Re-examining & repositioning higher education: Twenty economic and demographic factors driving online and blended program enrollments

Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 3-23

  Betts, Kristen ^a   Hartman, Kenneth ^a   Oxholm, Carl ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blended (Hybrid) education; Demographics; Distance education; Economics; Endowment; Enrollment; Higher education; Online education; Recruitment; Retention

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053999973     PISSN: 19395256     EISSN: 19395256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Fain, P. "Trustee survey paints grim budget picture over next year for public universities" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(34): A13, March 31, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/v55/i34/34a01301.htm.
2. Facione, P. "A straight-talk survival guide for colleges" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(28): A36, Mar, 20, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/free/v55/i28/28a03601.htm.
3. Hartman, K. and K. Betts. "Quality and scaling: Oxymoron or reality in online degrees at non-profit colleges and universities" in Magna Publications 13(10): cover-2, Distance Education Report, May 15, 2009. Available: http://www.magnapubs.com/issues/magnapubs_der/13_10/news/602493-1.html.
4. National Center for Education Statistics. Distance education at degree granting postsecondary institutions: 2006-07, Washington, DC: US Department of Education, 2008.
5. Allen, I. E. & J. Seaman. Staying the course: Online education in the United States 2008, The Sloan Consortium, Babson Survey Research Group, 2008. Available: http://www.sloanconsortium.org/publications/survey/pdf/staying_the_course.pdf.
6. United States Department of Education. Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development, Washington, DC. 2009.
7. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "The employment situation-September 2009," United States Department of Labor, 2009. Available: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm.
8. McClure, A. "High gas prices hit campus hard" in University Business 12(9): 12, 2008.
9. Basken, P. "After lurking for months, credit crisis begins Biting at higher education" in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 1, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/v54/i25/25a02201.htm.
10. Kelsey, N. "High gas prices fuel boom in online classes" in Boston.com, 2008. Available: http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2008/07/09/high_gas_prices_fuel_boom_in_online_classes.
11. Munitz, B. "Foreword" in Dollars, distance, and online education: The new economics of college teaching and learning, American Council on Education, Oryx Press, Phoenix Arizona, 2000.
12. Pope, J. "Illinois flunks college affordability study" in the Huffington Post, Dec. 3, 2008. Available: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/03/illinois-flunks-college-a_n_148074.html.
13. Pennino, M. "Colleges cope with rising energy costs" in Lancaster Online.com, July 26, 2009. Available: http://www.universitybusiness.com/newssummary.aspx?news=yes&postid=16390.
14. Gabrielson, R. "U seeks tuition hike to help with budget cuts" in EastValleyTribune.com, Nov. 30, 2008. Available: http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/131519.
15. "California slightly below revenue projections" in The Sacramento Bee, Sept. 16, 2009. Available: http://www.sacbee.com/static/weblogs/capitolalertlatest/025525.html.
16. Mickalonis, E. A. "2010-2011 budget talks begin" in LegislativeGazette.com, Nov. 16, 2009. Available: http://www.legislativegazette.com/Articles-c-2009-11-16-63978.113122_2010_2011_budget_talks_begin.html.
17. "Ohio's 2010-2011 Budget" in The Ohio Society of CPA, 2009. Available: http://www.ohioscpa.com/Content/45496.aspx.
18. Kelderman, E. "Calculating the true cost of tuition freezes at public colleges" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(36): A19, May 15, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/CalculatingtheTrue-Cost-of/44341/.
19. National Conference for States Legislatures. "Spotlight: State budget update," 2009. Available: http://www.ncsl.org/?tabid=17498.
20. Mactaggart, T. "The realities of rescuing colleges in distress" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 54(7): B11, Oct. 12, 2007. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/The-Realities-of-Rescuing/16705/.
21. Wash, M. "Muni bonds may face downgrade," in New York Times.com, Apr. 9, 2009. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/business/economy/08muni.html.
22. Blumenstyk, G. "Debt bomb is ticking loudly on campuses" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(31): A1, Apr. 10, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/v55/i31/31a00101.htm.
23. Basken, P. and K. Field. "Sallie Mae tying loans to students' credit scores and colleges' graduation rates" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 54(21): A19, Feb. 1, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/v54/i21/21a01902.htm.
24. Wang, P. "Is college still worth the price" in CNNMoney.com, Apr. 13, 2009. Available: http://money.cnn.com/2008/08/20/pf/college/college_price.moneymag.
25. "Aid applications and direct loan volume are both U Inside Higher Education Quick Takes" in Inside Higher Education, March 9, 2009. Available: http://www.insidehighered.com/layout/set/print/news/2009/03/09/qt.
26. Field, K. "Private-loan borrowing continues rapid growth, analysis shows" in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Apr. 21, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/news/article/6355/private-loanborrowingcontinues-rapid-growth-analysis-shows.
27. "2008 national student postsecondary aid study (NSPAS) finds 66 percent of undergraduates received aid" in National Association of Student Financial Aid Administration, Apr. 15, 2009. Available: http://www.nasfaa.org/publications/2009/rnnpsas041509.html.
28. "StudentPoll: The effects of the current recession," College Board & Arts & Science Group 7(3): 2009. Available: http://www.artsci.com/studentpoll/v7-3/index.aspx.
29. Snyder, S. "Colleges unsure of enrollment picture" in Philadelphia Inquirer, Apr. 24, 2009. Available (for fee): http://www.philly.com/inquirer/home_region/20090424_Colleges_unsure_of_enrollment_picture.html.
30. Wee, G. "Harvard Investments Lose 27.3%, Less Than Forecast (Update1)" in Bloomberg.com, Sept. 10, 2009. Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=azaVNoupoSkA.
31. Debeneditti, G. "Endowment value drops 22.7 percent; layoffs expected" in Daily Princetonian, Sept. 30, 2009. Available: http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/09/30/23943/.
32. Oxholm, C. "Sarbanes-Oxley in Higher Education: Bringing Corporate America's 'Best Practices' to Academia" in Journal of College and University Law, University of Notre Dame Law School 31(2): 2005.
33. Masterson, K. "Recession tempers the usual optimism in college fund-raising offices" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(8): A16, January 9, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/v55/i18/18a01601.htm.
34. Masterson, K. "Q and A: Making tough choices in the fund-raising office" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(36): A15, May 15, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/QA-Making-Tough-Choices/44337.
35. Masterson, K. "With dwindling resources, colleges recalibrate fund-raising staffs" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 53(32): A20, April 17, 2009. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/WithDwindling-Resources-C/9283.
36. Carlson, S. "Campus officials seek building efficiencies, one square Foot at a time" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(32): A1, 2009.
37. Association of General Contractors of America. "Surging fuel, asphalt, steel costs 'clobber' construction budgets, AGC say" in ConstructionNews, July 15, 2008. Available: http://www.agc.org/cs/news_media/press_room/press_release?pressrelease.id=198.
38. Crowley, P. "As universities age, billions-worth of projects on table" in Business First of Columbus, 2008. Available: http://columbus.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2008/09/08/focus1.html?b=1220846400%5E1695637.
39. AAA Daily Fuel Gauge Report in American Automobile Association. 2009. Available: http://www.fuelgaugereport.com.
40. Young, J. "4-a-gallon gas drives more students to online courses" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 54(45): A20, July 18, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/4-a-Gallon-Gas-Drives-More/16188.
41. Grasgreen, A. "Price of gas fuels tough choices for adjuncts" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 45(44): A1, July 11, 2008.
42. Feggins, S. "Fluctuating gas prices brakes students who commute" in The News Argus, Nov, 27, 2006. Available: http://media.www.thenewsargus.com/media/storage/paper646/news/2006/11/27/CampusNews/Fluctuating.Gas.Prices.Brakes.Students.Who.Commute-2516044.shtml.
43. Sedov, M. "Gas prices taking toll on student drivers" in The Ticker. Baruch College, City University of New York, May 1, 2006. Available: http://media.www.theticker.org/media/storage/paper909/news/2006/05/01/News/High-Gas.Prices.Taking.Toll.On.Student.Drivers-1897754.shtml.
44. Kadden, J. "An expert's view of college costs" in New York Times, Nov. 19, 2009. Available: http://thechoice.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/costs.
45. "Most expensive college dorms for 2009-2010" in Campus Grotto, 2009. Available: http://www.campusgrotto.com/most-expensive-college-dorms-for-2009-2010.html.
46. Hermes, J. J. "Soaring food prices Squeeze Dining Halls" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 54(36): A20, May 16, 2008.
47. Foderaro, L. "Without cafeteria trays, colleges find saving" in New York Times.com, Apr. 28, 2009. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/nyregion/29tray.html.
48. Jayson, S. "Getting the most bang for your college buck" in USA Today, 2009. Available: http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/college/2009-01-07-best-value-colleges_N.htm.
49. Allison, D. H., & B. DeBlois. and the 2008 EDUCAUSE Current Issues Committee, " Top ten IT issues" in EDUCAUSE Review 43(3): 36-61, May/June 2008. Available: http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/factsheet.pdf.
50. http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume43/TopTenITIssues2008/162885.
51. McClure, A. "Technology spending survey '08" in University Business, December 2007. Available: http://www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=960.
52. Spellings Commission on the Future of Higher Education. "Issue paper" 4: 2006. Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/factsheet.pdf.
53. Passel, J., & D. Cohn. "Immigration to play lead role in future U.S. growth, U.S. population projections: 2005-2050" in Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, Feb. 11, 2008. Available: http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections.
54. United States Census Bureau. "An older and more diverse nation by midcentury," Washington, DC, Aug. 14, 2008. Available: http://www.census.gov/PressRelease/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html.
55. Walton, C. "College Tuition and Undocumented Immigrants," National Conference of State Legislatures. Legisbrief 11(39): 2, October 2003.
56. United States Census Bureau. "Florida, California and Texas to dominate future population growth," Washington, DC, Apr. 21, 2005. Available: http://www.census.gov/PressRelease/www/releases/archives/population/004704.html.
57. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. Knocking at the College Door: Projections of High School Graduates by State and Race/Ethnicity, 1992 to 2022, Boulder, CO, 2008. Available: http://wiche.edu/knocking.
58. Ashburn, E. "New data predict major shifts in student population, requiring colleges to change strategies" in The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 20, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/New-Data-Predict-Major-Shifts/606.
59. Almanac. "Projected change in the number of high-school graduates, 2008-9 to 2018-19" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(14): 4, Aug. 29, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.texterity.com/chronicle/almanac200809/?pg=6.
60. Asimov, N. "More eligible students, fewer college slots" in San Francisco Chronicle, Dec.10, 2008. San Francisco, CA. Available: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/12/09/BA1314IG75.DTL.
61. Merrill Lynch. "The New Retirement Survey" from Merrill Lynch reveals how baby boomers will transform retirement, Washington, DC, 2005. Available: http://www.harrisinteractive.com/services/pubs/Merrill_Lynch_Baby_Boomers_Retirement.pdf.
62. American Council for Education (ACE). Framing New Terrain: Older Adults and Higher Education. Washington, DC, Oct. 2007.
63. "Craig McGuinn, Ward Media, Inc. Gazette Minute Interview" in GreenTree Gazette, Dec. 9, 2008. Available: http://www.greentreegazette.com/newsletters/newsletter_081209.html.
64. Obama, B. "Remarks by the President on higher education," Diplomatic Reception Room, Apr. 9, 2009. Available: http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/obamaforamerica/gGxWJX.
65. Duncan, A. "United States Department of Education Secretary Duncan highlights budget proposals to increase college access and affordability," Washington, DC, February 26, 2009. Available: http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2009/02/02262009.html.
66. Cavanaugh, J. C. "Cost reductions and tuition restraint: Been there done that. Commentary" in The Chronicle of Higher Education 55(27): A34, March 13, 2009.
67. Usher, A. & A. Cerveran. "Global higher education rankings: Affordability and accessibility in comparative perspective," Toronto, ON: Educational Policy Institute, 2005. Available: http://www.educationalpolicy.org/pdf/Global2005.pdf.
68. United States Census Bureau. "Census Bureau releases data showing relationship between education and earnings 2009." Available: http://www.census.gov/PressRelease/www/releases/archives/education/013618.html.
69. Baum, S. & J. Ma. Education pays: The benefits of higher education for individuals and society, College Board. Washington, DC, 2007. Available: http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/cbsenior/yr2007/ed-pays-2007.pdf.
70. Holzer, H. "Economic cost of inadequate investments in workforce development" in Testimony Submitted to Subcommittee on Labor and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies, US House of Representatives, Feb. 26, 2008. Available: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901149_Holzer_workforce.pdf.
71. United States Department of Labor. Career Voyage, Sept. 19, 2007. Available: http://www.careervoyages.gov/.
72. Newsweek. "Distance learning and online degrees" in Newsweekshowcase.com, Apr. 1, 2009. Available: http://www.newsweekshowcase.com/education/distancelearning/articles/distancelearningallabout.
73. "Multi-billion dollar industries: Part III" in SmartCompany.com. June 19, 2008. Available: http://www.smartcompany.com.au/information-technology/multi-billion-dollar-industries-partiii.html.
74. "Study: E-Learning Spending on the Rise" in MediaTech Publishing, 2007. Available: http://www.clomedia.com/talent.php?pt=a&aid=1916.
75. United States Distance Learning Association launches National Distance Learning Week to increase the awareness of distance learning, Drexel University, Sept. 19, 2007. Available: http://www.drexel.edu/news/headlines/usdla-launches-national-distance-learning-week-to-increasetheawareness-of-distance-learning.aspx.
76. Young, J. "Minnesota state colleges plan to offer one-fourth of credits online by 2015" in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 20, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/3476/minnesota-state-colleges-plan-to-offer-one-fourth-of-credits-online-by-2015.
77. Belcher, K. "DANTES' 35th Birthday" in Military Advanced Education, Journal of Higher Learning for Today's Servicemember 4(5): September/October 2009. Available: http://www.military-advancededucation.com/mae-archives/188-mae-2009-volume-4-issue-4/1776-dantes-35th-birthday.html.
78. "Education Benefits," United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2009. Available: http://www.gibill.va.gov/GI_Bill_Info/benefits.htm.
79. Hendry, E. "Cost of colleges' health-care benefits continues to rise" in The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 28, 2008. Available: http://chronicle.com/article/Cost-of-Colleges-Health-Ca/47482.