Fish bone chemistry and ultrastructure: Implications for taphonomy and stable isotope analysis

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 38, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 3358-3372

  Szpak, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bone chemistry; Collagen; Diagenesis; Fish; Stable isotopes; Taphonomy; Zooarchaeology

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; ARCHAEOLOGY; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIODEGRADATION; BONE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COLLAGEN; DIAGENESIS; FISH; STABLE ISOTOPE; TAPHONOMY; ULTRASTRUCTURE; ZOOLOGY;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 80054110025     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.022     Document Type: Article

References (239)

1. Ambrose S.H. Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 1990, 17:431-451.
2. Ambrose S.H., Norr L. Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level 1993, 1-37. Springer-Verlag, New York. J.B. Lambert, G. Grupe (Eds.).
3. Avena-Bustillos R.J., Olsen C.W., Olson D.A., Chiou B., Yee E., Bechtel P.J., McHugh T.H. Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish gelatin films. Journal of Food Science 2006, 71:E202-E207.
4. Bailey A.J., Paul R.G., Knott L. Mechanisms of maturation and ageing of collagen. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1998, 106:1-56.
5. Barrett J.H., Nicholson R.A., Cerón-Carrasco R. Archaeo-ichthyological evidence for long-term socioeconomic trends in Northern Scotland: 3500 BC to AD 1500. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:353-388.
6. Barrett J.H., Johnstone C., Harland J., Van Neer W., Ervynck A., Makowiecki D., Heinrich D., Hufthammer A.K., Enghoff I.B., Amundsen C., Christiansen J.S., Jones A.K.G., Locker A., Hamilton-Dyer S., Jonsson L., Liugas L., Roberts C., Richards M. Detecting the medieval cod trade: a new method and first results. Journal of Archaeological Science 2008, 35:850-861.
7. Barrett J.H., Orton D., Johnstone C., Harland J., Van Neer W., Ervynck A., Roberts C., Locker A., Amundsen C., Enghoff I.B., Hamilton-Dyer S., Heinrich D., Hufthammer A.K., Jones A.K.G., Jonsson L., Makowiecki D., Pope P., O'Connell T.C., de Roo T., Richards M. Interpreting the expansion of sea fishing in medieval Europe using stable isotope analysis of archaeological cod bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:1516-1524.
8. Bassett E. Reconsidering evidence of Tasmanian fishing. Environmental Archaeology 2004, 9:135-142.
9. Bell L.S. Palaeopathology and diagenesis: an SEM evaluation of structural changes using backscattered electron imaging. Journal of Archaeological Science 1990, 17:85-102.
10. Bell L.S., Skinner M.F., Jones S.J. The speed of post mortem change to the human skeleton and its taphonomic significance. Forensic Science International 1996, 82:129-140.
11. Bella J., Eaton M., Brodsky B., Berman H.M. Crystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like peptide at 1.9 Å resolution. Science 1994, 266:75-81.
12. Bella J., Brodsky B., Berman H.M. Hydration structure of a collagen peptide. Structure 1995, 3:893-906.
13. Bigp A., Koch M.H.J., Panzavolta S., Roverp N., Rubinp K. Structural aspects of the calcification process of lower vertebrate collagen. Connective Tissue Research 2000, 41:37-43.
14. Biltz R.M., Pellegrino E.D. The chemical anatomy of bone: I. A comparative study of bone composition in sixteen vertebrates. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1969, 51:456-466.
15. Bilyk K., DeVries A. Freezing avoidance of the Antarctic icefishes (Channichthyidae) across thermal gradients in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology 2010, 33:203-213.
16. Bligh E.G., Dyer W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 1959, 37:911-917.
17. Bocherens H., Fizet M., Mariotti A. Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1994, 107:213-225.
18. Bonar L., Glimcher M.J. Thermal denaturation of mineralized and demineralized bone collagens. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 1970, 32:545-551.
19. Borić D., Grupe G., Peters J., Mikić Ž Is the Mesolithic-Neolithic subsistence dichotomy real? New stable isotope evidence from the Danube Gorges. European Journal of Archaeology 2004, 7:221-248.
20. Bösl C., Grupe G., Peters J. A late Neolithic vertebrate food web based on stable isotope analyses. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2006, 16:296-315.
21. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone 1972, Academic Press, New York. G.H. Bourne (Ed.).
22. Broughton J.M., Mullins D., Ekker T. Avian resource depression or intertaxonomic variation in bone density? A test with San Francisco Bay avifaunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:374-391.
23. Brown T.A., Nelson D.E., Vogel J.S., Southon J.R. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 1988, 30:171-177.
24. Burge R.E., Hynes R.D. The thermal denaturation of collagen in solution and its structural implications. Journal of Molecular Biology 1959, 1:155-164.
25. Burger C., Zhou H.-W., Wang H., Sics I., Hsiao B.S., Chu B., Graham L., Glimcher M.J. Lateral packing of mineral crystals in bone collagen fibrils. Biophysical Journal 2008, 95:1985-1992.
26. Burjanadze T.V. Hydroxyproline content and location in relation to collagen thermal stability. Biopolymers 1979, 18:931-938.
27. Burjanadze T.V., Kisiriya E.L. Dependence of thermal stability on the number of hydrogen bonds in water-bridged collagen structure. Biopolymers 1982, 21:1695-1701.
28. Burton R.K., Gifford-Gonzalez D., Snodgrass J.J., Koch P.L. Isotopic tracking of prehistoric pinniped foraging and distribution along the central California coast: preliminary results. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2002, 12:4-11.
29. Butler V.L., Chatters J.C. The role of bone density in structuring prehistoric salmon bone assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 1994, 21:413-424.
30. Butler V.L. Tui Chub taphonomy and the importance of marsh resources in the Western Great Basin of North America. American Antiquity 1996, 61:699-717.
31. Carrapiso A., García C. Development in lipid analysis: some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification. Lipids 2000, 35:1167-1177.
32. Child A.M. Microbial taphonomy of archaeological bone. Studies in Conservation 1995, 40:19-30.
33. Choy K., Richards M.P. Stable isotope evidence of human diet at the Nukdo shell midden site, South Korea. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:1312-1318.
34. Colley S.M., Jones R. New fish bone data from Rocky Cape, North West Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania 1987, 22:67-71.
35. Colley S.M. The analysis and interpretation of archaeological fish remains. Archaeological Method and Theory 1990, 2:207-253.
36. Collins M.J., Riley M.S., Child A.M., Turner-Walker G. A basic mathematical simulation of the chemical degradation of ancient collagen. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:175-183.
37. Collins M.J., Nielsen C.M., Hiller J., Smith C.I., Roberts J.P., Prigodich R.V., Wess T.J., Csapò J., Millard A.R., Turner-Walker G. The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometry 2002, 44:383-394.
38. Coltrain J.B., Hayes M.G., O'Rourke D.H. Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of Eastern Arctic foragers. Journal of Archaeological Science 2004, 31:39-57.
39. Cowin S.C., Doty S.B. Collagen. Tissue Mechanics 2007, 289-339. Springer, New York. S.C. Cowin, S.B. Doty (Eds.).
40. Craig O.E., Biazzo M., O'Connell T.C., Garnsey P., Martinez-Labarga C., Lelli R., Salvadei L., Tartaglia G., Nava A., Renò L., Fiammenghi A., Rickards O., Bondioli L. Stable isotopic evidence for diet at the Imperial Roman coastal site of Velia (1st and 2nd Centuries AD) in Southern Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2009, 139:572-583.
41. Cruz I., Elkin D. Structural bone density of the lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata) (Aves: Rheidae). Taphonomic and archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 2003, 30:37-44.
42. Cruz I. Avian taphonomy: observations at two Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding colonies and their implications for the fossil record. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:1252-1261.
43. Currey J.D. Role of collagen and other organics in the mechanical properties of bone. Osteoporosis International 2003, 14:29-36.
44. Currey J.D. Collagen and the mechanical properties of bone and calcified cartilage. Collagen 2008, 397-420. Springer, New York. P. Fratzl (Ed.).
45. Currey J.D. Mechanical properties and adaptations of some less familiar bony tissues. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2010, 3:357-372.
46. Danielsen C., Andreassen T., Mosekilde L. Mechanical properties of collagen from decalcified rat femur in relation to age and in vitro maturation. Calcified Tissue International 1986, 39:69-73.
47. Dean M.N., Summers A.P. Mineralized cartilage in the skeleton of chondrichthyan fishes. Zoology 2006, 109:164-168.
48. DeNiro M.J. Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature 1985, 317:806-809.
49. DeNiro M.J., Weiner S. Chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic characterization of "collagen" and other organic fractions from prehistoric bones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:2197-2206.
50. DeVries A.L. The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1988, 90:611-621.
51. Dirksen T., Marinetti G. Lipids of bovine enamel and dentin and human bone. Calcified Tissue International 1970, 6:1-10.
52. Dirrigl F.J. Bone mineral density of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) skeletal elements and its effect on differential survivorship. Journal of Archaeological Science 2001, 28:817-832.
53. Dobberstein R., Collins M., Craig O., Taylor G., Penkman K., Ritz-Timme S. Archaeological collagen: why worry about collagen diagenesis?. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2009, 1:31-42.
54. Dobberstein R.C., Huppertz J., von Wurmb-Schwark N., Ritz-Timme S. Degradation of biomolecules in artificially and naturally aged teeth: implications for age estimation based on aspartic acid racemization and DNA analysis. Forensic Science International 2008, 179:181-191.
55. Drucker D., Bocherens H. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as tracers of change in diet breadth during Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2004, 14:162-177.
56. Eastman J.T. The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes. Polar Biology 2005, 28:93-107.
57. Eastoe J.E. Composition of collagen and allied proteins. Treatise on Collagen Volume 1: Chemistry of Collagen 1967, 1-72.
58. Elliott J.C. Calcium phosphate biominerals. Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance 2002, 427-453. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. M.J. Kohn, J.F. Rakovan, J.M. Hughes (Eds.).
59. Erickson M.C. Lipid extraction from channel catfish muscle: comparison of solvent systems. Journal of Food Science 1993, 58:84-89.
60. Eriksson G. Part-time farmers or hard-core sealers? Västerbjers studied by means of stable isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2004, 23:135-162.
61. Eriksson G., Linderholm A., Fornander E., Kanstrup M., Schoultz P., Olofsson H., Lidén K. Same island, different diet: cultural evolution of food practice on Öland, Sweden, from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2008, 27:520-543.
62. Eyre D.R., Wu J.-J. Collagen cross-links. Collagen 2005, 207-229. Springer, New York. P. Fratzl (Ed.).
63. Fages J., Marty A., Delga C., Condoret J.-S., Combes D., Frayssinet P. Use of supercritical CO2 for bone delipidation. Biomaterials 1994, 15:650-656.
64. Fischer A., Olsen J., Richards M., Heinemeier J., Sveinbjörnsdóttir Á.E., Bennike P. Coast-inland mobility and diet in the Danish Mesolithic and Neolithic: evidence from stable isotope values of humans and dogs. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:2125-2150.
65. Fleming W.R. Calcium metabolism of Teleosts. American Zoologist 1967, 7:835-842.
66. Folch J., Lees M., Stanley G.H.S. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1957, 226:497-509.
67. Fornander E., Eriksson G., Lidén K. Wild at heart: approaching pitted ware identity, economy and cosmology through stable isotopes in skeletal material from the Neolithic site Korsnäs in Eastern Central Sweden. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2008, 27:281-297.
68. Fratzl P., Groschner M., Vogl G., Plenk H., Eschberger J., Fratzl-Zelman N., Koller K., Klaushofer K. Mineral crystals in calcified tissues: a comparative study by SAXS. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1992, 7:329-334.
69. Fratzl P., Gupta H.S., Paschalis E.P., Roschger P. Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen-mineral nano-composite in bone. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2004, 14:2115-2123.
70. Fritsch A., Hellmich C. 'Universal' microstructural patterns in cortical and trabecular, extracellular and extravascular bone materials: micromechanics-based prediction of anisotropic elasticity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2007, 244:597-620.
71. Froese R., Pauly D. FishBase Version 02/2011 2011, http://www.fishbase.org.
72. Gifford D.P. Taphonomy and paleoecology: a critical review of archaeology's sister disciplines. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1981, 4:365-438.
73. Glimcher M.J. Recent studies of the mineral phase in bone and its possible linkage to the organic matrix by protein-bound phosphate bonds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1984, 304:479-508.
74. Glimcher M.J. The nature of the mineral phase in bone: biological and clinical implications. Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders 1998, 23-50. Academic Press, San Diego. L.V. Avioli, S.M. Krane (Eds.).
75. Glimcher M.J. Bone: nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural, and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006, 64:223-282.
76. Grupe G. Preservation of collagen in bone from dry, sandy soil. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:193-199.
77. Grupe G., Turban-Just S. Amino acid composition of degraded matrix collagen from archaeological human bone. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 1998, 56:213-226.
78. Grupe G., Balzer A., Turban-Just S. Modeling protein diagenesis in ancient bone: towards a validation of stable isotope data. Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis 2000, 173-187. Kluwer Academic, New York. S.H. Ambrose, M.A. Katzenberg (Eds.).
79. Grupe G., Mikic Z., Peters J., Manhart H. Vertebrate food webs and subsistence strategies of Meso- and Neolithic populations of central Europe. Documenta Archaeobiologiae 2003, 1:193-213.
80. Grupe G., Heinrich D., Peters J. A brackish water aquatic foodweb: trophic levels and salinity gradients in the Schlei fjord, Northern Germany, in Viking and medieval times. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:2125-2144.
81. Gudmundsson M. Rheological properties of fish gelatins. Journal of Food Science 2002, 67:2172-2176.
82. Hanson D.A., Eyre D.R. Molecular site specificity of pyridinoline and pyrrole cross-links in type I collagen of human bone. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996, 271:26508-26516.
83. Hara A., Radin N.S. Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Analytical Biochemistry 1978, 90:420-426.
84. Harbeck M., Grupe G. Experimental chemical degradation compared to natural diagenetic alteration of collagen: implications for collagen quality indicators for stable isotope analysis. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2009, 1:43-57.
85. Harding E., Stevens E. Using stable isotopes to assess seasonal patterns of avian predation across a terrestrial-marine landscape. Oecologia 2001, 129:436-444.
86. Haug I.J., Draget K.I., Smidsrød O. Physical and rheological properties of fish gelatin compared to mammalian gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids 2004, 18:203-213.
87. Hellmich C., Ulm F.J. Are mineralized tissues open crystal foams reinforced by crosslinked collagen?-some energy arguments. Journal of Biomechanics 2002, 35:1199-1212.
88. Henshaw, A., 1995. Central Inuit Household Economies: Zooarchaeological, Environmental, and Historical Evidence from Outer Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
89. Herring G.M. The organic matrix of bone. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone 1972, 128-184. Academic Press, New York. G. Bourne (Ed.).
90. Heu M., Lee J., Kim H., Jee S., Lee J., Jeon Y.-J., Shahidi F., Kim J.-S. Characterization of acid- and pepsin-soluble collagens from flatfish skin. Food Science and Biotechnology 2010, 19:27-33.
91. Higgs N.D., Little C.T.S., Glover A.G. Bones as biofuel: a review of whale bone composition with implications for deep-sea biology and palaeoanthropology. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011, 278:9-17.
92. Hirons A.C., Schell D.M., Finney B.P. Temporal records of δ13C and δ15N in North Pacific pinnipeds: inferences regarding environmental change and diet. Oecologia 2001, 129:591-601.
93. Hoffman J.C., Sutton T.T. Lipid correction for carbon stable isotope analysis of deep-sea fishes. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2010, 57:956-964.
94. Horton J.M., Summers A.P. The material properties of acellular bone in a teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 2009, 212:1413-1420.
95. Howland M.R., Corr L.T., Young S.M.M., Jones V., Jim S., Merwe N.J.V.D., Mitchell A.D., Evershed R.P. Expression of the dietary isotope signal in the compound-specific δ13C values of pig bone lipids and amino acids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2003, 13:54-65.
96. Howse L. Late Dorset Caribou hunters: zooarchaeology of the Bell Site, Victoria Island. Arctic Anthropology 2008, 45:22-40.
97. Ishimaru E., Tayasu I., Umino T., Yumoto T. Reconstruction of ancient trade routes in the Japanese Archipelago using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis: identification of the stock origins of marine fish found at the Inland Yokkaichi Site, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2011, 6:160-163.
98. Iverson S., Lang S., Cooper M. Comparison of the Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue. Lipids 2001, 36:1283-1287.
99. Jackson S.A., Cartwright A.G., Lewis D. The morphology of bone mineral crystals. Calcified Tissue International 1978, 25:217-222.
100. Jäger I., Fratzl P. Mineralized collagen fibrils: a mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophysical Journal 2000, 79:1737-1746.
101. Jans M.M.E. Microbial bioerosion of bone - a review. Current Developments in Bioerosion 2008, 397-413. Springer, Berlin. M. Wisshak, L. Tapanila (Eds.).
102. Jarman M., Bailey R., Jarman H.N. Early European Agriculture, its Foundations and Development 1982, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
103. Jay M. Iron Age diet at Glastonbury Lake Village: the isotopic evidence for negligible aquatic resource consumption. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2008, 27:201-216.
104. Jensen S., Häggberg L., Jörundsdóttir H., Odham G. A quantitative lipid extraction method for residue analysis of fish involving nonhalogenated solvents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003, 51:5607-5611.
105. Jim S., Ambrose S.H., Evershed R.P. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for differences in the dietary origin of bone cholesterol, collagen and apatite: implications for their use in palaeodietary reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68:61-72.
106. Jones S., Quinn R.L. Prehistoric Fijian diet and subsistence: integration of faunal, ethnographic, and stable isotopic evidence from the Lau Island Group. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:2742-2754.
107. Jørkov M.L.S., Jørgensen L., Lynnerup N. Uniform diet in a diverse society. Revealing new dietary evidence of the Danish Roman Iron Age based on stable isotope analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2010, 143:523-533.
108. Josse J., Harrington W.F. Role of pyrrolidine residues in the structure and stabilization of collagen. Journal of Molecular Biology 1964, 9:269-287.
109. Karim A.A., Bhat R. Fish gelatin: properties, challenges, and prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Food Hydrocolloids 2009, 23:563-576.
110. Katti D.R., Pradhan S.M., Katti K.S. Directional dependence of hydroxyapatite-collagen interactions on mechanics of collagen. Journal of Biomechanics 2010, 43:1723-1730.
111. Khan S., Qian Z.-J., Ryu B., Kim S.-K. Isolation and biochemical characterization of collagens from seaweed pipefish, Syngnathus schlegeli. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2009, 14:436-442.
112. Kim H.-M., Rey C., Glimcher M.J. Isolation of calcium-phosphate crystals of bone by non-aqueous methods at low temperature. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1995, 10:1589-1601.
113. Kimura S., Miyauchi Y., Uchida N. Scale and bone type I collagens of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1991, 99:473-476.
114. King, C.A., 2006. Paleodietary Change Among Pre-state Metal Age Societies in Northeast Thailand: A Stable Isotope Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu.
115. Kittiphattanabawon P., Benjakul S., Visessanguan W., Kishimura H., Shahidi F. Isolation and characterisation of collagen from the skin of brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). Food Chemistry 2010, 119:1519-1526.
116. Kittiphattanabawon P., Benjakul S., Visessanguan W., Shahidi F. Isolation and properties of acid- and pepsin-soluble collagen from the skin of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus). European Food Research and Technology 2010, 230:475-483.
117. Kusaka S., Hyodo F., Yumoto T., Nakatsukasa M. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on the diet of Jomon populations from two coastal regions of Japan. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:1968-1977.
118. Lam Y.M., Pearson O.M., Marean C.W., Chen X. Bone density studies in zooarchaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 2003, 30:1701-1708.
119. Lam Y.M., Pearson O.M. Bone density studies and the interpretation of the faunal record. Evolutionary Anthropology 2005, 14:99-108.
120. Lee D.D., Glimcher M.J. Three-dimensional spatial relationship between the collagen fibrils and the inorganic calcium phosphate crystals of pickerel (Americanus americanus) and herring (Clupea harengus) bone. Journal of Molecular Biology 1991, 217:487-501.
121. Lee R.F., Phleger C.F., Horn M.H. Composition of oil in fish bones: possible function in neutral buoyancy. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1975, 50:13-16.
122. Lees S. Some characteristics of mineralised collagen. Calcified Tissue 1989, 153-173. CRC Press, Boca Raton. D.W.L. Hukins (Ed.).
123. Lees S. Sonic velocity and the ultrastructure of mineralised tissues. Calcified Tissue 1989, 121-152. CRC Press, Boca Raton. D.W.L. Hukins (Ed.).
124. Lillie M., Budd C., Potekhina I. Stable isotope analysis of prehistoric populations from the cemeteries of the Middle and Lower Dnieper Basin, Ukraine. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:57-68.
125. Liu H., Li D., Guo S. Studies on collagen from the skin of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctaus). Food Chemistry 2007, 101:621-625.
126. Logan J.M., Jardine T.D., Miller T.J., Bunn S.E., Cunjak R.A., Lutcavage M.E. Lipid corrections in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses: comparison of chemical extraction and modelling methods. Journal of Animal Ecology 2008, 77:838-846.
127. Longin R. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 1971, 230:241-242.
128. Lyman R.L. Bone density and differential survivorship of fossil classes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1984, 3:259-299.
129. Lyman R.L. Vertebrate Taphonomy 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. Mendez E., Jachmanian I., Grompone M.A. Lipid distribution in blackbelly rosefish (Helicolenus dactylopterus lahillei) in relation to its possible functions as hydrostatic agent and energy reserve. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1993, 105:193-198.
131. Miller E.J. Isolation and characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the α1(II) chain of chick cartilage collagen. Biochemistry 1971, 10:3030-3035.
132. Miller M.J., Capriles J.M., Hastorf C.A. The fish of Lake Titicaca: implications for archaeology and changing ecology through stable isotope analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:317-327.
133. Misarti N., Finney B.P., Maschner H., Wooller M.J. Changes in northeast Pacific marine ecosystems over the last 4500 years: evidence from stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from archaeological middens. Holocene 2009, 19:1139-1151.
134. Moss M.L. Osteogenesis of acellular teleost fish bone. American Journal of Anatomy 1961, 108:99-109.
135. Moss M.L. The biology of acellcular teleost bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1963, 109:337-350.
136. The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries 2011, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. M.L. Moss, A. Cannon (Eds.).
137. Müldner G., Richards M.P. Fast or feast: reconstructing diet in later medieval England by stable isotope analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:39-48.
138. Müldner G., Richards M.P. Diet and diversity at later medieval fishergate: The isotopic evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2007, 134:162-174.
139. Nagai T., Suzuki N. Preparation and characterization of several fish bone collagens. Journal of Food Biochemistry 2000, 24:427-436.
140. Nagai T., Araki Y., Suzuki N. Collagen of the skin of ocellate puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes). Food Chemistry 2002, 78:173-177.
141. Nagaoka L. Differential recovery of Pacific Island fish remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:941-955.
142. Naito Y.I., Honch N.V., Chikaraishi Y., Ohkouchi N., Yoneda M. Quantitative evaluation of marine protein contribution in ancient diets based on nitrogen isotope ratios of individual amino acids in bone collagen: an investigation at the Kitakogane Jomon site. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2010, 143:31-40.
143. Nalinanon S., Benjakul S., Kishimura H. Collagens from the skin of arabesque greenling (Pleurogrammus azonus) solubilized with the aid of acetic acid and pepsin from albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) stomach. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2010, 90:1492-1500.
144. Nehlich O., Richards M. Establishing collagen quality criteria for sulphur isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2009, 1:59-75.
145. Nehlich O., Borić D., Stefanović S., Richards M.P. Sulphur isotope evidence for freshwater fish consumption: a case study from the Danube Gorges, SE Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:1131-1139.
146. Neuman W., Mulryan B. The discrepancy in the carbonate found in fish bone and blood. Calcified Tissue International 1968, 2:237-241.
147. Newsome S.D., Phillips D.L., Culleton B.J., Guilderson T.P., Koch P.L. Dietary reconstruction of an early to middle Holocene human population from the central California coast: insights from advanced stable isotope mixing models. Journal of Archaeological Science 2004, 31:1101-1115.
148. Nicholson R.A. An assessment of the value of bone density measurements to archaeoichthyological studies. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1992, 2:139-154.
149. Nicholson R.A. Fish bone diagenesis in different soils. Archaeofauna 1996, 5:79-91.
150. Nicholson R.A. Bone degradation, burial medium and species representation: debunking the myths, an experiment-based approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 1996, 23:513-533.
151. Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Hedges R.E.M., Mann T., Collins M.J. A preliminary investigation of the application of differential scanning calorimetry to the study of collagen degradation in archaeological bone. Thermochimica Acta 2000, 365:129-139.
152. Noitup P., Garnjanagoonchorn W., Morrissey M.T. Fish skin type I collagen: characteristic comparison of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) and Silver-Line Grunt (Pomadasys kaakan. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 2005, 14:17-28.
153. Norman T.L., Nivargikar S.V., Burr D.B. Resistance to crack growth in human cortical bone is greater in shear than in tension. Journal of Biomechanics 1996, 29:1023-1031.
154. Noto C.R. Hierarchical control of terrestrial vertebrate taphonomy over space and time: discussion of mechanisms and implications for vertebrate paleobiology. Taphonomy: Process and Bias through Time 2011, 287-336. Springer, Dordrecht. P.A. Allison, D.J. Bottjer (Eds.).
155. O'Connell T.C., Hedges R.E.M., Healey M.A., Simpson A.H.R.W. Isotopic Comparison of Hair, Nail and Bone: Modern Analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 2001, 28:1247-1255.
156. Biosphere to Lithosphere: New Studies in Vertebrate Taphonomy 2005, Oxbow Books, Oxford. T. O'Connor (Ed.).
157. Ogawa M., Moody M.W., Portier R.J., Bell J., Schexnayder M.A., Losso J.N. Biochemical Properties of Black Drum and Sheepshead Seabream Skin Collagen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003, 51:8088-8092.
158. Ogawa M., Portier R.J., Moody M.W., Bell J., Schexnayder M.A., Losso J.N. Biochemical properties of bone and scale collagens isolated from the subtropical fish black drum (Pogonia cromis) and sheepshead seabream (Archosargus probatocephalus). Food Chemistry 2004, 88:495-501.
159. Olszta M.J., Cheng X., Jee S.S., Kumar R., Kim Y.-Y., Kaufman M.J., Douglas E.P., Gower L.B. Bone structure and formation: a new perspective. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 2007, 58:77-116.
160. Oxlund H., Barckman M., Ørtoft G., Andreassen T.T. Reduced concentrations of collagen cross-links are associated with reduced strength of bone. Bone 1995, 17:S365-S371.
161. Oxlund H., Sekilde L., Ørtoft G. Reduced concentration of collagen reducible cross links in human trabecular bone with respect to age and osteoporosis. Bone 1996, 19:479-484.
162. Parenti L.R. The phylogenetic significance of bone types in euteleost fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1986, 87:37-51.
163. Partlow M.A. Sampling fish bones: a consideration of the importance of screen size and disposal context in the North Pacific. Arctic Anthropology 2006, 43:67-79.
164. Pasteris J.D., Wopenka B., Freeman J.J., Rogers K., Valsami-Jones E., van der Houwen J.A.M., Silva M.J. Lack of OH in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomic order: implications for bone and biomaterials. Biomaterials 2004, 25:229-238.
165. Pasteris J.D., Wopenka B., Valsami-Jones E. Bone and tooth mineralization: why apatite?. Elements 2008, 4:97-104.
166. Person A., Bocherens H., Mariotti A., Renard M. Diagenetic evolution and experimental heating of bone phosphate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1996, 126:135-149.
167. Pfretzschner H.-U. Fossilization of Haversian bone in aquatic environments. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2004, 3:605-616.
168. Pfretzschner H.-U. Collagen gelatinzation: the key to understand early bone-diagenesis. Palaeontographica Abteilung A Palaeozoologie-Stratigraphie 2006, 278:135-148.
169. Phleger C.F. Bone lipids of Kona coast reef fish: skull buoyancy in the hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1975, 52:101-104.
170. Phleger C.F., Patton J., Grimes P., Lee R.F. Fish-bone oil: percent total body lipid and carbon-14 uptake following feeding of 1-14C-palmitic acid. Marine Biology 1976, 35:85-89.
171. Phleger C.F. Bone lipids of tropical reef fishes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1987, 86:509-512.
172. Phleger C.F. Bone lipids of Jamaican reef fishes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1988, 90:279-283.
173. Phleger C.F., Laub R., Benson A. Skeletal lipid depletion in spawning salmon. Lipids 1989, 24:286-289.
174. Phleger C.F., Laub R.J. Skeletal fatty acids in fish from different depths off Jamaica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1989, 94:329-334.
175. Phleger C.F., Wambeke S.R. Bone lipids and fatty acids of Peru fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 1994, 109:145-152.
176. Phleger C.F., Laub R.J., Wambeke S.R. Selective skeletal fatty acid depletion in spawning Pacific pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1995, 111:435-439.
177. Pidaparti R.M.V., Chandran A., Takano Y., Turner C.H. Bone mineral lies mainly outside collagen fibrils: predictions of a composite model for osternal bone. Journal of Biomechanics 1996, 29:909-916.
178. Pietrzak W.S., Woodell-May J. The composition of human cortical allograft bone derived from FDA/AATB-screened donors. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2005, 16:579-585.
179. Pikkarainen J. The molecular structures of vertebrate skin collagens. A comparative study. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementum 1968, 309:1-63.
180. Plumb M.S., Aspden R.M. High levels of fat and (n-6) fatty acids in cancellous bone in osteoarthritis. Lipids in Health & Disease 2004, 3:1-3.
181. Porter M.E., Beltran J.L., Koob T.J., Summers A.P. Material properties and biochemical composition of mineralized vertebral cartilage in seven elasmobranch species (Chondrichthyes). Journal of Experimental Biology 2006, 209:2920-2928.
182. Post D., Layman C., Arrington D., Takimoto G., Quattrochi J., Montaña C. Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses. Oecologia 2007, 152:179-189.
183. Rama S., Chandrakasan G. Distribution of different molecular species of collagen in the vertebral cartilage of shark (Carcharius acutus). Connective Tissue Research 1984, 12:111-118.
184. Ramachandran G.N., Bansal M., Bhatnagar R.S. A hypothesis on the role of hydroxyproline in stabilizing collagen structure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1973, 322:166-171.
185. Regenstein J.M., Zhou P. Collagen and gelatin from marine by-products. Maximising the Value of Marine By-Products 2007, 279-303. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge. F. Shahidi (Ed.).
186. Reitsema L.J., Crews D.E., Polcyn M. Preliminary evidence for medieval Polish diet from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:1413-1423.
187. Reitz E.J. Faunal remains from Paloma, an Archaic Site in Peru. American Anthropologist 1988, 90:310-322.
188. Richards M.P., Hedges R.E.M. Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by late mesolithic humans at sites along the Atlantic Coast of Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:717-722.
189. Rick T.C., Erlandson J.M. Early Holocene fishing strategies on the California coast: evidence from CA-SBA-2057. Journal of Archaeological Science 2000, 27:621-633.
190. Rick T.C., Erlandson J.M., Glassow M.A., Moss M.L. Evaluating the economic significance of sharks, skates, and rays (Elasmobranchs) in prehistoric economies. Journal of Archaeological Science 2002, 29:111-122.
191. Rigby B.J. Amino-acid composition and thermal stability of the skin collagen of the Antarctic ice-fish. Nature 1968, 219:166-167.
192. Rojo A. Excavated fish vertebrae as predictors in bioarchaeological research. North American Archaeologist 1987, 8.
193. Rubin M.A., Rubin J., Jasiuk I. SEM and TEM study of the hierarchical structure of C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice trabecular bone. Bone 2004, 35:11-20.
194. Rudakova T.E., Zaikov G.E. Degradation of collagen and its possible applications in medicine. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1987, 18:271-291.
195. Sakakibara S., Inouye K., Shudo K., Kishida Y., Kobayashi Y., Prockop D.J. Synthesis of (Pro-Hyp-Gly)n of defined molecular weights: evidence for the stabilization of collagen triple helix by hydroxypyroline. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1973, 303:198-202.
196. Sasaki N., Tagami A., Goto T., Taniguchi M., Nakata M., Hikichi K. Atomic force microscopic studies on the structure of bovine femoral cortical bone at the collagen fibril-mineral level. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2002, 13:333-337.
197. Schoeninger M.J., Moore K.M., Murray M.L., Kingston J.D. Detection of bone preservation in archaeological and fossil samples. Applied Geochemistry 1989, 4:281-292.
198. Seyer J.M., Hasty K.A., Kang A.H. Covalent structure of collagen. European Journal of Biochemistry 1989, 181:159-173.
199. Shah N.K., Ramshaw J.A.M., Kirkpatrick A., Shah C., Brodsky B. A host-guest set of triple-helical peptides: stability of Gly-X-Y triplets containing common nonpolar residues. Biochemistry 1996, 35:10262-10268.
200. Shoulders M.D., Hodges J.A., Raines R.T. Reciprocity of steric and stereoelectronic effects in the collagen triple helix. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2006, 128:8112-8113.
201. Singh P., Benjakul S., Maqsood S., Kishimura H. Isolation and characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Food Chemistry 2011, 124:97-105.
202. Sivakumar P., Arichandran R., Suguna L., Mariappan M., Chandrakasan G. The composition and characteristics of skin and muscle collagens from a freshwater catfish grown in biologically treated tannery effuent water. Journal of Fish Biology 2000, 56:999-1012.
203. Smith R.E. Structural Bone Density of Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis): Taphonomic and Archaeological Implications 2008, Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland.
204. Sotiropoulos M.A., Tonn W.M., Wassenaar L.I. Effects of lipid extraction on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of fish tissues: potential consequences for food web studies. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2004, 13:155-160.
205. Stafford T.W., Hare P.E., Currie L., Jull A.J.T., Donahue D.J. Accelerator radiocarbon dating at the molecular level. Journal of Archaeological Science 1991, 18:35-72.
206. Stewart K.M., Wigen R.J. Screen size and the need for reinterpretation: a case study from the Northwest Coast. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 2003, 44:27-34.
207. Sweeting C.J., Polunin N.V.C., Jennings S. Effects of chemical lipid extraction and arithmetic lipid correction on stable isotope ratios of fish tissues. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2006, 20:595-601.
208. Szpak P., Orchard T.J., Gröcke D.R. A Late Holocene vertebrate food web from southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia). Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:2734-2741.
209. Szpak P., Gröcke D.R., Debruyne R., MacPhee R.D.E., Guthrie R.D., Froese D., Zazula G.D., Patterson W.P., Poinar H.N. Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology. Palaeoecology 2010, 286:88-96.
210. Tont S.A., Pearcy W.G., Arnold J.S. Bone structure of some marine vertebrates. Marine Biology 1977, 39:191-196.
211. Turban-Just S., Schramm S. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of individual amino acids give new insights into bone collagen degradation. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 1998, 169:109-114.
212. Tuross N., Fogel M.L., Hare P.E. Variability in the preservation of the isotopic composition of collagen from fossil bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:929-935.
213. Tuross N., Behrensmeyer A.K., Eanes E.D., Fisher L.W., Hare P.E. Molecular preservation and crystallographic alterations in a weathering sequence of wildebeest bones. Applied Geochemistry 1989, 4:261-270.
214. Tuross N. Alterations in fossil collagen. Archaeometry 2002, 44:427-434.
215. Vale D., Gargett R.H. Size matters: 3-mm sieves do not increase richness in a fishbone assemblage from Arrawarra I, an aboriginal Australian shell midden on the mid-north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2002, 29:57-63.
216. van der Merwe N.J., Williamson R.F., Pfeiffer S., Thomas S.C., Allegretto K.O. The Moatfield ossuary: isotopic dietary analysis of an Iroquoian community, using dental tissue. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2003, 22:245-261.
217. van Klinken G.J., Hedges R.E.M. Experiments on collagen-humic interactions: speed of humic uptake, and effects of diverse chemical treatments. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:263-270.
218. van Klinken G.J. Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:687-695.
219. Vashishth D., Gibson G.J., Khoury J.I., Schaffler M.B., Kimura J., Fyhrie D.P. Influence of nonenzymatic glycation on biomechanical properties of cortical bone. Bone 2001, 28:195-201.
220. Veis A. Bones and teeth. Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry 1984, 330-374. Elsevier, New York. K.A. Piez, A.H. Reddi (Eds.).
221. Vitagliano L., Berisio R., Mastrangelo A., Mazzarella L., Zagari A. Preferred proline puckerings in cis and trans peptide groups: Implications for collagen stability. Protein Science 2001, 10:2627-2632.
222. Vitagliano L., Berisio R., Mazzarella L., Zagari A. Structural bases of collagen stabilization induced by proline hydroxylation. Biopolymers 2001, 58:459-464.
223. Walsh W.R., Ohno M., Guzelsu N. Bone composite behaviour: effects of mineral-organic bonding. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 1994, 5:72-79.
224. Wang X.P., Bank R.A.P., TeKoppele J.M.P., Hubbard G.B.D.V.M.M.S., Althanasiou K.A.P., Agrawal C.M.P. Effect of collagen denaturation on the toughness of bone. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2000, 371:228-239.
225. Weiner S., Price P. Disaggregation of bone into crystals. Calcified Tissue International 1986, 39:365-375.
226. Weiner S., Traub W. Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils. FEBS Letters 1986, 206:262-266.
227. Weiner S., Wagner H.D. The material bone: structur-mechanical function relations. Annual Review of Materials Science 1998, 28:271-298.
228. Weiner S., Traub W., Wagner H.D. Lamellar bone: structure-function relations. Journal of Structural Biology 1999, 126:241-255.
229. Wheeler A. Problems of identification and interpretation of archaeological fish remains. Occasional Papers of the Institute of Archaeology 3 1977, 69-75. London. D.R. Brothwell, K.D. Thomas, J. Clutton-Brock (Eds.).
230. Wheeler A., Jones A.K.G. Fishes 1989, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
231. Wigen R.J., Stucki B.R. Taphonomy and stratigraphy in the interpretation of economic patterns at Hoko River Rockshelter. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 1988, 3:87-146.
232. Wood A., Ogawa M., Portier R.J., Schexnayder M., Shirley M., Losso J.N. Biochemical properties of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) bone collagen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2008, 151:246-249.
233. Woodard H.Q., White D.R. The composition of body tissues. The British Journal of Radiology 1986, 59:1209-1218.
234. Wopenka B., Pasteris J.D. A mineralogical perspective on the apatite in bone. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2005, 25:131-143.
235. Yoshino M., Kimijima T., Miyasaka S., Sato H., Seta S. Microscopical study on estimation of time since death in skeletal remains. Forensic Science International 1991, 49:143-158.
236. Zioupos P., Currey J.D., Hamer A.J. The role of collagen in the declining mechanical properties of aging human cortical bone. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1999, 45:108-116.
237. Zohar I., Dayan T., Galili E., Spanier E. Fish processing during the early holocene: a taphonomic case study from Coastal Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 2001, 28:1041-1053.
238. Zohar I., Belmaker M. Size does matter: methodological comments on sieve size and species richness in fishbone assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:635-641.
239. Zohar I., Belmaker M., Nadel D., Gafny S., Goren M., Hershkovitz I., Dayan T. The living and the dead: How do taphonomic processes modify relative abundance and skeletal completeness of freshwater fish?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 258:292-316.