Does predation result in adult sex ratio skew in a sexually dimorphic insect genus?

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 24, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 2321-2328

  Wehi, P M ^a   Nakagawa, S ^b   Trewick, S A ^a   Morgan Richards, M ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Generalized linear mixed model; Male weaponry; Meta analysis; Orthoptera; Overdispersion; Weta

Indexed keywords

ADULT; DISPERSION; INSECT; MALE; MAMMAL; META-ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NATIVE SPECIES; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLYGYNY; PREDATION RISK; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS; SELECTION; SEX RATIO; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; GENETIC SELECTION; MALE; MATE CHOICE; META ANALYSIS; NEW ZEALAND; ORTHOPTERA; PHYSIOLOGY; SEX RATIO; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MATING PREFERENCE, ANIMAL; NEW ZEALAND; ORTHOPTERA; SELECTION, GENETIC; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEX RATIO; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

NEW ZEALAND;

HEMIDEINA; HEXAPODA; MAMMALIA; ORTHOPTERA;

EID: 80053963162     PISSN: 1010061X     EISSN: 14209101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02366.x     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Acharya, L. 1995. Sex-biased predation on moths by insectivorous bats. Anim. Behav. 49: 1461-1468.
2. Anderson, A. 1991. The chronology of colonization in New Zealand. Antiquity 65: 767-795.
3. Andersson, M. & Iwasa, Y. 1996. Sexual selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 53-58.
4. Atkinson, I. & Cameron, E. 1993. Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 447-451.
5. Bates, D. & Maechler, M. 2010. lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S-4 classes, R package version 0.999375-37.
6. Bolker, B.M., Brooks, M.E., Clark, C.J., Geange, S.W., Poulsen, J.R., Stevens, M.H.H. et al. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24: 127-135.
7. Bonduriansky, R., Maklakov, A., Zajitschek, F. & Brooks, R. 2008. Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span. Funct. Ecol. 22: 443-453.
8. Christe, P., Keller, L. & Roulin, A. 2006. The predation cost of being a male: implications for sex-specific rates of ageing. Oikos 114: 381-384.
9. Clark, J. 1992. Food of the morepork in Taranaki. Notornis 39: 94.
10. Clutton-Brock, T. & Iason, G.R. 1986. Sex ratio variation in mammals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 61: 339-374.
11. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Rose, K.E. & Guiness, F.E. 1997. Density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer. Proc. R. Soc. B 264: 1509-1516.
12. Costantini, D., Bruner, E., Fanfani, A. & Dell'Omo, G. 2007. Male-biased predation of western green lizards by Eurasian kestrels. Naturwissenschaften 94: 1015-1020.
13. Daniel, M.J. 1973. Seasonal diet of the ship rat (Rattus r.rattus) in lowland forest in New Zealand. Proc. N. Z. Ecol. Soc. 20: 21-30.
14. Donald, P.F. 2007. Adult sex ratios in wild bird populations. Ibis 149: 671-692.
15. Dreiss, A.N., Cote, J., Richard, M., Federici, P. & Clobert, J. 2010. Age- and sex-specific response to population density and sex ratio. Behav. Ecol. 21: 356-364.
16. Dyson, E.A. & Hurst, G.D.D. 2004. Persistence of an extreme sex-ratio bias in a natural population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101: 6520-6523.
17. Emlen, D.J. 2008. The evolution of animal weapons. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39: 387-413.
18. Emlen, S.T. & Oring, L.W. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.
19. Field, L.H. & Deans, N.A. 2001. Sexual selection and secondary sexual characteristics of wetas and king crickets. In: The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies (L.H. Field, ed.), pp. 179-205. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
20. Field, L.H. & Glasgow, S. 2001. Defence behaviour. In: The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies (L.H. Field, ed.), pp. 297-316. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
21. Fisher, R. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
22. Fitzgerald, B. 1964. Ecology of Mustelids in New Zealand. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
23. Gibbs, G.W. 1998. Why are some weta (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae) vulnerable yet others are common? J. Insect Conserv. 2: 161-166.
24. Gibbs, G.W. 2001. Habitats and biogeography of New Zealand's Deinacridine and tusked weta species. In: The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies (L.H. Field, ed.), pp. 35-55. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
25. Gibbs, G.W. 2009. The end of an 80-million year experiment: a review of evidence describing the impact of introduced rodents on New Zealand's 'mammal-free' invertebrate fauna. Biol. Inv. 11: 1587-1593.
26. Gwynne, D.T. 1984. Sexual selection and sexual differences in Mormon crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Anabrus simplex). Evolution 38: 1011-1022.
27. Gwynne, D.T. 1987. Sex-biased predation and the risky mate-locating behaviour of male tick-tock cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Anim. Behav. 35: 571-576.
28. Gwynne, D.T. & Jamieson, I.G. 1998. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in a harem-defence polygynous insect, the alpine weta (Hemideina maori, Orthoptera Stenopelmatidae). Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 10: 393-402.
29. Hadfield, J. 2010. MCMC Methods for multi-response Generalized Linear Mixed Models: The MCMCglmm R Package. J. Stat. Soft. 33: 1-23.
30. Hamilton, W.D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477-488.
31. Haw, J. & Clout, M. 1999. Diet of morepork (Ninox novaeseelandiae) throughout New Zealand by analysis of stomach contents. Notornis 46: 333-345.
32. Haw, J.M., Clout, M.N. & Powlesland, R.G. 2001. Diet of moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae) in Pureora Forest determined from prey remains in regurgitated pellets. N. Z. J. Ecol. 25: 61-67.
33. Hudson, G. 1920. On some examples of New Zealand insects illustrating the Darwinian principle of sexual selection. Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst. 52: 431-438.
34. Innes, J. 1979. Diet and reproduction of ship rats in the northern Tararuas. N. Z. J. Ecol. 2: 85-86.
35. Jennions, M.D., Moller, A.P. & Petrie, M. 2001. Sexually selected traits and adult survival: a meta-analysis. Quart. Rev. Biol. 76: 3-36.
36. Jennions, M.D., Moller, A.P. & Hunt, J. 2004. Meta-analysis can "fail": reply to Kotiaho and Tomkins. Oikos 104: 191-193.
37. Jones, C., Moss, K. & Sanders, M. 2005. Diet of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in the upper Waitaki Basin, New Zealand: implications for conservation. N. Z. J. Ecol. 29: 29-35.
38. Kasumovic, M.M., Bruce, M.J., Andrade, M.C.B. & Herberstein, M.E. 2008. Spatial and temporal demographic variation drives within-season fluctuations in sexual selection. Evolution 62: 2316-2325.
39. Kelly, C.D. 2005a. Allometry and sexual selection of male weaponry in Wellington tree weta, Hemideina crassidens. Behav. Ecol. 16: 145-152.
40. Kelly, C.D. 2005b. Sexual selection and infection by ectoparasites in Wellington tree weta, Hemideina crassidens (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). Austral. Ecol 30: 648-654.
41. Kelly, C.D. 2006. Fighting for harems: assessment strategies during male-male contests in the sexually dimorphic Wellington tree weta. Anim. Behav. 72: 727-736.
42. Kelly, C.D. 2008. Identifying a causal agent of sexual selection on weaponry in an insect. Behav. Ecol. 19: 184-192.
43. Kelly, C.D. & Jennions, M.D. 2009. Sexually dimorphic immune response in the harem polygynous Wellington tree weta Hemideina crassidens. Physiol. Ent. 34: 174-179.
44. King, C. & Moody, J. 1982. The biology of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand ii. Food habits. N. Z. J. Zool. 9: 57-80.
45. Klug, H., Heuschele, J., Jennions, M.D. & Kokko, H. 2010. The mismeasurement of sexual selection. J. Evol. Biol. 23: 447-462.
46. Kokko, H. & Rankin, D. 2006. Lonely hearts or sex in the city? Density-dependent effects in mating systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 361: 319-334.
47. Kotiaho, J.S. & Tomkins, J.L. 2002. Meta-analysis can it ever fail? Oikos 96: 551-553.
48. Lappin, A. 2006. Bite-force performance and head shape in a sexually dimorphic crevice-dwelling lizard, the common chuckwalla [Sauromalus ater = obesus]. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88: 215-222.
49. Le Galliard, J.-F., Fitze, P.S., Ferriere, R. & Clobert, J. 2005. Sex ratio bias, male aggression, and population collapse in lizards. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102: 18231-18236.
50. Leisnham, P.T., Cameron, C. & Jamieson, I.G. 2003. Life cycle, survival rates and longevity of an alpine weta Hemideina maori (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) determined using mark-recapture analysis. N. Z. J. Ecol. 27: 191-200.
51. Lindsay, C.J. & Ordish, R.G. 1964. The food of the morepork. Notornis 11: 154-158.
52. Lodé, T., Holveck, M.-J., Lesbarreres, D. & Pagano, A. 2004. Sex-biased predation by polecats influences the mating system of frogs. Proc. R. Soc. B 271: S399-S401.
53. Magnhagen, C. 1991. Predation risk as a cost of reproduction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 183-186.
54. McIvor, I. 1972. Ecology of a Population of Hoplodactylus pacificus, the Common New Zealand Gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
55. McKellar, A.E., Turcotte, M.M. & Hendry, A.P. 2009. Environmental factors influencing adult sex ratio in Trinidadian guppies. Oecologia 159: 735-745.
56. Miller, C.J. & Miller, T.K. 1995. Population dynamics and diet of rodents on Rangitoto Island, New Zealand, including the effect of a 1080 poison operation. N. Z. J. Ecol. 19: 19-27.
57. Moore, S. & Wilson, K. 2002. Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Science 297: 2015-2018.
58. Moorhouse, R., Greene, T., Dilks, P., Powlesland, R., Moran, L., Taylor, G. et al. 2003. Control of introduced mammalian predators improves kaka Nestor meridionalis breeding success: reversing the decline of a threatened New Zealand parrot. Biol. Conserv. 10: 33-44.
59. Morgan-Richards, M. 1997. Intraspecific karyotype variation is not concordant with allozyme variation in the Auckland tree weta of New Zealand, Hemideina thoracica (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60: 423-442.
60. Morgan-Richards, M. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand giant and tree weta (Orthoptera Anostostomatidae Deinacrida and Hemideina) using morphological and genetic characters. Invert. Taxon. 15: 1-12.
61. Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. 2010. Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists. Biol. Rev. 85: 935-956.
62. Oufiero, C.E. & Garland, T. Jr 2007. Evaluating performance costs of sexually selected traits. Funct. Ecol. 21: 676-689.
63. Postma, E., Heinrich, F., Koller, U., Sardell, R.J., Reid, J.M., Arcese, P. et al. 2011. Disentangling the effect of genes, the environment and chance on sex ratio variation in a wild bird population. Proc R. Soc. B in press, doi:.
64. Promislow, D.E.L., Montgomerie, R. & Martin, T.E. 1992. Mortality costs of sexual dimorphism in birds. Proc. R. Soc. B 250: 143-150.
65. R Development Core Team 2010. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
66. Richards, A. 1973. A comparative study of the biology of the giant wetas Deinacrida heteracantha and Deinacrida fallai (Orthoptera: Henicidae) from New Zealand. Journal of Zoology (Lond.) 169: 195-236.
67. Robb, T., Forbes, M.R. & Jamieson, I.G. 2003. Greater cuticular melanism is not associated with greater immunogenic response in adults of the polymorphic mountain stone weta, Hemideina maori. Ecol. Entomol. 28: 738-746.
68. Rufaut, C.G. & Gibbs, G.W. 2003. Response of a tree weta population (Hemideina crassidens) after eradication of the Polynesian rat from a New Zealand island. Rest. Ecol. 11: 13-19.
69. Saint Girons, M., Newman, D.G. & McFadden, I. 1986. Food of the morepork (Ninox novaeseelandiae) on Lady Alice Island (Hen and Chickens group). Notornis 33: 189-190.
70. Sandlant, G.R. 1981. Aggressive Behaviour of the Canterbury Tree weta Hemideina femorata (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae): its Adaptive Significance in Resource Allocation. M.Sc. thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
71. Sheldon, B. & West, S.A. 2004. Maternal dominance, maternal condition, and offspring sex ratio in ungulate mammals. Am. Nat. 163: 40-54.
72. Spurr, E.B. & Berben, P.H. 2004. Assessment of non-target impact of 1080-poisoning for vertebrate pest control on weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae) and other invertebrates in artificial refuges. N. Z. J. Ecol. 28: 63-72.
73. Stringer, I.A.N. 2001. The reproductive biology and the eggs of New Zealand Anostostomatidae. In: The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies (L.H. Field, ed.), pp. 379-397. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
74. Townsend, J.A. 1995. Distribution and Ecology of the Banks Peninsula Tree Weta, Hemideina ricta. M.Sc. Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North.
75. Trewick, S.A. 1997. On the skewed sex ratio of the kakapo Strigops habroptilus: sexual and natural selection in opposition? Ibis 139: 652-663.
76. Trewick, S.A. & Morgan-Richards, M. 2004. Phylogenetics of New Zealand's tree, giant and tusked weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): evidence from mitochondrial DNA. J. Orthopt. Res. 13: 185-196.
77. Trewick, S.A. & Morgan-Richards, M. 2009. New Zealand biology. In: Encyclopedia of Islands (R.G. Gillespie & D.A. Clague, eds), pp. 665-673. University of California Press, Berkeley CA.
78. Trivers, R.L. & Willard, D.E. 1973. Natural selection on parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90.
79. Venables, W.N. & Ripley, B.D. 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S. Springer, New York.
80. Watts, C., Armstrong, D.P., Innes, J. & Thornburrow, D. 2011. Dramatic increases in weta (Orthoptera) following mammal eradication on Maungatautari - evidence from pitfalls and tracking tunnels. N. Z. J. Ecol. 35(3): in press.
81. West, S.A. & Sheldon, B.C. 2002. Constraints in the evolution of sex ratio adjustment. Science 295: 1685-1688.
82. Wilson, P.R., Karl, B.J., Toft, R.J., Beggs, J.R. & Taylor, R.H. 1998. The role of introduced predators and competitors in the decline of kaka (Nestor meridionalis) populations in New Zealand. Biol. Conserv. 83: 175-185.
83. Zajitschek, F., Brassil, C.E., Bonduriansky, R. & Brooks, R.C. 2009. Sex effects on life span and senescence in the wild when dates of birth and death are unknown. Ecology 90: 1698-1707.
84. Zuk, M. & Kolluru, G. 1998. Exploitation of sexual signals by predators and parasitoids. Quart. Rev. Biol. 73: 415-438.