Toya, T.2    Yasuda, N.3
  • 101
    • 27744588582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of saltation process over gobi and sand dunes in the Taklimakan desert, China, with newly developed sand particle counter.
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD004688
    • Mikami, M., Yamada, Y., Ishizuka, M., Ishimaru, T., Gao, W., Zeng, F., 2005. Measurement of saltation process over gobi and sand dunes in the Taklimakan desert, China, with newly developed sand particle counter, J. Geophys. Res. 110, D18S02. doi:10.1029/2004JD004688.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Mikami, M.1    Yamada, Y.2    Ishizuka, M.3    Ishimaru, T.4    Gao, W.5    Zeng, F.6
  • 104
    • 0344552326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter snow anomaly and atmospheric circulation in Mongolia
    • Morinaga Y., Tian S., Shinoda M. Winter snow anomaly and atmospheric circulation in Mongolia. Int. J. Climatol. 2003, 23:1627-1636.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.23 , pp. 1627-1636
    • Morinaga, Y.1    Tian, S.2    Shinoda, M.3
  • 105
    • 0031395797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA/AVHRR satellite measurements
    • Moulin S., Kergoat L., Viovy N., Dedieu G. Global scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA/AVHRR satellite measurements. J. Climat. 1997, 10:1154-1170.
    • (1997) J. Climat. , vol.10 , pp. 1154-1170
    • Moulin, S.1    Kergoat, L.2    Viovy, N.3    Dedieu, G.4
  • 106
    • 0032834322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field monitoring of vegetation characteristics related to surface changes in the Yuma Desert, Arizona and at the Jornada Experimental Range in the Chihuahuan Desert New Mexico
    • US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, C.S. Breed, M.C. Reheis (Eds.)
    • Musick H.B. Field monitoring of vegetation characteristics related to surface changes in the Yuma Desert, Arizona and at the Jornada Experimental Range in the Chihuahuan Desert New Mexico. Desert Winds: Monitoring Wind-Related Surface Processes in Arizona, New Mexico, California, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1589 1999, 71-84. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. C.S. Breed, M.C. Reheis (Eds.).
    • (1999) Desert Winds: Monitoring Wind-Related Surface Processes in Arizona, New Mexico, California, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1589 , pp. 71-84
    • Musick, H.B.1
  • 107
    • 0029757609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind-tunnel modelling of the influence of vegetation structure on saltation threshold
    • Musick H.B., Trujillo S.M., Truman C.R. Wind-tunnel modelling of the influence of vegetation structure on saltation threshold. Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 1996, 21:589-605.
    • (1996) Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. , vol.21 , pp. 589-605
    • Musick, H.B.1    Trujillo, S.M.2    Truman, C.R.3
  • 108
    • 0025626326 scopus 로고
    • Field evaluation of relationship between a vegetation structural parameter and sheltering against wind erosion, Land Degrad
    • Musick H.K., Gillette D.A. Field evaluation of relationship between a vegetation structural parameter and sheltering against wind erosion, Land Degrad. Rehabilitation 1990, 2:87-94.
    • (1990) Rehabilitation , vol.2 , pp. 87-94
    • Musick, H.K.1    Gillette, D.A.2
  • 109
    • 79958714126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal change of soil moisture in Mongolia: Its climatology and modelling
    • doi:10.1002/joc.2134
    • Nandintsetseg, B., Shinoda, M., 2010. Seasonal change of soil moisture in Mongolia: Its climatology and modelling. Int. J. Climatol. doi:10.1002/joc.2134.
    • (2010) Int. J. Climatol.
    • Nandintsetseg, B.1    Shinoda, M.2
  • 110
    • 0037333895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of dust storms observed in Mongolia during 1937-1999
    • Natsagdorj L., Jugder D., Chung Y.S. Analysis of dust storms observed in Mongolia during 1937-1999. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:1401-1411.
    • (2003) Atmos. Environ. , vol.37 , pp. 1401-1411
    • Natsagdorj, L.1    Jugder, D.2    Chung, Y.S.3
  • 111
    • 0002726920 scopus 로고
    • Emission of fine-grained particulates from desert soils
    • Leinen, M., Sarnthein, M. (Eds.), " Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport" Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    • Nickling, W.G., Gillies, J.A., 1989. Emission of fine-grained particulates from desert soils. In: Leinen, M., Sarnthein, M. (Eds.), " Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport" Series C Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 133-165.
    • (1989) , pp. 133-165
    • Nickling, W.G.1    Gillies, J.A.2
  • 112
    • 0027844348 scopus 로고
    • Dust emission and transport in Mali, West Africa
    • Nickling W.G., Gillies J.A. Dust emission and transport in Mali, West Africa. Sedimentology 1993, 40:859-868.
    • (1993) Sedimentology , vol.40 , pp. 859-868
    • Nickling, W.G.1    Gillies, J.A.2
  • 113
  • 114
    • 0000964453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for long-range transport of desert dust
    • Nickovic S., Dobricic S. A model for long-range transport of desert dust. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1996, 124:2537-2544.
    • (1996) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 2537-2544
    • Nickovic, S.1    Dobricic, S.2
  • 115
    • 0033374661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dust emissions from the Channel Country of western Queensland, Australia
    • Nickling W.G., McTainsh G.H., Leys J.F. Dust emissions from the Channel Country of western Queensland, Australia. Z. Geomorph. N. F. 1999, 116:1-17.
    • (1999) Z. Geomorph. N. F. , vol.116 , pp. 1-17
    • Nickling, W.G.1    McTainsh, G.H.2    Leys, J.F.3
  • 116
    • 0005570482 scopus 로고
    • Some roughness-concentration effects on boundary resistance
    • O'Loughlin E.M., MacDonald E.G. Some roughness-concentration effects on boundary resistance. La Houille Blanche 1964, 7:773-782.
    • (1964) La Houille Blanche , vol.7 , pp. 773-782
    • O'Loughlin, E.M.1    MacDonald, E.G.2
  • 117
    • 0034917391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-annual variation in primary production of a semi-arid grassland related to previous-year production
    • Oesterheld M., Loreti J., Semmartin M., Sala O.E. Inter-annual variation in primary production of a semi-arid grassland related to previous-year production. J. Veg. Sci. 2001, 12:137-142.
    • (2001) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 137-142
    • Oesterheld, M.1    Loreti, J.2    Semmartin, M.3    Sala, O.E.4
  • 118
    • 24644523364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of wind erosion and dust emission on surface heterogeneity: stochastic modeling
    • Okin G.S. Dependence of wind erosion and dust emission on surface heterogeneity: stochastic modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110. 10.1029/2004JD005288.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Okin, G.S.1
  • 119
    • 34047218594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stochastic model of wind-induced shear stress partitioning between an erodible soil surface and roughness elements
    • Washington State University College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Pullman, WA, A.J. Busacca (Ed.)
    • Orndorff R. A stochastic model of wind-induced shear stress partitioning between an erodible soil surface and roughness elements. " Dust Aerosols, Loess Soils, Global Changes" 1998, 75-78. Washington State University College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Pullman, WA. A.J. Busacca (Ed.).
    • (1998) " Dust Aerosols, Loess Soils, Global Changes" , pp. 75-78
    • Orndorff, R.1
  • 120
    • 84958440022 scopus 로고
    • Saltation of uniform grains in air
    • Owen R.P. Saltation of uniform grains in air. J. Fluid. Mech. 1964, 20:225-242.
    • (1964) J. Fluid. Mech. , vol.20 , pp. 225-242
    • Owen, R.P.1
  • 121
    • 33746087111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data assimilation for estimating the terrestrial water budget using a constrained ensemble Kalman filter
    • Pan M., Wood E.F. Data assimilation for estimating the terrestrial water budget using a constrained ensemble Kalman filter. J. Hydromet. 2006, 7:534-547.
    • (2006) J. Hydromet. , vol.7 , pp. 534-547
    • Pan, M.1    Wood, E.F.2
  • 122
    • 48749128135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of spatial resolutions and data quality on soil moisture data assimilation
    • Parada L.M., Liang X. Impacts of spatial resolutions and data quality on soil moisture data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:D10101. 10.1029/2007JD009037.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Parada, L.M.1    Liang, X.2
  • 123
    • 0030616852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANPP estimates from NDVI for the Central Grassland Region of the United States
    • Paruelo J.M., Epstein H.E., Lauenroth W.K., Burke I.C. ANPP estimates from NDVI for the Central Grassland Region of the United States. Ecology 1997, 78:953-958.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 953-958
    • Paruelo, J.M.1    Epstein, H.E.2    Lauenroth, W.K.3    Burke, I.C.4
  • 124
    • 33845944893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long Saharan dust event over the western Mediterranean: lidar, Sunphotometer observations, and regional dust modeling
    • Pérez C., Nickovic J., Baldasano J.M., Sicard M., Rochadenbosch F., Cachorro V.E. A long Saharan dust event over the western Mediterranean: lidar, Sunphotometer observations, and regional dust modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:D15214. 10.1029/2005JD006579.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.111
    • Pérez, C.1    Nickovic, J.2    Baldasano, J.M.3    Sicard, M.4    Rochadenbosch, F.5    Cachorro, V.E.6
  • 125
    • 0036801751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid transition zone
    • Peters D.P.C. Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid transition zone. Am. J. Bot. 2002, 89:1616-1623.
    • (2002) Am. J. Bot. , vol.89 , pp. 1616-1623
    • Peters, D.P.C.1
  • 126
    • 33750995559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China
    • Piao S.L., Mohammat A., Fang J.Y., Cai Q., Feng J.M. NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China. Glob. Environ. Change 2006, 16:340-348.
    • (2006) Glob. Environ. Change , vol.16 , pp. 340-348
    • Piao, S.L.1    Mohammat, A.2    Fang, J.Y.3    Cai, Q.4    Feng, J.M.5
  • 127
    • 0023524901 scopus 로고
    • Continued development of a general equilibrium model for inorganic multicomponent atmospheric aerosols
    • Pilinis C., Seinfeld J.H. Continued development of a general equilibrium model for inorganic multicomponent atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 1987, 21:2453-2466.
    • (1987) Atmos. Environ. , vol.21 , pp. 2453-2466
    • Pilinis, C.1    Seinfeld, J.H.2
  • 129
    • 0036523876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product
    • doi:10.1029/2000RG000095
    • Prospero, J.M., Ginoux, P. Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E., Gill, T.E., 2002. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Review. Geophys. 40(1), 1002. doi:10.1029/2000RG000095.
    • (2002) Review. Geophys. , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 1002
    • Prospero, J.M.1    Ginoux, P.2    Torres, O.3    Nicholson, S.E.4    Gill, T.E.5
  • 130
    • 0037092725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control
    • Qian W.H., Quan L., Shi S. Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control. J. Clim. 2002, 15:1216-1229.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 1216-1229
    • Qian, W.H.1    Quan, L.2    Shi, S.3
  • 131
    • 0027008822 scopus 로고
    • Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces
    • Raupach M.R. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 1992, 60:375-395.
    • (1992) Bound. Layer Meteorol. , vol.60 , pp. 375-395
    • Raupach, M.R.1
  • 132
    • 34250255516 scopus 로고
    • A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces
    • Raupach M.R., Thom A.S., Edwards I. A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 1980, 18:373-397.
    • (1980) Bound. Layer Meteorol. , vol.18 , pp. 373-397
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Thom, A.S.2    Edwards, I.3
  • 133
    • 0027449578 scopus 로고
    • The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion threshold
    • Raupach M.R., Gillette D.A., Leys J.F. The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion threshold. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:3023-3029.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 3023-3029
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Gillette, D.A.2    Leys, J.F.3
  • 134
    • 33747658437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Momentum absorption in rough-wall boundary layers with sparse roughness elements in random and clustered distributions
    • Raupach M.R., Hughes D.E., Cleugh H.A. Momentum absorption in rough-wall boundary layers with sparse roughness elements in random and clustered distributions. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 2006, 120:201-218. 10.1007/s10546-006-9058.
    • (2006) Bound.-Layer Meteorol. , vol.120 , pp. 201-218
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Hughes, D.E.2    Cleugh, H.A.3
  • 135
    • 0036322061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrologic data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter
    • Reichle R.H., McLaughlin D.B., Entekhabi D. Hydrologic data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Weather Rev. 2002, 130:103-130.
    • (2002) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 103-130
    • Reichle, R.H.1    McLaughlin, D.B.2    Entekhabi, D.3
  • 136
    • 66949164794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulations of convectively-driven density currents in the Atlas region using a regional model: impacts on dust emission and sensitivity to horizontal resolution and convection schemes
    • Reinfried F., Tegen I., Heinold B., Hellmuth O., Schepanski K., Cubasch U., Huebener H., Knippertz P. Simulations of convectively-driven density currents in the Atlas region using a regional model: impacts on dust emission and sensitivity to horizontal resolution and convection schemes. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D08127. 10.1029/2008jd010844.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Reinfried, F.1    Tegen, I.2    Heinold, B.3    Hellmuth, O.4    Schepanski, K.5    Cubasch, U.6    Huebener, H.7    Knippertz, P.8
  • 138
    • 0242464329 scopus 로고
    • A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth's surface for the correction of remote sensing data
    • Roujean J.L., Leroy M., Deschamps P.Y. A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth's surface for the correction of remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97(20):455-468.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , Issue.20 , pp. 455-468
    • Roujean, J.L.1    Leroy, M.2    Deschamps, P.Y.3
  • 139
    • 0141922248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saharan dust storms and indirect aerosol effects on clouds: CRYSTAL-FACE results
    • Sassen, K., DeMott, P.J., Prospero, J.M., Poellot, M.R., 2003. Saharan dust storms and indirect aerosol effects on clouds: CRYSTAL-FACE results. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30
    • Sassen, K.1    DeMott, P.J.2    Prospero, J.M.3    Poellot, M.R.4
  • 140
    • 67650422344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meteorological processes forcing Saharan dust emission inferred from MSG-SEVIRI observations of subdaily dust source activation and numerical models
    • Schepanski, K., Tegen, I., Todd, M.C., et al., 2009. Meteorological processes forcing Saharan dust emission inferred from MSG-SEVIRI observations of subdaily dust source activation and numerical models. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D10201.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Schepanski, K.1    Tegen, I.2    Todd, M.C.3
  • 141
    • 34347159179 scopus 로고
    • Experimentelle untersuchungen zum rauhigkeitsproblem
    • Schlichting, H., 1936. Experimentelle untersuchungen zum rauhigkeitsproblem. Ingen.-Arch 7, 1-34.
    • (1936) Ingen.-Arch , vol.7 , pp. 1-34
    • Schlichting, H.1
  • 142
    • 7344222585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite derived optical thickness
    • Schulz M., Balkanski Y., Guelle W., Dulac F. Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite derived optical thickness. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:10579-10592.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 10579-10592
    • Schulz, M.1    Balkanski, Y.2    Guelle, W.3    Dulac, F.4
  • 143
    • 80054938160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assimilation of global ASCAT soil moisture observations in the ECMWF Numerical Weather Prediction Model
    • Scipal, K., Drusch, M., Balsamo, G., de Rosnay, P., 2009. Assimilation of global ASCAT soil moisture observations in the ECMWF Numerical Weather Prediction Model. Geophys. Res. Abs. 11, EGU2009-12881.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Abs. , vol.11
    • Scipal, K.1    Drusch, M.2    Balsamo, G.3    de Rosnay, P.4
  • 144
    • 22244469480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of mesoscale circulation in the Tarim Basin associated with dust events
    • Seino N., Sasaki H., Yamamoto A., Mikami M. Numerical simulation of mesoscale circulation in the Tarim Basin associated with dust events. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 2005, 83A:205-218.
    • (2005) J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan , vol.83 A , pp. 205-218
    • Seino, N.1    Sasaki, H.2    Yamamoto, A.3    Mikami, M.4
  • 146
    • 4143148480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplification of a dust emission scheme and comparison with data
    • Shao Y. Simplification of a dust emission scheme and comparison with data. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D10202. 10.1029/2003JD004372.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Shao, Y.1
  • 148
    • 33745005250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modeling and monitoring
    • Shao Y., Dong C.H. A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modeling and monitoring. Glob. Planet. Change 2006, 52:1-22.
    • (2006) Glob. Planet. Change , vol.52 , pp. 1-22
    • Shao, Y.1    Dong, C.H.2
  • 149
    • 0031396377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent
    • Shao Y., Leslie L.M. Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:30091-30105.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 30091-30105
    • Shao, Y.1    Leslie, L.M.2
  • 151
    • 1442295678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A climatology of Northeast Asian dust events
    • Shao Y., Wang J. A climatology of Northeast Asian dust events. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 2003, 12:175-183.
    • (2003) Meteorologische Zeitschrift , vol.12 , pp. 175-183
    • Shao, Y.1    Wang, J.2
  • 152
    • 50849108573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory for drag partition over rough surfaces
    • doi:10.1029/2007JF000791
    • Shao, Y., Yang, Y., 2008. A theory for drag partition over rough surfaces, J. Geophys. Res. 113, F02S05. doi:10.1029/2007JF000791.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Shao, Y.1    Yang, Y.2
  • 153
    • 0242495614 scopus 로고
    • The effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind
    • Shao Y., Raupach M.R., Findlater P.A. The effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:12719-12726.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 12719-12726
    • Shao, Y.1    Raupach, M.R.2    Findlater, P.A.3
  • 154
    • 0030480238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for predicting aeolian sand drift and dust entrainment on scales from paddock to region
    • Shao Y., Raupach M.R., Leys J.F. A model for predicting aeolian sand drift and dust entrainment on scales from paddock to region. Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34:309-342.
    • (1996) Aust. J. Soil Res. , vol.34 , pp. 309-342
    • Shao, Y.1    Raupach, M.R.2    Leys, J.F.3
  • 156
    • 34250618350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of the October 2002 dust event in Australia
    • Shao Y.P., Leys J.F., McTainsh G.H., Tews K. Numerical simulation of the October 2002 dust event in Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D08207. 10.1029/2006JD007767.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Shao, Y.P.1    Leys, J.F.2    McTainsh, G.H.3    Tews, K.4
  • 157
    • 77956039268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a continental-scale Saharan dust event
    • Shao Y., Fink A.H., Klose M. Numerical simulation of a continental-scale Saharan dust event. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D13205. 10.1029/2009JD012678.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Shao, Y.1    Fink, A.H.2    Klose, M.3
  • 158
    • 79955053123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of size-resolved dust emission and validation with measurements
    • Shao, Y., Ishizuka, M., Mikami, M., Leys, J., 2011. Parameterization of size-resolved dust emission and validation with measurements, J. Geophys. Res.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res.
    • Shao, Y.1    Ishizuka, M.2    Mikami, M.3    Leys, J.4
  • 159
    • 84987172607 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aeolian sand transport equations using intertidal-zone measurements, Saunton Sands, England
    • Sherman D.J. Evaluation of aeolian sand transport equations using intertidal-zone measurements, Saunton Sands, England. Sedimentology 1990, 37:385-388.
    • (1990) Sedimentology , vol.37 , pp. 385-388
    • Sherman, D.J.1
  • 160
    • 4444225465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion research in China: Past, present and future
    • Shi P., Yan P., Yuan Y., Nearing M.A. Wind erosion research in China: Past, present and future. Prog. Phys. Geograp. 2004, 28:366-386.
    • (2004) Prog. Phys. Geograp. , vol.28 , pp. 366-386
    • Shi, P.1    Yan, P.2    Yuan, Y.3    Nearing, M.A.4
  • 161
    • 80053452731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moisture and vegetation memories in a cold, arid climate, Global Planetary Change (under review).
    • Shinoda, M., Nandintsetseg, B., 2011. Moisture and vegetation memories in a cold, arid climate, Global Planetary Change (under review).
    • (2011)
    • Shinoda, M.1    Nandintsetseg, B.2
  • 164
    • 70549108403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of drought on vegetation dynamics of the Mongolian steppe: a field experiment
    • Shinoda M., Nachinshonhor G.U., Nemoto M. Impact of drought on vegetation dynamics of the Mongolian steppe: a field experiment. J. Arid Environ. 2010, 74:63-69.
    • (2010) J. Arid Environ. , vol.74 , pp. 63-69
    • Shinoda, M.1    Nachinshonhor, G.U.2    Nemoto, M.3
  • 165
    • 0001691102 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Kind, Amount, and Placement of Residue on Wind Erosion Control
    • Siddoway F.H., Chepil W.S., Armbrust D.V. Effect of Kind, Amount, and Placement of Residue on Wind Erosion Control. Trans. ASAE 1965, 8:327-331.
    • (1965) Trans. ASAE , vol.8 , pp. 327-331
    • Siddoway, F.H.1    Chepil, W.S.2    Armbrust, D.V.3
  • 166
    • 0025514453 scopus 로고
    • Stochastic wind simulation for erosion modeling
    • Skidmore E.L., Tatarko J. Stochastic wind simulation for erosion modeling. Trans. ASAE 1990, 33:1893-1899.
    • (1990) Trans. ASAE , vol.33 , pp. 1893-1899
    • Skidmore, E.L.1    Tatarko, J.2
  • 168
    • 77950199938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size resolved dust emission fluxes measured in Niger during 3 dust storms of the AMMA experiment
    • Sow M., Alfaro S.C., Rajot J.L., Marticorena B. Size resolved dust emission fluxes measured in Niger during 3 dust storms of the AMMA experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:3881-3891.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 3881-3891
    • Sow, M.1    Alfaro, S.C.2    Rajot, J.L.3    Marticorena, B.4
  • 169
    • 84985338014 scopus 로고
    • Field measurements of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces
    • Stockton P.H., Gillette D.A. Field measurements of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces. Land. Degrad. Rehabilit. 1990, 2:77-86.
    • (1990) Land. Degrad. Rehabilit. , vol.2 , pp. 77-86
    • Stockton, P.H.1    Gillette, D.A.2
  • 170
    • 0029659565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Wolfforth Field Experiment: a wind erosion study
    • Stout J.E., Zobeck T.M. The Wolfforth Field Experiment: a wind erosion study. Soil. Sci. 1996, 161:616-632.
    • (1996) Soil. Sci. , vol.161 , pp. 616-632
    • Stout, J.E.1    Zobeck, T.M.2
  • 171
    • 0347413654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Record Heavy Asian Dust in Beijing in 2002: Observations and Model Analysis of Recent Events
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016349
    • Sugimoto, N., Uno, I., Nishikawa, M., Shimizu, A., Matsui, I., Dong, X., Chen, Y., Quan, H., 2003. Record Heavy Asian Dust in Beijing in 2002: Observations and Model Analysis of Recent Events, Geophys. Res. Letters 30, 12, 1640. doi:10.1029/2002GL016349.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Letters , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 1640
    • Sugimoto, N.1    Uno, I.2    Nishikawa, M.3    Shimizu, A.4    Matsui, I.5    Dong, X.6    Chen, Y.7    Quan, H.8
  • 172
    • 36248972513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network observations of Asian dust and air pollution aerosols using two-wavelength polarization lidars
    • 23rd International Laser Rader Conference, July 2006 Nara, Japan, 23ILRC, ISBN 4-9902916-0-3.
    • Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Shimizu, A. et al., 2006. Network observations of Asian dust and air pollution aerosols using two-wavelength polarization lidars. 23rd International Laser Rader Conference, July 2006 Nara, Japan, 23ILRC, ISBN 4-9902916-0-3. pp. 851-854.
    • (2006) , pp. 851-854
    • Sugimoto, N.1    Matsui, I.2    Shimizu, A.3
  • 173
    • 33846282719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE)
    • Sugita M., Asanuma J., Tsujimura M., Mariko S., Lu M., Kimura F., Azzaya D., Adyasuren Ts. An overview of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE). J. Hydrol. 2007, 333:3-20.
    • (2007) J. Hydrol. , vol.333 , pp. 3-20
    • Sugita, M.1    Asanuma, J.2    Tsujimura, M.3    Mariko, S.4    Lu, M.5    Kimura, F.6    Azzaya, D.7    Adyasuren, T.8
  • 174
    • 50849120089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sediment entrainment to the lee of roughness elements: effects of vortical structures
    • doi:10.1029/2007JF000783
    • Sutton, S.L.F., McKenna Neuman, C., 2008. Sediment entrainment to the lee of roughness elements: effects of vortical structures. J. Geophys. Res. 113, F02S09. doi:10.1029/2007JF000783.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Sutton, S.L.F.1    McKenna Neuman, C.2
  • 175
    • 0033785318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core
    • Svensson A., Biscaye P.E., Grousset F.E. Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105(D4):4637-4656.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.D4 , pp. 4637-4656
    • Svensson, A.1    Biscaye, P.E.2    Grousset, F.E.3
  • 176
    • 20744443661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global simulation of dust aerosol with a chemical transport model, MASINGAR
    • Tanaka T.Y., Chiba M. Global simulation of dust aerosol with a chemical transport model, MASINGAR. J. Met. Soc. Japan 2005, 83A:255-278.
    • (2005) J. Met. Soc. Japan , vol.83 A , pp. 255-278
    • Tanaka, T.Y.1    Chiba, M.2
  • 177
    • 33744969099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget
    • Tanaka T.Y., Chiba M. A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget. Global Planet Change 2006, 52:88-104.
    • (2006) Global Planet Change , vol.52 , pp. 88-104
    • Tanaka, T.Y.1    Chiba, M.2
  • 178
    • 0028558088 scopus 로고
    • Modeling mineral dust in the atmosphere: sources, transport, and optical thickness
    • Tegen I., Fung I.Y. Modeling mineral dust in the atmosphere: sources, transport, and optical thickness. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:22897-22914.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 22897-22914
    • Tegen, I.1    Fung, I.Y.2
  • 179
    • 0029536205 scopus 로고
    • Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification
    • Tegen I., Fung I. Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(D9):18707-18726.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , Issue.D9 , pp. 18707-18726
    • Tegen, I.1    Fung, I.2
  • 180
    • 0344499802 scopus 로고
    • Dispersion of ground-level emissions in complex built-up areas
    • Ph.D. thesis. University of Karlsruhe.
    • Theurer, W., 1973. Dispersion of ground-level emissions in complex built-up areas. Ph.D. thesis. University of Karlsruhe.
    • (1973)
    • Theurer, W.1
  • 182
    • 0004067298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNEP World Atlas of Desertification
    • Arnold, London.
    • UNEP World Atlas of Desertification 1997, Arnold, London, p. 182. second ed.
    • (1997) , pp. 182
  • 183
    • 22244440554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meteorological characteristics and dust distribution of the Tarim Basin simulated by the nesting RAMS/CFORS dust model
    • Uno K., Harada S., Satake, Hara Y., Wang Z. Meteorological characteristics and dust distribution of the Tarim Basin simulated by the nesting RAMS/CFORS dust model. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 2005, 83A:219-239.
    • (2005) J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan , vol.83 A , pp. 219-239
    • Uno, K.1    Harada, S.2    Satake3    Hara, Y.4    Wang, Z.5
  • 184
    • 68749083575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe
    • Nature Geoscience, Published Online: 20 July 2009. doi:10.1038/NGEO583.
    • Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara, Y., Sugimoto, N., 2009. Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe. Nature Geoscience, Published Online: 20 July 2009. doi:10.1038/NGEO583.
    • (2009)
    • Uno, I.1    Eguchi, K.2    Yumimoto, K.3    Takemura, T.4    Shimizu, A.5    Uematsu, M.6    Liu, Z.7    Wang, Z.8    Hara, Y.9    Sugimoto, N.10
  • 185
    • 80054884109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA-NRCS, Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys
    • USDA-NRCS Agriculture Handbook (second ed.), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • USDA-NRCS, 1999. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. In: USDA-NRCS Agriculture Handbook (second ed.), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, p. 870.
  • 188
    • 0034923221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model: assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations
    • Walker J.P., Houser P.R. A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model: assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:11761-11774.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 11761-11774
    • Walker, J.P.1    Houser, P.R.2
  • 189
    • 33744913803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China
    • Wang X., Oenema O., Hoogmoed W.B., Perdok U.D., Cai D. Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China. Catena 2006, 66:221-227.
    • (2006) Catena , vol.66 , pp. 221-227
    • Wang, X.1    Oenema, O.2    Hoogmoed, W.B.3    Perdok, U.D.4    Cai, D.5
  • 190
    • 27544488117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: the role of the low level jet
    • Washington R., Todd M.C. Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: the role of the low level jet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32. 10.1029/2005GL023597.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Washington, R.1    Todd, M.C.2
  • 191
    • 0022840470 scopus 로고
    • Estimating wind transport of sand on vegetated surfaces
    • Wasson R.J., Nanninga P.M. Estimating wind transport of sand on vegetated surfaces. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 1986, 11:505-514.
    • (1986) Earth Surf. Process. Landforms , vol.11 , pp. 505-514
    • Wasson, R.J.1    Nanninga, P.M.2
  • 192
    • 0025157508 scopus 로고
    • A case study of mobilization and transport of Saharan dust
    • Westphal L., Toon O.B., Carlson T.N. A case study of mobilization and transport of Saharan dust. J. Atmos. Sci. 1988, 45:2145-2175.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 2145-2175
    • Westphal, L.1    Toon, O.B.2    Carlson, T.N.3
  • 193
    • 2542546615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do grasslands have a memory: modeling phytomass production of a semiarid South African grassland
    • Wiegand T., Snyman H.A., Kellner K. Do grasslands have a memory: modeling phytomass production of a semiarid South African grassland. Ecosystems 2004, 7:243-258.
    • (2004) Ecosystems , vol.7 , pp. 243-258
    • Wiegand, T.1    Snyman, H.A.2    Kellner, K.3
  • 195
    • 37349033155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of size inequality in self-thinning: a pattern-oriented simulation model for arid savannas
    • Wiegand K., Saltz D., Ward D., Levin S.A. The role of size inequality in self-thinning: a pattern-oriented simulation model for arid savannas. Ecol. Model. 2008, 210:431-445.
    • (2008) Ecol. Model. , vol.210 , pp. 431-445
    • Wiegand, K.1    Saltz, D.2    Ward, D.3    Levin, S.A.4
  • 196
    • 0029730001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear stress partitioning in sparsely vegetated desert canopies
    • Wolfe S.A., Nickling W.G. Shear stress partitioning in sparsely vegetated desert canopies. Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 1996, 21:607-619.
    • (1996) Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. , vol.21 , pp. 607-619
    • Wolfe, S.A.1    Nickling, W.G.2
  • 197
    • 3643146150 scopus 로고
    • Drag due to regular roughness elements of varying geometry.
    • Wooding R., Bradley E.F., Marshall J.K. Drag due to regular roughness elements of varying geometry. Bound-Layer Meteorol 1973, 5:285-308.
    • (1973) Bound-Layer Meteorol , vol.5 , pp. 285-308
    • Wooding, R.1    Bradley, E.F.2    Marshall, J.K.3
  • 199
    • 0031392671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drag and shear stress partitioning in sparce desert Creosote communities
    • Wyatt V.E., Nickling W.G. Drag and shear stress partitioning in sparce desert Creosote communities. Canadian J. Earth Sci. 1997, 34:1486-1498.
    • (1997) Canadian J. Earth Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 1486-1498
    • Wyatt, V.E.1    Nickling, W.G.2
  • 201
    • 27744472388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drag partition and its Implication to Dust Emission
    • Yang Y., Shao Y. Drag partition and its Implication to Dust Emission. Water. Air. Soil. Poll: Focus. 2005, 5:251-259.
    • (2005) Water. Air. Soil. Poll: Focus. , vol.5 , pp. 251-259
    • Yang, Y.1    Shao, Y.2
  • 203
    • 0347814598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mineral dust entrainment and deposition (DEAD) model: description and 1990s dust climatology
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002775
    • Zender, C.S., Bian, H., Newman, D., 2003. Mineral dust entrainment and deposition (DEAD) model: description and 1990s dust climatology. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D14), 4416. doi:10.1029/2002JD002775.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D14 , pp. 4416
    • Zender, C.S.1    Bian, H.2    Newman, D.3
  • 204
    • 0004214880 scopus 로고
    • Science Press, Beijing, (in Chinese).
    • Zhu, Z., Shu, L., Zheng, W., 1980. Deserts of China. Science Press, Beijing, 107p (in Chinese).
    • (1980) Deserts of China. , pp. 107
    • Zhu, Z.1    Shu, L.2    Zheng, W.3
  • 205
    • 0022745192 scopus 로고
    • Chemical and physical characteristics of windblown sediment II. Chemical characteristics and nutrient discharge
    • Zobeck T.M., Fryrear D.W. Chemical and physical characteristics of windblown sediment II. Chemical characteristics and nutrient discharge. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 1986, 29:1032-1036.
    • (1986) Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. , vol.29 , pp. 1032-1036
    • Zobeck, T.M.1    Fryrear, D.W.2
  • 206
    • 0001761895 scopus 로고
    • Soil properties affecting wind erosion
    • Zobeck T.M. Soil properties affecting wind erosion. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1991, 46:112-118.
    • (1991) J. Soil Water Conserv. , vol.46 , pp. 112-118
    • Zobeck, T.M.1
  • 207
    • 2642518795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between vegetation coverage and spring dust storms over northern China
    • Zou X.K., Zhai P.M. Relationship between vegetation coverage and spring dust storms over northern China. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D03104. 10.1029/2003JD003913.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Zou, X.K.1    Zhai, P.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.