Between ‘Savage Man’ and ‘Most Faithful Englishman’ Manteo and the Early Anglo-Indian Exchange, 1584–1590

Itinerario

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 146-169

  Oberg, Michael Leroy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 80054221063     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300013061     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. David Beers Quinn ed., The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590 (New York 1991) 525, 530.
2. The Roanoke Voyages., 530.
3. The Roanoke Voyages., 91.
4. Greg Dening, ‘Introduction’ in; Ronald Hoffman, Fredrika Teute, and Mechal Sobel eds, Through a Glass Darkly: Refkaions on Personal Identity in Early America (Chapel Hill, NC 1997) 1.
5. See also Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570 (Cambridge 1987) 127
6. Richard White, ‘“Although I am Dead, I am not Entirely Dead, I have Left a Second of Myself”: Constructing Self and Persons on the Middle Ground of Early America’ in: Hoffman, Teute and Sobel, Through a Glass Darkly, 404–405.
7. Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York 1986) 112–113.
8. Dening, ‘Introduction’, 1
9. For a recent, useful review of this rapidly growing literature, see Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, ‘From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History’, American Historical Revieio 104 (June 1999) 814–841.
10. There were others who underwent similar processes of transformation. See James H. Merrell, ‘“The Cast of His Countenance”: Reading Andrew Montour’ in: Through a Glass Darkly, 13–39
11. Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York 1998).
12. See the discussion in Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 (Cambridge 1995) 16–40.
13. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 94, 98.
14. Roanoke Voyages., 98–99.
15. Roanoke Voyages., 100, 103. Barlowe was not specific about the types of trade goods the English carried vrith them. Richard Hakluyt the Younger, in his well-known ‘Discourse on Western Planting’, suggested that Indians might accept ‘hats, bonets, knives, fish-hooks, copper ketdes, beads, looking-glasses, bugles, & a thousand kinds of other wrought wares’.
16. See E.G.R. Taylor ed. The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts (London 1935) 332.
17. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 107–108.
18. Roanoke Voyages., 108, 114–115.
19. Taylor, Original Writings of the Hakluyts, 334.
20. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 372.
21. On the goals of European imperialists, and the place of Indians within that empire, see Michael Leroy Oberg, Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 15851685 (Ithaca 1999) 12–22.
22. For works properly placing Native American history in its transadantic context, see the following fine studies: Ian K. Steele, Warpaths: Invasions of North America (New York 1994)
23. Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800 (Cambridge 1997)
24. Peter C. Mancall, Valley of Opportunity: Economic Culture Along the Upper Susquehanna, 1700–1800 (Ithaca 1991)
25. Stephen Saunders Webb, 1676: The End of American Independence (New York 1984)
26. James H. Merrell, ‘The Customes of our Countrey’ in: Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan eds. Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Chapel Hill, NC 1991) 117–156.
27. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony (Savage, MD 1984)
28. David Stick, Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America (Chapel Hill, NC 1983).
29. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 527–538
30. David Beers Quinn, Set Fair For Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606 (Chapel Hill, NC 1984) 39
31. Kupperman, Roanoke, 118.
32. On the leadership structure of native communities in the region, see Stephen R. Potter, Commoners, Tribute and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley (Charlottesville 1993) 14–16
33. Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture (Norman 1989) 101.
34. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 372.
35. Michael Leroy Oberg, ‘Gods and Men: The Meeting of Indian aiid White Worlds on the Carolina Outer Banks, 1584–1586’, North Carolina Historical Review 76 (October 1999) 373–378
36. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 424–425, 888
37. Paul Hulton, America 1585: The Complete Drawings of John VWiite (Chapel Hill, NC 1984) plate 38, p. 68; fig. 25, p. 127.
38. On Powhatan religious life, see Rountree, Powhatan, 126–140
39. Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia (Lincoln 1997) 36.
40. Oberg, ‘Gods and Men’, 376.
41. Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore 1992) 3.
42. On this point see George R, Hamell, ‘Mythical Realities and European Contact in the Northeast during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, Man in the Northeast 33 (1987) 63–87
43. Christopher L. Miller and George R. Hamell, ‘A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade’, Journal of American History 73 (September 1986) 311–328
44. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 100, 103.
45. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 100, 112.
46. Roanoke Voyages., 375–376, 371–372.
47. See the discussion in Bruce M. White, ‘Encounters with Spirits: Ojibwa and Dakota Theories About the French and their Merchandise’, Ethnohistory 41 (1994) 378.
48. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 103–104, 119, 321
49. Vivian Salmon, ‘Thomas Harriot and the English Origins of Algonkian Linguistics’, Historiographia Linguistica 19 (1992) 25–56.
50. W.A. Wallace, John White, Thomas Harriot, and Walter Ralegh in Ireland, Durham House Harriot Seminar, Occasional Paper no. 2 (Durham, UK 1988) 15.
51. Harriot has been the object of some criticism from specialists in Elizabethan literature and the literature of discovery.See Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Invisible Bullets: Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion, Henry IV and Henry V’, Glyph: Textual Studies 8 (1981) 40–60.
52. For an effective critique of this work, see B.J. Sokol, ‘The Problem of Assessing Thomas Harriot's A briefe and true report of his Discoveries in North America’, Annah of Science 51 (1994) 1–16.
53. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 127.
54. G.R. Batho, Thomas Harriot and the Northumberland Household, Durham Thomas Harriot Seminar, Occasional Paper no, 1 (Durham, UK 1983)
55. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 127–128.The Percy family supported a number of efforts to plant English colonies in America
56. Catherine Albertson, Roanoke Island in History and Legend (Elizabeth City, NC 1934) 12.
57. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 176–177, 201.
58. Roanoke Voyages., 189.
59. Kupperman (Roanoke, 83) mentions only that Wanchese ‘was strongly urging Pemisapan/Wingina to move against the setdement’ by 1586
60. Stick (Roanoke Island, 132–133), suggests that possible close ties to Wingina influenced Wanchese's decision to rapidly abandon the English.
61. Quinn (Set Fair for Roanoke, 115) suggests that Wanchese ‘became hostile to his former hosts (or captors, as he may have come to regard them) some time after August 1585’, The voyage to Roanoke Island in July, for which Wanchese would have been the logical choice as interpreter, would have provided him with an opportunity to slip away from Ralegh's party
62. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 189–190
63. Roanoke Voyages., 190
64. Hulton, America 1585, plates 36–42. Quinn suggests that Manteo provided much of the detailed information that appears on a sketch map drawn by one member of the expedition.
65. See Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 216. This expediuon also engaged in the first English acts of hostility toward the natives.
66. See Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 191.
67. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 191–192.
68. Roanoke Voyages., 378–380.
69. On the disease, see Peter B. Mires, ‘Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza’, Historical Archaeology 28/3 (1994) 30–38
70. more generally, Alfred Crosby, ‘Virgin-Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America’, William and Mary Quarterly 23 (April 1976) 289–299.
71. Crosby, ‘Virgin-Soil Epidemics’, 289–299.
72. On this point see Karen Ordahl Kupperman, ‘English Perceptions of Treachery, 1583–1640’, The Historical JoumanO (1977) 263–287.
73. Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke, 232–233.
74. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 275.
75. Roanoke Voyages., 379–380.
76. Roanoke Voyages., 276, 278.
77. Roanoke Voyages., 378.
78. Roanoke Voyages., 377–378. Recent dendrochronological research has confirmed Harriot's observation of drought conditions at Roanoke.
79. See David W. Stahle et al., ‘The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts’, Science 280 (1998) 564–567.
80. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 425
81. Colin G. Calloway, Neui Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore 1997) chapter 2.
82. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 376–377.
83. Roanoke Voyages., 377.
84. Roanoke Voyages., 265
85. Rountree, Powhatan Indians, 80.
86. On the significance of the name change, see Kupperman, Roanoke, 76
87. Durant, Ralegh, 71–72.
88. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 893–894.
89. Roanoke Voyages., 265–266.Lane's account was written in part to justify his decision to evacuate Roanoke Island in 1586 and, in effect, to abandon the colony Sir Walter Ralegh had charged him with governing.
90. Roanoke Voyages., 265–266
91. Michael L. Oberg, ‘Indians and Englishmen at the First Roanoke Colony: A Note on Pemisapan's Conspiracy, 1585–1586’, American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18/2 (1994) 80.
92. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 259, 277.
93. The Weapemeocs occupied territory along the northern shore of the Albemarle Sound. The Moratucs occupied land along both sides of the Roanoke River. See Oberg, Dominion and Civility, 32.
94. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 265–266
95. Oberg, ‘Indians and Englishmen’, 80–81.
96. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 259, 261–263.
97. In his account Lane refers to the Roanoke River as ‘the River Moratico’, Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 263–264.
98. Roanoke Voyages., 268.
99. Roanoke Voyages., 266–264.
100. Roanoke Voyages., 270–271.
101. Roanoke Voyages., 271.
102. Roanoke Voyages., 276–277.
103. Roanoke Voyages., 277.
104. Roanoke Voyages., 277–278
105. Roanoke Voyages., 275.
106. Roanoke Voyages., 280–281.
107. Roanoke Voyages., 287–288
108. Oberg, Dominion and Civility, 44–45.
109. The quote is from an address given by Lindsay C. Warren, in Virginia Dare Day: Annual Celebration by the Roanoke Colony Memorial Association (Raleigh, NC 1926) 6
110. on these first lost colonists, see Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 306
111. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York 1975) 41–42.
112. Oberg, Dominion and Civility, chapter 1
113. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 3–43.
114. Hulton, America 1585, plates 63–69, 72–76.
115. America., 130, figure 28.
116. Oberg, Dominion and Civility, 18–22.
117. My understanding of this issue has been informed by J.H. Rowe, ‘Ethnography and Ethnology in the Sixteenth Century’, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 30 (1964).
118. Margaret T. Hodgen, Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia 1964)
119. J.H. ElHott, The Old World and the New, 1492–1650 (Cambridge 1970).
120. Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke, 246–247
121. Set Fair for Roanoke., 252, 269.
122. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 531.
123. Roanoke Voyages., 516, 523.
124. Roanoke Voyages., 524–526.
125. Roanoke Voyages., 526.
126. Roanoke Voyages., 526.
127. Roanoke Voyages., 526.
128. Roanoke Voyages., 526–527.
129. Roanoke Voyages., 527.
130. Roanoke Voyages., 529–530.
131. Roanoke Voyages., 530.
132. Roanoke Voyages., 531.
133. Roanoke Voyages., 531.
134. Roanoke Voyages., 532–535.
135. Roanoke Voyages., 610.
136. Roanoke Voyages., 613–614.
137. Roanoke Voyages., 616.
138. Roanoke Voyages., 382.