Modelling basin effects on earthquake ground motion in the Santiago de Chile basin by a spectral element code

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 187, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 929-945

  Pilz, Marco ^a,b   Parolai, Stefano ^a   Stupazzini, Marco ^c   Paolucci, Roberto ^d   Zschau, Jochen ^a  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

^c CU GeoRisks ^*  (Germany)

^d POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Earthquake ground motions; Site effects; South America; Wave propagation

Indexed keywords

ALLUVIAL BASINS; ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS; BASIN EFFECTS; DENSE NETWORK; EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS; EASTERN EDGE; FAULT RUPTURES; GROUND MOTIONS; GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION EQUATIONS; LOCAL SITE CONDITION; LOW-VELOCITY; MAIN SHOCK; METROPOLITAN AREA; NEAR FIELD REGION; NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS; PEAK GROUND VELOCITY; PEAK VALUES; RADIATION MECHANISM; SANTIAGO DE CHILE; SCENARIO EARTHQUAKES; SCENARIO SIMULATIONS; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; SIMULATED EVENTS; SITE EFFECTS; SOUTH AMERICA; SPECTRAL ACCELERATION; SPECTRAL AMPLIFICATION; SPECTRAL ELEMENT; SPECTRAL ELEMENT METHOD; STRONG GROUND MOTION; TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS;

AMPLIFICATION; EARTHQUAKES; THREE DIMENSIONAL; WAVE PROPAGATION;

EQUATIONS OF MOTION;

AFTERSHOCK; BEDROCK; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; GROUND MOTION; NUMERICAL MODEL; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SPECTRAL ANALYSIS; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; TOPOGRAPHY; WAVE PROPAGATION;

CHILE; METROPOLITANA; SANTIAGO [METROPOLITANA];

EID: 80054701694     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05183.x     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Aagaard, B.T., Hall, J.F., & Heaton, T.H., 2001. Characterization of near-source ground motions with earthquake simulations, Earthq. Spec., 17, 177-207.
2. Abrahamson, N.A., & Silva, W.J., 2008. Summary of the Abrahamson and Silva NGA ground motion relations, Earthq. Spec., 24, 67-97.
3. Ambraseys, N.N., Douglas, J., Smit, P., & Sarma, S.K., 2005. Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East: horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration, Bull. Earthq. Eng., 3, 1-53.
4. Anderson, J.G., Lee, Y., Zeng, Y., & Day, S.M., 1996. Control of strong motion by the upper 30 meters, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 86, 1749-1759.
5. Araneda, M., Avendano, F., & Merlo, C., 2000. Gravity model of the basin in Santiago, Stage III, in 9th Chilenian Geological Congress, Vol. 2, pp. 404-408, Santiago, Chile .
6. Armijo, R., Rauld, R., Thiele, R., Vargas, G., Campos, J., Lacassin, R., & Kausel, E., 2010. The West Andean Thrust (WAT), the San Ramón Fault and the seismic hazard for Santiago (Chile), Tectonics, 29, TC2007, doi:.
7. Arnold, D.N., 1982. An interior penalty finite element method with discontinuous elements, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 19, 742-760.
8. Bao, H.S., Bielak, J., Ghattas, O., Kallivokas, L., O'Hallaron, D.R., Shewchuk, J.R., & Xu, J.F., 1998. Large-scale simulation of elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media on parallel computers, Comput. Meth. appl. Mech. Eng., 152, 85-102.
9. Barrientos, S., Vera, E., Alvarado, P., & Monfret, T., 2004. Crustal seismicity in central Chile, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 16, 759-768.
10. Beresnev, I., & Wen, K., 1996. Nonlinear soil response - a reality Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 86, 1964-1978.
11. Bielak, J., Ghattas, O., & Kim, E.J., 2005. Parallel octree-based finite element method for large-scale earthquake ground motion simulation, Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., 10, 99-112.
12. Bindi, D., et al ., 2009. Site amplifications observed in the gubbio basin, central italy: hints for lateral propagation effects, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 99, 741-760.
13. Blacker, T., et al ., 1994. CUBIT Mesh Generation Environment User Manual, Vol. 1 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM .
14. Bommer, J.J., & Martínez-Pereira, A. (1999. The effective duration of earthquake strong motion, J. Earthq. Eng., 3, 127-172.
15. Boore, D.M., & Atkinson, G.M., 2008. Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01s and 10.0s, Earthq. Spec., 24, 99-138.
16. Bravo, R.D., 1992. Estudio geofisico de los suelos de fundación para un zonificacion sísmica del area urbana de Santiago Norte, PhD thesis Universidad de Chile, Santiago .
17. Bray, J., & Frost, D., 2010. Geo-engineering Reconnaissance of the February 27, 2010, Maule, Chile, Earthquake. Available at: (last accessed 2010 October 29).
18. Brun M., Reyouard, J.M., Jezequel, L., & Ile, N., 2004. Damaging potential of low magnitude near-field earthquakes on low-rise shear walls, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 24, 587-603.
19. Brune, J.N., 1970. Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes, J. geophys. Res., 75, 4997-5009.
20. Casarotti E., Stupazzini, M., Lee, S., Komatitsch, D., Piersanti, A., & Tromp, J., 2007. CUBIT and seismic wave propagation based upon the Spectral-Element Method: an advanced unstructured mesher for complex 3D geological media, in Proceeding of the 16th Int. Meshing Roundtable, eds Brewer, M.L., & Marcum, D., Springer, New York, NY .
21. Chaljub, E., Moczo, P., Tsuno, S., Bard, P.Y., Kristek, J., Käser, M., Stupazzini, M., & Kristekova, M., 2010. Quantitative comparison of four numerical predictions of 3D ground motion in the Grenoble Valley, France, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 100, 1427-1455.
22. Chávez-García F.J., & Bard, P.Y., 1994. Site effects in Mexico City eight years after the September 1985 Michoacan earthquakes, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 135, 229-247.
23. Chiou, B., & Youngs, R.R., 2008. Chiou-Youngs NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectral ground motion parameters, Earthq. Spec., 24, 173-215.
24. Cockburn, B., Karniadakis, G.E., & Shu, C.W., 2000. The development of discontinuous Galerkin methods, in Discontinuous Galerkin Methods, eds Cockburn, B., Karniadakis, G. & Shu, C.W., Springer, Berlin .
25. Cohen, G., Joly, P., & Tordjman, N., 1993. Construction and analysis of higher-order finite elements with mass lumping for the wave equation, in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Wave Propagation, pp. 152-160, ed Kleinman, R., SIAM, Philadelphia, PA .
26. Di Prisco, C., Stupazzini, M., & Zambelli, C., 2007. Non-linear SEM numerical analyses of dry dense sand specimens under rapid and dynamic loading, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 31, 757-788.
27. Dumbser, M., & Käser, M., 2006. An arbitrary high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for elastic waves on unstructured meshes - II. The three-dimensional isotropic case, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 319-336.
28. Elnashai, A.S., et al 2010. The Maule (Chile) Earthquake of February 27, 2010: Consequence Assessment and Case Studies, MAE Center report 10-04, Urbana, USA .
29. Faccioli, E., Maggio, F., Paolucci, R., & Quarteroni, A., 1997. 2D and 3D elastic wave propagation by a pseudo-spectral domain decomposition method, J. Seismol., 1, 237-251.
30. Falk, R.S., & Richter, G.R., 1999. Explicit finite element methods for symmetric hyperbolic equations, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 36, 935-952.
31. Field, E.H., 1996. Spectral amplification in a sediment-filled valley exhibiting clear basin-edge induced waves, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 86, 991-1005.
32. Frankel, A.D., 1994. Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 84, 462-465.
33. Frankel, A.D., Carver, D., Cranswick, E., Bice, T., Sell, R., & Hanson, S., 2001. Observations of basin ground motions from a dense seismic array in San Jose, California, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 91, 1-12.
34. Giraldo, F.X., Hesthaven, J.S., & Warburton, T., 2002. Nodal high-order discontinuous Galerkin methods for the spherical shallow water equations, J. Comp. Phys., 181, 499-525.
35. Godoy, E., Yañez, G., & Vera, E., 1999. Inversion of an Oligocene volcano-tectonic basin and uplift of its superimposed Miocene magmatic arc, Chilean central Andes: first seismic and gravity evidence, Tectonophysics, 306, 217-326.
36. Graves, R.W., 1993. Modeling threedimensional site response effects in the Marina District Basin, San Francisco, California, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 83, 1042-1063.
37. Graves, R.W., 1996. Simulating seismic wave propagation in 3D elastic media using staggered grid finite differences, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 86, 1091-1106.
38. Graves, R.W., & Wald, D.J., 2004. Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 94, 131-146.
39. Guatteri, M., Mai, P.M., Beroza, G.C., & Boatwright, J., 2003. Strong ground motion prediction from stochastic-dynamic source models, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 93, 301-313.
40. Hardin, B.O., & Drnevich, V.P., 1972. Shear modulus and damping in soils: measurement and parameter effects, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 98, 603-624.
41. Harmsen, S., Hartzell, S., & Liu, P., 2008. Simulated ground motion in Santa Clara Valley, California, and vicinity from M 6.7 scenario earthquakes, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 98, 1243-1271.
42. Hartzell, S., et al ., 2006. Modeling and validation of a 3D velocity structure for the Santa Clara Valley, California, for seismic wave simulations, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 96, 1851-1881.
43. Hatayama, K., Matsunami, K., Iwata, T., & Irikura, K., 1995. Basin-induced Love waves in the eastern part of the Osaka Basin, J. Phys. Earth, 43, 131-155.
44. Hisada, Y., Aki, K., & Teng, T.L., 1993. 3-D simulations of surface wave propagation in the Kanto sedimentary basin, Japan. Part 2: application of the surface wave BEM, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 83, 1700-1720.
45. Horike, M., Uebayashi, H., & Takeuchi, Y., 1990. Seismic response in three-dimensional sedimentary basin due to plane S-wave incidence, J. Phys. Earth, 38, 261-284.
46. Hu, F.Q., Hussaini, M.Y., & Rasetarinera, P., 1999. An analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for wave propagation problems, J. Comput. Phys., 151, 921-946.
47. Ida, Y., 1973. The maximum acceleration of strong ground motion, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 63, 959-968.
48. Kagawa, T., Sawada, S., & Iwasaki, Y., 1992. On the relationship between azimuth dependency of earthquake ground motion and deep basin structure beneath the Osaka Plain, J. Phys. Earth, 40, 73-83.
49. Käser, M., & Dumbser, M., 2006. An arbitrary high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for elastic waves on unstructured meshes - I. The two-dimensional isotropic case with external source terms, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 855-877.
50. Kinoshita, S., Fujiwara, H., Mikoshiba, T., & Hoshino, T., 1992. Secondary Love waves observed by a strong motion array in the Tokyo lowlands, Japan, J. Phys. Earth, 40, 99-116.
51. Kitsunezaki, C., et al ., 1990. Estimation of P- and S-wave velocities in deep soil deposits for evaluating ground vibrations in earthquake, J. Jap. Soc. Nat. Disaster Sci., 9, 1-17.
52. Komatitsch, D., 1997. Méthodes spectrales et éléments spectraux pour l'équation de l'élastodynamique 2D et 3D en milieu hétérogène, PhD thesis, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (in French).
53. Komatitsch, D., & Vilotte, J.P., 1998. The spectral-element method: an efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 368-392.
54. Komatitsch, D., Vilotte, J.P., Vai, R., Castillo-Covarrubias, J.M., & Sanchez-Sesma, F.J., 1999. The spectral element method for elastic wave equations. Application to 2D and 3D seismic problems, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 45, 1139-1164.
55. Kosloff, R., & Kosloff, D., 1986. Absorbing boundaries for wave propagation problems, J. Comp. Phys., 63, 363-376.
56. Kramer, S.L., 1996. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, New York, USA.
57. Lee, S.J., Chen, H.W., Liu, Q., Komatitsch, D., Huang, B.S., & Tromp, J., 2008a. Three-dimensional simulations of seismic wave propagation in the Taipei basin with realistic topography based upon the spectral-element method, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 98, 253-264.
58. Lee, S.J., Chen, H.W., & Huang, B.S., 2008b. Simulations of strong ground motion and 3D amplification effect in the Taipei Basin by using a composite grid finite-difference method, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 98, 1229-1242.
59. Lee, S.J., Komatitsch, D., Huang, B.S., & Tromp, J., 2009. Effects of topography on seismic wave propagation: an example from Northern Taiwan, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 99, 314-325.
60. Madariaga, R., 1977. High-frequency radiation from crack (stress drop) models of earthquake faulting, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 51, 625-651.
61. Mai, P.M., 2009. Ground-motion complexity and scaling in the near-field of earthquake ruptures, in Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Sciences, pp. 4435-4474, ed. Meyers, R., Springer, Berlin .
62. McGarr A., & Fletcher, J.B., 2007. Near-fault peak ground velocity from earthquake and laboratory data, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 97, 1502-1510.
63. Mitchell, S., 1996. A characterization of the quadrilateral meshes of a surface which admit a compatible hexahedral mesh of the enclosed volume, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, eds Puech, C. & Reischuk, R., STACS 96, 1046, Springer, Berlin .
64. Moczo, P., Lucká, M., Kristek, J. & Kristekové, M., 1999. 3D displacement finite differences and a combined memory optimization, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 89, 69-79.
65. Moczo, P., Kristek, J., Vavrycuk, V., Archuleta, R.J., & Halada, L., 2002. 3D heterogeneous staggered-grid finite-difference modeling of seismic motion with volume harmonic and arithmetic averaging of elastic moduli and densities, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 92, 3042-3066.
66. Olsen, K.B., Archuleta, R., & Matarese, J., 1995. Magnitude 7.75 earthquake on the San Andreas fault: three-dimensional ground motion in Los Angeles, Science, 270, 1628-1632.
67. Olsen, K.B., Pechmann, J.C., & Schuster, G.T., 1996. An analysis of simulated and observed blast records in the Salt Lake basin, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 86, 1061-1076.
68. Olsen, K.B., et al ., 2006. Strong shaking in Los Angeles expected from southern San Andreas earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07305, doi:.
69. Paolucci, R., & Pitilakis, K., 2007. Seismic risk assessment of underground structures under transient ground deformations, in: Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 433-459, ed. Pitilakis, K., Springer, Berlin .
70. Patera, A.T., 1984. A spectral element method for fluid dynamics: laminar flow in a channel expansion, J. Comput. Phys., 54, 468-488.
71. Peter, D., et al ., 2011. Forward and adjoint simulations of seismic wave propagation on fully unstructured hexahedral meshes, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 721-739, doi:.
72. Phillips, W.S., Kinoshita, S., & Fujiwara, H., 1993. Basin-induced Love waves observed using the strong-motion array at Fuchu, Japan, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 83, 64-84.
73. Pilz, M., Parolai, S., Leyton, F., Campos, J., & Zschau, J., 2009. A comparison of site response techniques using earthquake data and ambient seismic noise analysis in the large urban area of Santiago de Chile, Geophys. J. Int., 178, 713-728.
74. Pilz, M., Parolai, S., Picozzi, M., Wang, R., Leyton, F., Campos, J., & Zschau, J., 2010. Shear wave velocity model of the Santiago de Chile basin derived from ambient noise measurements: a comparison of proxies for seismic site conditions and amplification, Geophys. J. Int., 182, 355-367.
75. Pilz, M., Parolai, S., Picozzi, M., & Zschau, J., 2011. Evaluation of proxies for seismic site conditions in large urban areas: The example of Santiago de Chile, J. Phys. Chem. Earth, doi:.
76. Pitarka, A., Irikura, K., Iwata, T., & Sekiguchi, H., 1998. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 428-440.
77. Priolo, E., Carcione, J.M., & Seriani, G., 1994. Numerical simulation of interface waves by high-order spectral modeling techniques, J. acoust. Soc. Am., 95, 681-693.
78. th Alexander von Humboldt International Conference - The Andes: Challenge for geosciences, Santiago, Chile, paper 212.
79. Reed, W.H., & Hill, T.R., 1973. Triangular mesh methods for the neutron transport equation, Technical Report, LA-UR-73-479, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory .
80. Rivière, B., & Wheeler, M.F., 2003. A posteriori error estimates for a discontinuous Galerkin method applied to ellipcitc problems, Comput. Math. Appl., 46, 141-163.
81. Seed H.B., Wong, R.T., Idriss, I.M., & Tokimatsu, K., 1986. Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils, J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 112, 1016-1032.
82. Rowshandel, B., 2010. Directivity corrections for the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) relations, Earthq. Spec., 26, 525-559.
83. Scandella, L., 2007. Numerical Evaluation of Transient Ground strains for the seismic response analisys of underground structures, PhD thesis Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
84. Seriani, G., & Priolo, E., 1994. A spectral element method for acoustic wave simulation in heterogeneous media, Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 16, 337-348.
85. Seriani, G., Priolo, E., & Pregarz, A., 1995. Modelling waves in anisotropic media by a spectral element method, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Wave Propagation, pp. 289-298, ed Cohen, G., SIAM, Philadephia, PA .
86. Sommerville, P.G., Smith, N.F., Graves, R.W., & Abrahamson, N.A., 1997. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity, Seismol. Res. Lett., 68, 199-222.
87. Spudich, P., & Frazer, L.N., 1984. Use of ray theory to calculate high frequency radiation from earhquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity and stress drop, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 74, 2061-2082.
88. Stupazzini M., Paolucci, R., & Igel, H., 2009. Near-fault earthquake ground motion simulation in the Grenoble valley by a high-performance spectral element code, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 99, 286-301.
89. Trifunac, M.D., & Brady, A.G., 1975. A study on the duration of strong earthquake ground motion, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 65, 581-626.
90. Valenzuela, G.B., 1978. Suelo de fundación del Gran Santiago, Inst. Invest. Geol. Santiago, Chile, Bol., 33, 1-27.
91. Wells, D., & Coppersmith, K., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 84, 974-1002.
92. White, D.R., Mingwu, L., Benzley, S.E., & Sjaardema, G.D., 1995. Automated hexahedral mesh generation by virtual decomposition, in Proceedings of the 4th International Meshing Roundtable, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 165-176.
93. Yu, G., Anderson, J.G., & Siddharthan, R., 1993. On the characteristics of nonlinear soil response, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 83, 218-244.