메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 575-599

The "Revolving Door" between Regulatory Agencies and Industry: A Problem That Requires Reconceptualizing Objectivity

Author keywords

Conflict of interest; Ethics; Genetically modified (GM) organisms; Objectivity; Policy; Regulatory agencies; Revolving door; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DECISION MAKING; ETHICS; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE; REGULATORY APPROACH; RISK ASSESSMENT; STAKEHOLDER;

EID: 80054026295     PISSN: 11877863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10806-010-9287-x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 34548176034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficits, expectations and paradigms in British and American drug safety assessments prising open the black box of regulatory science
    • Abraham, J., & Davis, C. (2007). Deficits, expectations and paradigms in British and American drug safety assessments prising open the black box of regulatory science. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 32(4), 399-431.
    • (2007) Science, Technology, and Human Values , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 399-431
    • Abraham, J.1    Davis, C.2
  • 2
    • 0033610743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of DALY life: Problems with ethics and validity of disability adjusted life years
    • Arnesen, T., & Nord, E. (1999). The value of DALY life: Problems with ethics and validity of disability adjusted life years. British Medical Journal, 319, 1423-1425.
    • (1999) British Medical Journal , vol.319 , pp. 1423-1425
    • Arnesen, T.1    Nord, E.2
  • 3
    • 0007087796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical theory and bioethics
    • 5th edn., T. Beauchamp and L. Walters (Eds.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company
    • Beauchamp, T. L., & Walters, L. (1999). Ethical theory and bioethics. In T. Beauchamp & L. Walters (Eds.), Contemporary issues in bioethics (5th ed., pp. 1-32). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
    • (1999) Contemporary Issues in Bioethics , pp. 1-32
    • Beauchamp, T.L.1    Walters, L.2
  • 4
    • 18944383046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public values and public failure in US science policy
    • Bozeman, B., & Sarewitz, D. (2005). Public values and public failure in US science policy. Science and Public Policy, 32(2), 119-136.
    • (2005) Science and Public Policy , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-136
    • Bozeman, B.1    Sarewitz, D.2
  • 11
    • 0019404834 scopus 로고
    • Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior
    • Ehrhardt, A., & Meyer-Bahlburg, H. (1981). Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior. Science, 211, 1312-1318.
    • (1981) Science , vol.211 , pp. 1312-1318
    • Ehrhardt, A.1    Meyer-Bahlburg, H.2
  • 13
    • 0000673013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for ecological risk assessment
    • EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
    • EPA, Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. Federal Register, 63(93), 26846-26924.
    • (1998) Federal Register , vol.63 , Issue.93 , pp. 26846-26924
  • 14
    • 0344609630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revolving doors: Monsanto and the regulators
    • Ferrara, J. (1998). Revolving doors: Monsanto and the regulators. The Ecologist, 28(5), 280-287.
    • (1998) The Ecologist , vol.28 , Issue.5 , pp. 280-287
    • Ferrara, J.1
  • 15
    • 33847397021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professional expertise in a deliberative democracy: Facilitating participatory inquiry
    • Fischer, F. (2004). Professional expertise in a deliberative democracy: Facilitating participatory inquiry. The Good Society, 13(1), 21-27.
    • (2004) The Good Society , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-27
    • Fischer, F.1
  • 16
    • 34547425903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democratic theory and political science: A pragmatic method of constructive engagement
    • Fung, A. (2007). Democratic theory and political science: A pragmatic method of constructive engagement. American Political Science Review, 101(3), 443-458.
    • (2007) American Political Science Review , vol.101 , Issue.3 , pp. 443-458
    • Fung, A.1
  • 18
    • 0141749272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social control and knowledge in democratic societies
    • Grundmann, R., & Stehr, N. (2003). Social control and knowledge in democratic societies. Science and Public Policy, 30, 183-1886.
    • (2003) Science and Public Policy , vol.30 , pp. 183-1886
    • Grundmann, R.1    Stehr, N.2
  • 21
    • 43349094887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The feminist standpoint: Developing the grounds for a specifically feminist historical materialism
    • S. Harding (Ed.), London: Routledge
    • Hartsock, N. (1998). The feminist standpoint: Developing the grounds for a specifically feminist historical materialism. In S. Harding (Ed.), The feminist standpoint theory reader: Intellectual and political controversies (pp. 35-53). London: Routledge.
    • (1998) The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies , pp. 35-53
    • Hartsock, N.1
  • 22
    • 0001444571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and decisionmaking
    • S. Rayner and E. Malone (Eds.), Columbus: Battelle
    • Jasanoff, S., & Wynne, B. (1998). Science and decisionmaking. In S. Rayner & E. Malone (Eds.), Human choice and climate change (pp. 1-87). Columbus: Battelle.
    • (1998) Human Choice and Climate Change , pp. 1-87
    • Jasanoff, S.1    Wynne, B.2
  • 23
    • 0346789394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FDA and the biotechnology industry: A symbiotic relationship?
    • Karwaki, T. E. (1996) The FDA and the biotechnology industry: A symbiotic relationship? 71 Washington Law Review, 821.
    • (1996) 71 Washington Law Review , pp. 821
    • Karwaki, T.E.1
  • 26
    • 53149122089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethics of risk analysis and regulatory review: From bio- to nanotechnology
    • Kuzma, J., & Besley, J. (2008). Ethics of risk analysis and regulatory review: From bio- to nanotechnology. Nanoethics, 2(2), 149-162.
    • (2008) Nanoethics , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-162
    • Kuzma, J.1    Besley, J.2
  • 27
    • 76149114606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating oversight systems for emerging technologies: A case study of genetically engineered organisms
    • Kuzma, J., Larson, J., & Najmaie, P. (2009). Evaluating oversight systems for emerging technologies: A case study of genetically engineered organisms. Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics, 37(4), 546-586.
    • (2009) Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 546-586
    • Kuzma, J.1    Larson, J.2    Najmaie, P.3
  • 28
    • 80054015197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible change in the U.S. risk -based decision making for emerging technological products: Compromised or enhanced objectivity?
    • Kuzma, J., & Meghani, Z. (2009). A possible change in the U. S. risk -based decision making for emerging technological products: Compromised or enhanced objectivity? EMBO Report, 10, 1-6.
    • (2009) EMBO Report , vol.10 , pp. 1-6
    • Kuzma, J.1    Meghani, Z.2
  • 29
    • 28144436117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who does the public trust? The case of genetically modified food in the United States
    • Lang, J. T., & Hallman, W. K. (2005). Who does the public trust? The case of genetically modified food in the United States. Risk Analysis, 25(5), 1241-1251.
    • (2005) Risk Analysis , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 1241-1251
    • Lang, J.T.1    Hallman, W.K.2
  • 30
    • 80054042131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA considers approving genetically modified salmon for human consumption
    • Accessed 7 September 2010 Available at
    • Layton, L. (2010). FDA considers approving genetically modified salmon for human consumption. The Washington Post. Available at http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/06/AR2010090602424_pf. html. Accessed 7 September 2010.
    • (2010) The Washington Post
    • Layton, L.1
  • 31
    • 33845481428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recasting "substantial equivalence": Transatlantic governance of gm food
    • Levidow, L., Murphy, J., & Carr, S. (2007). Recasting "substantial equivalence": Transatlantic governance of gm food. Science, Technology and Human Values, 32(1), 26-64.
    • (2007) Science, Technology and Human Values , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-64
    • Levidow, L.1    Murphy, J.2    Carr, S.3
  • 37
    • 61549137184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FDA, normativity of risk assessment, GMOs, and American democracy
    • Meghani, Z. (2009). The FDA, normativity of risk assessment, GMOs, and American democracy. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 22, 125-139.
    • (2009) Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics , vol.22 , pp. 125-139
    • Meghani, Z.1
  • 38
    • 71549167559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The US food and drug administration's evaluation of the safety of animal clones: A failure to recognize the normativity of risk assessment projects
    • Meghani, Z., & de Melo-Martín, I. (2009). The US food and drug administration's evaluation of the safety of animal clones: A failure to recognize the normativity of risk assessment projects. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 29, 9-17.
    • (2009) Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society , vol.29 , pp. 9-17
    • Meghani, Z.1    de Melo-Martín, I.2
  • 40
    • 85073860645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical analysis of food biotechnologies: An evaluative framework
    • B. Mepham (Ed.), London: Routledge
    • Mepham, B. (1996). Ethical analysis of food biotechnologies: An evaluative framework. In B. Mepham (Ed.), Food ethics (pp. 101-119). London: Routledge.
    • (1996) Food Ethics , pp. 101-119
    • Mepham, B.1
  • 41
    • 0033598743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis
    • Muir, W. M., & Howard, R. D. (1999). Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis. PNAS, 96, 13853-13856.
    • (1999) Pnas , vol.96 , pp. 13853-13856
    • Muir, W.M.1    Howard, R.D.2
  • 43
    • 85193879380 scopus 로고
    • Epistemological communities
    • L. Alcoff and E. Potter (Eds.), New York: Routledge
    • Nelson, L. H. (1993). Epistemological communities. In L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), Feminist epistemologies (pp. 121-160). New York: Routledge.
    • (1993) Feminist Epistemologies , pp. 121-160
    • Nelson, L.H.1
  • 44
    • 84883976965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization and the governance of biotechnology
    • Newell, P. (2003). Globalization and the governance of biotechnology. Global Environmental Politics, 3, 56-71.
    • (2003) Global Environmental Politics , vol.3 , pp. 56-71
    • Newell, P.1
  • 47
    • 0004207705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NRC (National Research Council), Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • NRC (National Research Council). (1996). Understanding risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1996) Understanding Risk
  • 49
    • 0004121847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NRC (National Research Council), Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • NRC (National Research Council). (2002). Environmental effects of transgenic plants. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2002) Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants
  • 51
    • 67649526142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal regulatory review
    • OMB (Office of Management and Budget)
    • OMB (Office of Management and Budget). (2009). Federal regulatory review. Federal Register, 74(37), 8819.
    • (2009) Federal Register , vol.74 , Issue.37 , pp. 8819
  • 52
    • 0023057449 scopus 로고
    • Coordinated framework for the regulation of biotechnology
    • OSTP (Office of Science and Technology Policy)
    • OSTP (Office of Science and Technology Policy). (1986). Coordinated framework for the regulation of biotechnology. Federal Register, 51, 23302.
    • (1986) Federal Register , vol.51 , pp. 23302
  • 54
    • 55249100930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PIFB (Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology) Available at Accessed 20 July 2010
    • PIFB (Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology). (2006a). Public sentiment about genetically modified food. Available at http://www. pewtrusts. org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Public_Opinion/Food_and_Biotechnology/2006summary. pdf. Accessed 20 July 2010.
    • (2006) Public sentiment about genetically modified food
  • 55
    • 80054032889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PIFB (Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology) Available at Accessed 20 July 2010
    • PIFB (Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology). (2006b). Agicultural biotechnology: Information disclosure. Available at http://www. pewtrusts. org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Summaries_-_reports_and_pubs/PIFB_AgBiotech_Info_Disclosure_Workshop_Report. pdf. Accessed 20 July 2010.
    • (2006) Agicultural biotechnology: Information disclosure
  • 56
    • 71549157379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Without US rules, biotech food lacks investors
    • Available at Accessed 25 January 2009
    • Pollack, A. (2007). Without US rules, biotech food lacks investors. NY Times. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/washington/30animal.html?pagewanted=print. Accessed 25 January 2009.
    • (2007) NY Times
    • Pollack, A.1
  • 57
    • 80051538332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetically altered salmon get closer to the table
    • Available at Accessed 25 June 2010
    • Pollack, A. (2010). Genetically altered salmon get closer to the table. NY Times. Available at http://www. nytimes. com/2010/06/26/business/26salmon. html?hp. Accessed 25 June 2010.
    • (2010) NY Times
    • Pollack, A.1
  • 58
    • 0348252063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biopolitics in the EU and the US: A race to the bottom or convergence to the top?
    • Prakash, A., & Kollman, K. (2003). Biopolitics in the EU and the US: A race to the bottom or convergence to the top? International Studies Quarterly, 47, 617-641.
    • (2003) International Studies Quarterly , vol.47 , pp. 617-641
    • Prakash, A.1    Kollman, K.2
  • 63
    • 33947176491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laypeople's and expert's perceptions of nanotechnology hazards
    • Siegrist, M., Keller, C., Kastenholz, H., Frey, S., & Wiek, A. (2007). Laypeople's and expert's perceptions of nanotechnology hazards. Risk Analysis, 27, 59-69.
    • (2007) Risk Analysis , vol.27 , pp. 59-69
    • Siegrist, M.1    Keller, C.2    Kastenholz, H.3    Frey, S.4    Wiek, A.5
  • 64
    • 68049092168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upstream engagement and the governance of science
    • Tait, J. (2009). Upstream engagement and the governance of science. EMBO Rep, 10, S18-S22.
    • (2009) EMBO Rep , vol.10
    • Tait, J.1
  • 67
    • 80054038468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Website Welcome. Available at Accessed 13 March 2009
    • United States Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Website. (2009). Welcome. Available at http://usbiotechreg. nbii. gov/. Accessed 13 March 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 69
    • 80054015410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States's Food and Drug Administration Available at Accessed 12 July 2010
    • United States's Food and Drug Administration. (2009) Questions and Answers about Transgenic Fish. Available at http://www. fda. gov/AnimalVeterinary/ResourcesforYou/ucm047112. htm. Accessed 12 July 2010.
    • (2009) Questions and Answers about Transgenic Fish
  • 71
    • 80054045288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States's Food and Drug Administration Available at from Accessed 22 December 2008
    • United States's Food and Drug Administration. (2008). FDA's Mission Statement. Available at from http://www. fda. gov/opacom/morechoices/mission. html. Accessed 22 December 2008.
    • (2008) FDA's Mission Statement
  • 72
    • 0006858269 scopus 로고
    • White House Available at Accessed 20 July 2010
    • White House (1993). Regulatory planning and review: Executive Order #12866. Available at http://govinfo. library. unt. edu/npr/library/direct/orders/2646. html. Accessed 20 July 2010.
    • (1993) Regulatory planning and review: Executive Order #12866
  • 74
    • 0042972955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergent patterns in the regulation of pharmaceuticals: Institutions and interests in the US, Canada, Britain, and France
    • Wiktorowicz, M. E. (2003). Emergent patterns in the regulation of pharmaceuticals: Institutions and interests in the US, Canada, Britain, and France. Journal of Health, Politics, Policy and Law, 28, 615-658, pp. 634-635.
    • (2003) Journal of Health, Politics, Policy and Law , vol.28
    • Wiktorowicz, M.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.