The samaritans in justinian's corpus iuris civilis

Israel Law Review

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 724-743

  Rabello, Alfredo Mordechai ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

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EID: 80054134090     PISSN: 00212237     EISSN: 20479336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002122370001548X     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. On the Samaritans see A.D. Crown, A Bibliography of the Samaritans, (Metuchen, N.J., 1984)
2. A.M. Rabello, “On the Relations between Diocletian and the Jews” (1984) 35 Journal of Jewish Studies 147ff.;
3. R. Pummer, The Samaritans (Leiden, 1987)
4. A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano, Ebrei e Samaritani alla luce delle fonti storico-letterarie, ecclesiastiche e giuridiche, vol. I, (Milano, 1987), vol. II (Milano, 1988)
5. A.D. Crown, ed., The Samaritans, (Tuebingen, 1989)
6. P.T.R. Gray, “Palestine and Justinian's Legislation on Non-Christian Religions”, in B. Halpern and D.W. Hobson, eds., Law, Politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Sheffield Academic Press, 1993) 241–270.
7. De Iudaeis, Caelicolis et Samaritanis (“On the Jews, Caelicolae and the Samaritans.”), Chapter VIII of Book XVI.
8. See L. De Giovanni, II libro XVI del Codice Teodosiano. Alle origini della codificazione in tema di rapporti Chiesa-Stato (Napoli, 1985)
9. B.S. Bachrach, “The Jewish Community of the Later Roman Empire as seen in the Codex Theodosianus”, in J. Neusner-E.S. Frerichs, eds., “To see ourselves as others see us” (Chico, 1985) 399ff. (at pp. 416ff. on the Samaritans)
10. C. Capizzi, Giustiniano I tra politico e religione (Napoli, 1994) 41ff.
11. A. Berger, “La concezione di eretico nelle fonti giustinianee”, in Atti della R. Accademia Nazionale del Lincei, s. 8, vol. 10, (1955) 354f.;
12. P.T.R. Gray, The Defense of Chalcedon in the East (451–553) (Leiden: Brill, 1979) 44–79;
13. S. Pietrini, “La Novella 18 di Valentiniano III nel quadro dei rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa” (1989) 101 Studi Senesi, 425ff.;
14. S. Puliatti, Ricerche sulle Nouelle di Giustino II. La legislazione imperiale da Giustiniano I a Giustino II, vol. II (Milano, 1991) 161 ff., 249 n. 32;
15. F. Zuccotti, “Furor Haereticorum”. Studi sul trattamento giuridico delta follia e sulla persecuzione della eterodossia religiosa nella legislazione del tarda impero romano (Milano, 1992) 196;
16. R. Maceratini, Ricerche sullo status giuridico dell'eretico nel diritto romano cristiano e nel diritto canonico classico (Padova, 1994)
17. E. Dovere, “Ius principale” e “Catholica Lex”. Dal Teodosiano agli Editti su Calcedonia (Napoli, 1995) 150, 202, 268.
18. A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano, Ebrei e Samaritani
19. B. Biondi, II Diritto Romano Cristiano, vol. 3 (Milano, 1957) 352ff.;
20. S. Puliatti, “La legislazione antisamaritana di Giustiniano e di Giustino I”, in Studi in onore di A. Falzea, vol. IV (Milano, 1991) 323ff.
21. B. Albanese, Le Persone nel Diritto Privato Romano (Palermo, 1979) 425ff.
22. On the expulsion from public services B. Biondi, It Diritto Romano Cristiano, vol. 3, pp. 371ff.;
23. A. Sharf, “Byzantine Jewry in the Seventh Century” (1955) 48 Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 21;
24. A.M. Rabello, “The Legal Condition of the Jews in Roman Empire”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Roemischen Welt (Berlin-New York, II, 13, 1980) 662ff., at 742f.;
25. A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit, 1987, English transl. of the original Hebrew, Jerusalem, 1983), No. 56.
26. On the office of the decuriones see A. Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia, 1950) 426 with the definition: “Members of a municipal senate elected for life. The decuriones decided about all matters involving the interests of the community, appointed local magistrates, and functioned as a court of appeal of fines imposed by municipal officers”.
27. See also M. Nuyens, Le statut obligatoire des decurions dans le droit constamtinien (Louvain, 1964).
28. B. Biondi, II Diritto Romano Cristiano, vol. 3, p. 377:
29. On the defensor civitatis see V. Mannino, Ricerche sul defensor civitatis (Milano, 1984) 95.
30. On the advocates in Roman Law see P. Rasi, “Avvocato”, in Novissimo Digesto Italiano, I, 2 (Torino, 1958) 162 ff.;
31. Y. Dan, “The Legal Profession in Palestine during the Byzantine Period” (1982) 17 Is. L.R. 279ff.
32. J. Juster, Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain (Paris, 1914) vol. 2, pp. 263f.;
33. Y. Dan, “Cultured Liberal Professions in the Cities of Eretz Israel in the Byzantine Period”, (1978) 8 Cathedra 95ff.
34. Cf. Novella 8 of Justinian;
35. B. Biondi, Diritto Romano Cristiano
36. see the observation of K.G. Holum, “Caesarea and the Samaritans”, in Hohlfelder, ed., City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era (New York, 1982) 72 n. 19: “Presumably recruiting among Samaritans had continued despite Zeno's measure”.
37. Cf. also R. Bonini, Ricerche sulla legislazione giustinianea dell'anno 535. (Bologna, 1976).
38. B. Biondi, Giustiniano primo principe e legislatore cattolico (Milano, 1936) 32.
39. A.M. Rabello, Effetti personali della patria potestas (Milano, 1979).
40. See J.A. Montgomery, The Samaritans. The Earliest Jewish Sect. Their History, Theology and Literature (New York, 1907) (repr. 1968), 113: “The tragedy seems to have received its impulse from an edict of Justinian found under the title De Haereticis et Manichaeis et Samaritis, issued in 527 (C.1.5.12)”.
41. We are in a period of religious reaction; see Malalas, Chron. XVIII, p. 451 (ed. Bonn) and
42. A. Cameron, “The Last Days of the Academy of Athens”, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, n.s., 15(1969)pp. 7 ff.;
43. J. Glucker, Antiochus and the Late Academy (Goettingen, 1978) 322 ff.;
44. M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, (Jerusalem 1980) vol. II, p. 671;
45. O. Bucci, “La politica culturale di Cosroe Anusirvan (531–579), la chiusura delle scuole di Atene (529) e l'esilio degli ultimi Maestri pagani in Persia”, in Studi Biscardi, vol. VI, (Milano, 1987) 507ff;
46. A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano
47. S. Puliatti, Ricerche
48. B. Biondi, Giustiniano
49. Cf. J. Juster, Les Juifs
50. and cf. Mishna, Baba Batra 8, 5;
51. R. Yaron, Gifts in Contemplation of Death in Jewish and Roman Law (Oxford, 1960) 37 ff.;
52. E.E. Urbach, “Laws of Inheritance and After Life”, now in E.E. Urbach, The World of the Sages. Collected Studies (Jerusalem, 1988, in Hebrew) 229ff;
53. Z. Falk, “Testate Succession in Jewish Law” (1961) Journal of Jewish Studies 67;
54. O. Irshai, “The Apostate as an Inheritor in Geonic Responsa”, in Shenaton Hamishpat Haivri, XI-XII, (1984–1986) pp. 435ff. (in Hebrew).
55. See S. Winkler, “Die Samariter in den Jahren 529–530”, (1965) 43–45 Klio 450;
56. A. Linder, Roman Imperial Legislation
57. P.T.R. Gray, “Palestine and Justinian's Legislation on Non-Christian Religions”
58. Cf. F.M. Abel, Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conqête d'Alexandre jusqu'a I'invasion arabe (Paris, 1952) vol. II, p. 358;
59. according to Stein and Puliatti this constitution must have been promulgated in 528, before the revolt: E. Stein, Histoire du Bas Empire, vol. II (Paris, Bruges, 1949) (= Amsterdam 1968) p. 373 n. 2:
60. S. Puliatti, Ricerche
61. See A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano, Ebrei e Samaritani, vol. I, pp. 237ff. and p. 246, n. 19;
62. S. Puliatti, Ricerche, at 260ff.
63. “While the true Jews were subjected to the hatred of Byzantine rulers, the petty community of the Samaritans on Palestinian soil, thanks to their frequent revolts, suffered almost the total extirpation of their whole sect and their sanctuaries were burnt down and converted into chapels and churches”, S. Kraus, “The Christian Legislation on the Synagogue”, in I. Goldziher Memorial Volume II (Jerusalem, 1958) 19;
64. see also: Z. Safrai, “Samaritan Synagogues in the Roman Byzantine Period”, (1977) 4 Cathedra 84ff. (in Hebrew)
65. A. Kloner, “Ancient Synagogues in Israel: An Archaeological Survey”, in L.I. Levine, Ancient Synagogues Revealed, (Jerusalem, 1981) 11;
66. A.M. Rabello, “Le sinagoghe samaritane in Palestina”, in idem., Giustiniano, vol. II, pp. 846ff.
67. B. Biondi, Giustiniano, 32f.;
68. B. Albanese, Le Persone.
69. S.W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews (Philadelphia, 1957) vol. 3, pp. 9f.
70. and see the articles of Z. Safrai and Y. Dan in Z. Baras, S. Safrai, M. Stern, Y. Tsafrir, eds., Eretz Israel from the Destruction of the Second Temple to the Muslim Conquest (Jerusalem, 1982, in Hebrew) 127ff., 284ff.
71. B. Biondi, II Diritto Romano Cristiano
72. A. Segre', “Essays on Byzantine Economic History, I, The annona civica and the annona militaris”, (1942–1943) 16 Byzantion 393ff.
73. J. Juster, Les Juifs dans I'Empire Romain
74. in the same direction J. Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue (New York, 1974) 256.
75. A. Berger, “La concezione di eretico”
76. see also M. Luz, “Marinus: A Neo-Platonic Eretz-Israeli in Athens”, in Greece and Rome in Eretz Israel (Jerusalem, 1989, in Hebrew) 36ff;
77. M. Amelotti-L. Migliardi Zingale, Le costituzioni giustinianee neipapiri e nelle epigrafi (Milano, 1985) 17ff, 136f;
78. in general see: A.D. Crown, “The Samaritan Diaspora to the End of the Byzantine Era” (1972) 2 Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology 107ff.
79. On the problem of reference of the judges to the Emperor (refere au legislatif) for the solution of a juridical question, see A.M. Rabello, “Non Liquet: from Modern Law to Roman Law” (1974) 9 Is. L.R. 963ff.
80. G. Bassanelli Sommariva, L'imperatore unico creatore ed interprete delle leggi e l'autonomia del giudice nel diritto giustinianeo (Milano, 1983).
81. On this legislation see A. Berger, “Studi sui Basilici, VI, Bas, 21.1.45 e GI.1.5.21” (1955) 6 IURA 104ff.;
82. Parkes, Church and Synagogue, pp. 177ff.
83. On this constitution see J. Juster, Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain, vol. I, p. 179;
84. A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano
85. Cf. M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews of Palestine. A Political History from the Bar Kochba War to the Arab Conquest (Oxford, 1976) 247.
86. On the situation of Judaism in the Roman Empire and in particular in the time of Justinian see A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano
87. The Legal Condition
88. on the problem of the Jurisdiction, A.M. Rabello, “Jewish and Roman Jurisdiction” in An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law, B. Jackson, et al. eds., (Oxford, 1996) 141–167.
89. A.H.M. Jones, “II sistema delle caste nel tardo impero romano”, in A. Vera, ed., La Societa del Basso Impero. Guida storica e critica (Bari, 1983) 49.
90. Regarding this Novella see J. Juster, Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain, vol. II, p. 123f.
91. P. Browe, “Die Judengesetzgebung Justinians”, (1935) 8 Analecta Gregoriana 109 ff., at 129;
92. A. Berger, “Studi sui Basilici, VI, Bas. 21.1.45 e CI.1.5.21”
93. N. Van Der Wal, Manuale Novellarum Justiniani. Aperçu systematique du contenu des Novelles de Justinien (Groningen, 1964) 56 ff., 136;
94. A.M. Bartoletti Colombo, Lessico delle Novelle di Giustiniano (Roma, 1981–1986)
95. Eadem, Legum Iustiniani Imperatoris Vocabularium - Novellae, pars latina, i-x and Indices (Milano, 1977–79); pars graeca (Milano, 1984).
96. G. Ferrari Dalle Spade, “Privilegi degli Ebrei nell'impero romano-cristiano”, in Festschrift L. Wenger, vol. II, (1944) pp. 102ff. (= Scritti giuridici, III, p. 277).
97. See e.g., the constitutions quoted in n. 3; In general, see J. Juster, Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain, vol. II, p. 261;
98. V. Colorni, Gli Ebrei nel sistema del Diritto comune fino alla prima emancipazione (Milano, 1956) 21;
99. A.M. Rabello, “The Legal Condition”
100. see J. Juster, Les Juifs dans I'Empire Romain
101. A. Linder, Roman Imperial Legislation
102. R. Bonini, Introduzione allo studio dell'età giustinianea (Bologna, 4th ed., 1985) 105.
103. According to Bonini (p. 108), Novella 45 is an example of “atteggiamenti di netta critica” of the Emperor towards his praefectum praetorio. Regarding the circumstances of the transmission of this Novella to the praefectum praetorio
104. see F. De Martino, Storia delta Costituzione Romana, vol. V (Napoli, 1967) 260f, n. 23.
105. G. Bassanelli Sommariva, L'imperatore unico creators ed interprete delle leggi e I'autonomia del giudice nel diritto giuistinianeo (Milano, 1983)
106. G. Lanata, Legislazione e natura nelle Novelle giustinianee (Napoli, 1984) 134 ff., 135 n. 97.
107. Regarding Novella 129, see, in particular, J. Montgomery, The Samaritans
108. N. Van Der Wal, Manuale Novellarum
109. R. Bonini, Introduzione
110. S. Puliatti, Ricerche sulle Novelle di Giustino II. La legislazione imperiale da Giustiniano I a Giustino II, vol. I, Problemi di diritto pubblico (Milano, 1984) 20 and 40;
111. regarding the linguistic characteristic of this Novella, see G. Lanata, “Le Novelle giustinianee e la traduzione dell'Autentico. A proposito del Legum Iustiniani Imperatoris Vocabularium” (1979) 49 Byzantion 261 and n. 85; regarding the character of retroactivity of some norms
112. see G. Lanata, Legislazione e natura
113. regarding the publication of Novella 129, see Eadem, Legislazione e naturaem, p. 119;
114. regarding the international political situation, with reference to Palestine too, see P. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1978)
115. regarding the relations between Rome and Iran during this period, see M.G. Angeli Bertinelli, Roma e l'Oriente. Strategia, economia, societa' e cultura nelle relazioni fra Roma, la Giudea e l'Iran (Roma, 1979) 146ff.;
116. regarding the situation in Palestine, see A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano
117. regarding the situation in Cesarea, see L.I. Levine, Caesarea under Roman Rule (Leiden, 1975) 60, 136f.
118. This word is preferred by Puliatti, Ricerche, in place of liberality.
119. Regarding Novella 144, see especially J. Montgomery, The Samaritans
120. N. Van Der Wal, Manuale Nouellarum
121. Y. Dan, “Eretz Israel in the IV and V Century” in Eretz Israel from the Destruction of the Second Temple to the Muslim Conquest, vol. I (Jerusalem, 1982, in Hebrew) 288f.;
122. S. Puliatti, Ricerche
123. G. Lanata, Legislazione e natura
124. Nevertheless, we would not claim that the Samaritan legislation was a consequence of the revolt. We have confined ourselves to quoting the arguments reported in the Novella itself. Personally, we think the opposite; we believe that the revolt was a result of the legislation. Jones shares this opinion, see infra n. 53. See also the observations of R. Bonini, “L'ultima legislazione pubblicistica di Giustiniano (543–567), in Idem, Studi sull'eta' giustinianea (Rimini, 1987) 57ff.
125. Regarding the dating, see P. Marc, Plan eines: der griechischen Urkunden des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit (Munchen, 1903) 36;
126. S. Puliatti, Ricerche
127. M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors
128. Y. Dan, “Eretz Israel in the IV and V Century”
129. O. Bucci, “La politica culturale di Cosroe Amsirvan (531–779), in Studi Biscardi, vol. VI (Milano, 1987) 507ff.
130. J. Juster, Les Juifs dans I'Empire Romain, vol. I, pp. 113 and 114 n. 2.
131. See A.M. Rabello, Giustiniano
132. We report the conclusive words of A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, vol. 1 (Baltimore, 1986) 296
133. See “L'ultima legislazione pubblicistica di Giustiniano” (543–567)
134. J. Juster, Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain
135. M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews of Palestine
136. J. Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue
137. See the conclusion of the Novella, where the Emperor, after publishing the Novella in Constantinople, delayed its publication in the provinces. F.A. Biener, Geschichte der Novellen Justinians (Berlin, 1824, = repr. Aalen, 1970) 33;
138. see M.F.F. Von Schwind, Zur Frage der Publikation im Römischen Recht (Muenchen, 1940).
139. Regarding Palestinian real estate, see A. Gulak, History of Jewish Law in Talmudic Times: The Law of Real Property (Jerusalem, 1939, in Hebrew)
140. D. Sperber, Roman Palestine, 200–400, The Land (Ramat Gan, 1978).
141. S. Kraus, “The Christian Legislation on the Synagogue”
142. M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule. A Political History of Palestine from the Bar Kokhba War to the Arab Conquest (Jerusalem-New York, 1984) 250. Note that from this point of view, Jews were in a better position than Samaritans, who were not able to maintain any synagogues.
143. S.W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, vol. 3, (Philadelphia, 2nd ed., revised and enlarged, 1967) 9
144. Cf. Arcadius' statement quoted by H. Gregoire in his chapter on “The Byzantine Church, “ in N.H. Baynes and H. St. L.B. Moss, Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization (Oxford, 2nd ed., 1961) 131;
145. Juster, Juifs, vol. I, p. 251, n. 1. Justinian's combination of the prohibition of new synagogues with that of the acquisition of church property by Jews in that Novella of 545 was not merely coincidental. In at least one case, we are told, a fanatical Christian monk, Sergius of Mesopotamian Amida, was long thwarted by the local clergy in his efforts to destroy the synagogue and to eliminate the Jewish community. The Jews were “settled in the territory of the Church of Amida”, John of Ephesus reports, “and used to pay many contributions to the members of the Church; out of the desire for the abundance of their gold all the members of the Church became their supporters, threatening the blessed Sergius and saying, This man wishes to destroy the property of the Church'. Cf. his Lives of the Eastern Saints, v. ed. and trans, by E.W. Brooks, vol. I, p. 70ff.” pp. 231, footnote no. 6, “. The undated edict, 1.5.17 (II, 56), especially, not only ordered all Samaritan destroyed, but also disqualified these sectarians from testimony in courts even in their own affairs, and removed from them all rights of testamentary disposition”.
146. See S. Puliatti, Ricerche, II
147. See P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London, 1971) 172ff.