Hydro-geochemical appraisal of groundwater quality from weathered basement aquifers in Northern Malawi

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Volumn 36, Issue 14-15, 2011, Pages 1197-1207

  Wanda, Elijah ^a   Monjerezi, Maurice ^b   Mwatseteza, Jonas F ^b   Kazembe, Lawrence N ^b  

^a MZUZU UNIVERSITY   (Malawi)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

Author keywords

Groundwater quality; Malawi; Multivariate statistics; Weathered basement aquifers

Indexed keywords

BASEMENT AQUIFER; CARBONATE PRECIPITATION; CATION EXCHANGES; CHANGING CLIMATE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; DRY SEASONS; ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES; GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION; GROUNDWATER QUALITY; MALAWI; MINERALISATION; MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS; RIVER BANK; RURAL WATER SUPPLY; SEASONAL CHANGES; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; WATER TYPES;

ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY; AQUIFERS; BUILDINGS; CALCIUM; CHLORINE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DROUGHT; HYDROCHEMISTRY; HYDROGEOLOGY; ION EXCHANGE; KAOLIN; KAOLINITE; MULTIVARIANT ANALYSIS; POTABLE WATER; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; SILICATE MINERALS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES;

AQUIFER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLAY MINERAL; EVAPORATION; GROUNDWATER; HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROLYSIS; MINERALIZATION; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PH; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); SOLUTION; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; WATER QUALITY;

MALAWI;

EID: 80054073995     PISSN: 14747065     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.061     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Allison, J.D., Brown, D.S., Novo-Gradac, K.J., 1991. MINTEQA2, a Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems. Report EPA/600/3-91/0-21. USEPA, Athens, Georgia.
2. APHA (American Public Health Association), 2005. Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, Washington, DC.
3. BGS (British Geological Survey), 2004. Groundwater Quality: Malawi, UK Groundwater Forum, Britain.
4. Carter, G.S., Bennet, J.D., 1973. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Malawi. Bull 6. Geol. Surv. Malawi. Malawi.
5. Chilton P.J., Smith-Carington A. Characteristics of the weathered basement aquifer in Malawi in relation to rural water supplies. Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources 1984, 144. IAHS Publication.
6. Chimphamba, J., Ngongondo, C., Mleta, P., 2009. Groundwater chemistry of basement aquifers: a case study of Malawi. In: Titus, R., Beekman, H., Adams, S., Strachan, L. (Eds.), The Basement Aquifers of Southern Africa. Water Research Commission. TT428-09. pp. 39-44.
7. ESP (Environmental Support Programme), 1998. Environmental Affairs Department, Government of Malawi.
8. Eugster H.P., Jones B.F. Behaviour of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution. Am. J. Sci. 1979, 279:609-631.
9. Feth, J.H., Roberson, C.E., Polzer, W.L., 1964. Sources of Mineral Constituents in Water from Graniic Rocks Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 1535-I.
10. Fetter C.W. Applied Hydrogeology 1990, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
11. Gaskell, J.L., 1973. Geology of the Mzimba Area. Bull 37. Geol. Surv. Malawi. Malawi.
12. Hiscock K.M. Hydrogeology: Principles and Practice 2009, Blackwell.
13. Hopkins, D.A.S., 1973. The geology of the Rumphi-Nkhata Bay area. Bull 38/39. Geol. Surv. Malawi. Malawi.
14. Husson, F., Josse, J., Lê, S., Mazet, J., 2009. FactoMineR: Factor Analysis and Data Mining with R. R Package Version 1.12. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=FactoMineR.
15. ISO (International Standards Organisation), 1985. Water Quality - Determination of Electrical Conductivity. ISO 7888.
16. ISO (International Standards Organisation), 1993. Water Quality - Sampling - Part 11: Guidance on Sampling of Ground Waters. ISO 5667-11.
17. ISO (International Standards Organisation), 1994. Water Quality - Determination of pH. ISO 10523-1.
18. Jankowski J., Acworth R.I., Shekarforoush S. Reverse ion exchange in deeply weathered porphyritic dacite fractured aquifer system, Yass, New South Wales, Australia. Ninth International Symposium Water- Rock Interaction 1998, 243-246. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. G.B. Arehart, J.R. Hulston (Eds.).
19. Kaiser H.F. The varimax criteria for analytical rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika 1958, 23:187-200.
20. Kaonga C.C., Chiotha S.S., Monjerezi M., Fabiano E., Henry E.M.T. Levels of cadmium, manganese and lead in water and algae: Spirogyra aequinoctialis. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 5(4):471-478.
21. Kortatsi B.K., Tay C.K., Anornu G., Hayford E., Dartey G.A. Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in the lower Offin basin, Ghana. Environ. Geol. 2008, 53:1651-1662.
22. Lakudzala D.D., Tembo K.C., Manda I.K. An investigation of chemical pollutants in lower Shire River, Malawi. Malawi J. Sci. Technol. 1999, 5:87-94.
23. Lasaga A. Chemical kinetics of water-rock interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:4009-4025.
24. Lê S., Josse J., Husson F. FactoMineR: an r package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Soft. 2008, 25(1):1-18.
25. Liu C.W., Lin K.H., Kuo Y.M. Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 313:77-89.
26. McLean W., Jankowski J. Groundwater quality and sustainability in an alluvial aquifer, Australia. XXX IAH Congress on Groundwater: Past Achievements and Future Challenges 2000, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. A. Sililo (Ed.).
27. Mkandawire T. Quality of groundwater from shallow wells of selected villages in Blantyre District, Malawi. Phys. Chem. Earth 2008, 33:807-811.
28. MoWD (Ministry of Water Development), 2005. Groundwater Resources Report for Mzimba District Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Metaferia Consulting Engineers Lilongwe, Malawi.
29. MS: 733 (Malawi standard: 733), 2005. Borehole and Shallow Well Water Quality-Specification ICS 13.060.10. Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS). Blantyre, Malawi.
30. Msonda K.W.M., Masamba W.R.L., Fabiano E. A study of fluoride groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi. Phys. Chem. Earth 2007, 32:1178-1184.
31. Mumba P.P., Banda J.W., Kaunda E. Chemical pollution in selected reservoirs and rivers in Lilongwe district, Malawi. Malawi J. Sci. Technol. 1999, 5:74-86.
32. NEP (National Environmental Policy), 1996. Environmental Affairs Department, Government of Malawi.
33. Palamuleni L.G. Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi's urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2002, 27:845-850.
34. Parkhurst, D.L., Appelo, C.A.J., 1999. User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2) - A Computer Program for Speciation, Batch-reaction, One-dimensional Transport and Inverse Geochemical Calculations. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. Water Resources Investigation Report, 99-4259.
35. Peters, E.R., 1975. The Geology of the South Viphya Area, Bull 36. Geol. Surv. Malawi. Malawi.
36. Pritchard M., Mkandawire T., O'Neill J.G. Biological, chemical and physical drinking water quality from shallow wells in Malawi: case study of Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Mulanje. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2007, 32:1167-1177.
37. Pritchard M., Mkandawire T., O'Neill J.G. Assessment of groundwater quality in shallow wells within the southern districts of Malawi. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2008, 33:812-823.
38. R Development Core Team, 2009. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org/.
39. Sajidu S.M.I., Masamba W.R.L., Henry E.M.T., Kuyeli S.M. Water quality assessment in streams and wastewater treatment plants of Blantyre, Malawi. Phys. Chem. Earth. 2007, 32:1391-1398.
40. Saka J.D.K., Ambali A.J.D. A biochemical study of pollution in the middle and lower Shire River, Malawi. Malawi J. Sci. Technol. 1999, 5:63-73.
41. USSL (United States Salinity Laboratory Staff), 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. US Department of Agricultural Soils. US Department of Agricultural (USDA). Hand Book 60, Washington, pp. 69-81.
42. Ward J.H. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J. Am. Stats. Assoc. 1963, 58:236-244.
43. Water Department, 1986. Malawi National Water Resources Master Plan-Annex Groundwater Resources of Malawi, United Nations Development Programme Projects MLW-79-015/MLW-84-003, Montfort Press, Limbe, Malawi, pp. 6.11-6.3 8.
44. WHO, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, vol. 1: Recommendations. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
45. Wilcox, L.V., 1948. The Quality of Water for Irrigation Use. US Department of Agricultural Technical Bulletin 1962, Washington.
46. Yang J.E., Skogley E.O., Schaff B.E., Kim J.J. A simple spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in water, resin, and soil extracts. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1998, 62:1108-1115.