The Atlantic slave trade-The Full story

Academic Questions

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 16-34

  Stern, Sheldon M ^a  

^a John E Kennedy Library and Museum   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054699670     PISSN: 08954852     EISSN: 19364709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12129-005-1015-z     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. The term "peculiar institution" became popular in the United States during the antebellum era, when the gradual abolition of slavery in the North made human bondage "peculiar" to the South-not because slavery was uniquely American. Note.
2. Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), 521.
3. The Islamic states later enslaved Europeans as well.
4. Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinar Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2004).
5. Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., A Historical Guide to World Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 374.
6. Sheldon M. Stern, Effective State Standards for U.S. History: A 2003 Report Card (Washington, D.C., Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 2003).
7. www.edexcellence.net.
8. www.edexcellence.net. 82.
9. www.edexcellence.net. 67.
10. Charles Johnson, Patricia Smith, and The WGBH Series Research Team, Africans in America: America 's Journal through Slavery (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 7.
11. Michael Omolewa, Certificate History of Nigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: Longman Group, 1991), 96-103
12. Dana Lindaman and Kyle Ward, History Lessons: How Textbooks around the World Portray U.S. History (New York: New Press, 2004), 79.
13. Dana Lindaman and Kyle Ward, History Lessons: How Textbooks around the World Portray U.S. History (New York: New Press, 2004), 79-83.
14. Johnson L, et al, Africans in America, 2-3;
15. Howard W. French, "On Slavery, Africans Say the Guilt Is Theirs, Too," New York Times, 27 December 1994, A4.
16. "Benin Apologizes for Role in Slave Trade," Boston Globe, 19 April 2000.
17. "Benin Apologizes for Role in Slave Trade," Boston Globe, 19 April 2000.
18. Richmond Times-Dispatch, 29June 2003.
19. Ellen Knickmeyer, "Senegal's President Rejects Idea of Slavery Reparations," Boston Globe, 30 August 2001, A27.
20. Brahima Ouadraego, "African Film Depicts Blacks Enslaving Blacks," Boston Globe, 4 March 2001.
21. The film won a grand prize at the film festival in Amiens, France, in November 2000.
22. Loren King, "A Disturbing Look at Betrayals of Slaves," Boston Globe, 21 September 2001, C7.
23. Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, eds., MacMillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998), 34.
24. Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, eds., MacMillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998), 37.
25. Alex Haley, Roots: The Saga of an American Family (New York: Doubleday, 1976).
26. "ATenth-Century Slaving Venture," "Description of East Africa (1178)," and "From the Travels of Ibn Battuta," in Junius E Rodriguez, Chronolog of World Slavery (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999), 395-397.
27. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 28-50,367-370.
28. For evidence that elements of the trans-Saharan slave trade persist to this day, see www.anti-slavery.org. The 1994 National Standards for Unzted States History bolstered the Roots myth by extolling the fourteenth-century King of Mali, Mansa Musa, for his wealth amassed from trading "gold and salt" and "his great pilgrimage to Mecca in I324," without mentioning that the king also traded slaves and brought thousands of his own slaves on this famous hajj (44-45). Note.
29. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 369-371.
30. Ronald Segal, Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Dzaspora (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001).
31. The African Trade, History Channel International, 2000.
32. Johnson L, et al., Afrwans zn America, 2, 5, 7;
33. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 370-375.
34. Roland Oliver, Tke African Experience (Great Britain: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991), 135.
35. Johnson et al., Africans in America, 7, 69-70.
36. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 34.
37. John Barbot, "Description of the African Slave Trade (1682)," in Rodriguez, Chronology of World Slaver, 412-413.
38. "The Middle Passage: The Atlantic Slave Trade," under "African-American History," at About.com. http://www.afroamhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aaO806Ola.htm.
39. Edgar A. Toppin, A Biographical Hzstory of Blacks in America Since 1528 (New York: David McKay Co., 1971), 25-30.
40. Edgar A. Toppin, A Biographical Hzstory of Blacks in America Since 1528 (New York: David McKay Co., 1971).
41. Barbot, "Description of African Slave Trade," in Rodriguez, Chronology of World Slavery, 412.
42. Johnson et al., Africans in America, 65.
43. Johnson et al., Africans in America, 60.
44. Olaudah Equiano, The Interestmg Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (New York: Modern Library Paperback Edition, 2004).
45. Africans m America: America's Journey through Slavery: Teacher's Guide (Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation, 1998), 3-9.
46. Africans m America: America's Journey through Slavery: Teacher's Guide (Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation, 1998) 4.
47. Sheldon M. Stern, "It Will Be a Shame If Teachers Follow This Dishonest 'Guide,'" The Textbook Letter (September-October 1998): 9-11.
48. "Exploration of the Land of Gold," 13 January 1999 history paper.
49. Eun Lee Koh, "Exposing Another Side of Slavery," Boston Globe, 17July 1999.
50. Douglas Farah, "West Africa's Castles of Misery: Slavery's Original Holding Houses Draw American Progeny," Boston Globe, 30July 2000, A16.
51. Rene Kemp, "Appointment in Ghana: An African-American Woman Unravels the Mystery of Her Ancestors," Modern Maturity (July-August 2000): 17, 21-22, 28-29.
52. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro-Americans (NewYork: Falopf, 1947).
53. Alfred A. Moss, Jr. Since the sixth edition, published in 1988, and tile subtitle has been changed to A History of African-Americans since, the seventh edition, published in 1994.
54. Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Afrwan-Americans, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), 19-20.
55. This assessment is essentially identical in earlier editions. See, for example, the third edition (Knopf, 1967), 31.
56. Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slaver vol, 29.
57. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 372.
58. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 37-38.
59. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 39.
60. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 42.
61. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 32.
62. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery.
63. Oliver, African Experience, 136.
64. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 35.
65. These bulleted citations are from the third edition of Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 42-59. Some of these passages are slightly revised in the coauthored seventh edition, 33-42. Note.
66. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 34.
67. Oliver, African Experience, 141, 143.
68. Anne C. Bailey, African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Sdence and the Shame (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005).
69. Jonathan Burack, "How Textbooks Obscure and Distort the History of Slavery," The Textbook Letter (November-December 1992): 1
70. Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide to World Slavery, 1.
71. Lori Rotenberk, "A Stern Judge Presides as Reparations Fight Begins," Boston Globe, August 24, 2003, A17.
72. RuthJ. Simmons, "Facing Up to Our Ties to Slavery," Boston Globe, 28 April 2004, A13.
73. "Council Approves Slavery Disclosure Bill," 18 March 2005, at www.kyw.com.
74. Derrick Z.Jackson, "Prince Henry the Navigator," Boston Globe, 20 December 1999, A21.
75. K. AnthonyAppiah, "Africa: The Hidden History," New York Review of Books, 17December 1998, 71-72.
76. Michael Crowder, The Story of Nigeria (London: Faber and Faber, 1978), 69.
77. Jill Lepore, New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth Century Manhattan (New York: Knopf, 2005), 228-232;
78. Tatsha Robertson, "Colonial African-American Remains Reburied," Boston Globe, 3 October 2003, A1, 5.
79. Burack, "History of Slavery," 3.
80. Invitation and 6 October 2005 press preview of "Slavery in New York: A Landmark Exhibition" at the New York Historical Society.
81. Citations from online tour of "Slavery in New York: A Landmark Exhibition" at the New York Historical Society.
82. www.nyhistory.org.
83. "New York State Legislature Again Delves into Racism Lessons in Schools," Newsday, 11 August 2005.
84. Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005), 27, 30.
85. Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005), 27.
86. Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005), 32.
87. Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, African-American History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 37-49.