Are there limits to financing culture through the market? evidence from the u.s. museum field

International Journal of Public Administration

Volumn 28, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 131-146

  Toepler, Stefan ^a   Dewees, Sarah ^b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Native Assets Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054675209     PISSN: 01900692     EISSN: 15324265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/PAD-200044548     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. See Cummings, M.C.; Katz, R.S., Eds. The Patron State: Government and the Arts in Europe, North America, and Japan. Oxford University Press: New York and Oxford, 1987.
2. Toepler, S.; Zimmer, A. Subsidizing the Arts: Government and the Arts in Western Europe and the United States. In Global Culture: Media, Arts and Cultural Policy in a Global Context; Crane, D.; Kawashima, N.; Kawasaki, K., Eds.; London: Routledge, 2002; 23–46.
3. Schuster, J.M., 1999. The Other Side of the Subsidized Muse: Indirect Aid Revisited. Journal of Cultural Economics, 23: 51–70.
4. van Hemel, A., and van der Wielen, N., eds. 1997. Privatization/Desetatisation and Culture: Limitations or Opportunities for Cultural Development in Europe? Conference Reader for the Circle Round Table 1997, Amsterdam: Boekman Foundation and Twente University.
5. Cocks, A. World Museum Directors Oppose Privatisation of Italy’s Museums. October 2001 http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/article.asp?idart=7834 (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/article.asp?idart=7834)
6. Willan, P. Italian Anger at Plan to Privatise Museums. The Guardian, November 5, 2001; 15.
7. Henneberger, M., 2001. Italy Plans to Have Private Sector Run Museums. New York Times, December 3: E1
8. Frey, B., 2000. Arts & Economics: Analysis & Cultural Policy, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.
9. Toepler, S., and Zimmer, A., 2002. “ Subsidizing the Arts: Government and the Arts in Western Europe and the United States ”. In Global Culture: Media, Arts and Cultural Policy in a Global Context, Edited by: Crane, D., Kawashima, N., and Kawasaki, K., 23–46. London: Routledge.
10. Weisbrod, B., 1988. The Nonprofit Economy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
11. Newbury, R. A. 1990. Nation of Museum Shopkeepers. Financial Times, September 15: IX Weekend
12. Burdon, J. Fly-Past–Museum Shop to Open at Heathrow. Press Association Ltd., September 25, 1996.
13. Novis, C., 1990. Museum Merchandising. Jerusalem Post, April 6
14. Kam, L. National Museum to Start Chain of Shops. Straits Times, November 4, 1993; 5; Ho, J. Museum Shops Thrive on Sale of Heritage Gifts. Straits Times, January 4, 1997; 3
15. Goddereis, J., and Weisbrod, B., 1999. “ Why Not For-Profit? Conversions and Public Policy ”. In Nonprofits & Government, Edited by: Boris, E., and Steuerle, E., 235–265. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
16. Salamon, L.M., 2001. “ The Nonprofit Sector at a Crossroads: The Case of America ”. In Third Sector Policy at the Crossroads: An International Nonprofit Analysis, Edited by: Anheier, H. K., and Kendall, J., 17–35. London & New York: Routledge.
17. Toepler, S., 2001. Culture, Commerce, and Civil Society: Rethinking Support for the Arts. Administration & Society, 33 (5): 508–522. [CROSSREF]
18. Anheier, H.K., and Toepler, S., 1998. “ Commerce and the Muse: Are Art Museums Becoming Commercial? ”. In To Profit or Not to Profit? The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector, Edited by: Weisbrod, B., 233–248. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
19. Because the Economic Census does not collect data on income from the sale of investments and other assets, we have excluded this revenue type from the SOI analysis to minimize distortions.
20. In fact, as shown in Table 1, the 1997 SOI file gives total revenues of just over $3.1 billion for the 212 museums in the sample. For the same year, the Census gives total revenues of almost $4.9 billion for the much broader sample of 4, 413 museum establishments.
21. As shown in Table 2, net income from fundraising events is typically less than half of one percent of total revenues for museums in the SOI sample.