Rotaviruses

Clinical Virology: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2022, Pages 797-816

  Franco, Manuel A ^a   Greenberg, Harry B ^b  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA   (Colombia)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Pepsin secretion; Rotaviruses; Serotypic diversity; Viral infections

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053929604     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Abe, T., M. Kobayashi, K. Araki, H. Kodama, Y. Fujita, T. Shinozaki, H. Ushijima. 2001. Infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. Brain Dev 22:301-306.
2. Adams, W. R., L. M. Kraft. 1963. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice: identification of the etiologic agent. Science 141:359-360.
3. Amar, C. F., C. L. East, J. Gray, M. Iturriza-Gomara, E. A. Maclure, J. McLauchlin. 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4, 627 faecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993-1996). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26:311-323.
4. Angel, J., M. A. Franco, H. B. Greenberg. 2007. Rotavirus vaccines: recent developments and future considerations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:529-539.
5. Au, K. S., N. M. Mattion, M. K. Estes. 1993. A subviral particle binding domain on the rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NS28. Virology 194:665-673.
6. Azevedo, M. S., L. Yuan, K. I. Jeong, A. Gonzalez, T. V. Nguyen, S. Pouly, M. Gochnauer, W. Zhang, A. Azev- edo, L. J. Saif. 2005. Viremia and nasal and rectal shedding of rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Wa human rotavirus. J. Virol. 79:5428-5436.
7. Ball, J. M., P. Tian, C. Q.-Y. Zeng, A. P. Morris, M. K. Estes. 1996. Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotaviral nonstructural glycoprotein. Science 272:101104.
8. Barman, P., S. Ghosh, S. Samajdar, U. Mitra, P. Dutta, S. K. Bhattacharya, T. Krishnan, N. Kobayashi, T. N. Naik. 2006. RT-PCR based diagnosis revealed importance of human group B rotavirus infection in childhood diarrhoea. J. Clin. Virol. 36:222-227.
9. Barro, M., J. T. Patton. 2007. Rotavirus NSP1 inhibits expression of type I interferon by antagonizing the function of interferon regulatory factors IRF3, IRF5, IRF7. J. Virol. 81:4473-4481.
10. Bass, D., E. Cordoba, C. Dekker, A. Schuind, C. Cassady. 2004. Intestinal imaging of children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 39:270-274.
11. Bass, D. M. 1997. Interferon gamma and interleukin 1, but not interferon alfa, inhibit rotavirus entry into human intestinal cell lines. Gastroenterology 113:81-89.
12. Bass, D. M., R. Baylor, R. Broom, H. B. Greenberg. 1992. Molecular basis of age-dependent gastric inactivation of rhesus rotavirus in the mouse. J. Clin. Investig. 89: 1741-1745.
13. Bican, P., J. Cohen, A. Charpilienne, R. Scherrer. 1982. Purification and characterization of bovine rotavirus cores. J. Virol. 43:1113-1117.
14. Bishop, R. F., G. L. Barnes, E. Cipriani, J. S. Lund. 1983. Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection. A prospective longitudinal study in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 309:72-76.
15. Bishop, R. F., G. P. Davidson, I. H. Holmes, B. J. Ruck. 1973. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet ii: 1281-1283.
16. Blutt, S. E., D. O. Matson, S. E. Crawford, M. A. Staat, P. Azimi, B. L. Bennett, P. A. Piedra, M. E. Conner. 2007. Rotavirus antigenemia in children is associated with viremia. PLoS Med. 4:e121.
17. Bobo, L., C. Ojeh, D. Chiu, A. Machado, P. Colombani, K. Schwarz. 1997. Lack of evidence for rotavirus by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay of hepatobiliary samples from children with biliary atresia. Pediatr. Res. 41:229-234.
18. Boshuizen, J. A., J. H. Reimerink, A. M. Korteland-van Male, V. J. van Ham, M. P. Koopmans, H. A. Buller, J. Dekker, A. W. Einerhand. 2003. Changes in small intestinal homeostasis, morphology, gene expression during rotavirus infection of infant mice. J. Virol. 77: 13005-13016.
19. Boyce, M., P. Roy. 2007. Recovery of infectious blue- tongue virus from RNA. J. Virol. 81:2179-2186.
20. Brown, K. A., J. A. Kriss, C. A. Moser, W. J. Wenner, P. A. Offit. 2000. Circulating rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) predict the presence of rotavirus-specific ASCs in the human small intestinal lamina propria. J. Infect. Dis. 182:1039-1043.
21. Burns, J. W., P. M. Siadat, A. A. Krishnaney, H. B. Greenberg. 1996. Protective effect of rotavirus VP6- specific IgA monoclonal antibodies that lack neutralizing activity. Science 272:104-107.
22. Chaibi, C., J. Cotte-Laffitte, C. Sandre, A. Esclatine, A. L. Servin, A. M. Quero, M. Geniteau-Legendre. 2005. Rotavirus induces apoptosis in fully differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Virology 332:480-490.
23. Chen, D., C. L. Luongo, M. L. Nibert, J. T. Patton. 1999. Rotavirus open cores catalyze 5'-capping and meth- ylation of exogenous RNA: evidence that VP3 is a meth- yltransferase. Virology 265:120-130.
24. Chwetzoff, S., G. Trugnan. 2006. Rotavirus assembly: an alternative model that utilizes an atypical trafficking pathway. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 309:245-261.
25. Clark, H. F., D. A. Lawley, A. Schaffer, J. M. Patacsil, A. E. Marcello, R. I. Glass, V. Jain, J. Gentsch. 2004. Assessment of the epidemic potential of a new strain of rotavirus associated with the novel G9 serotype which caused an outbreak in the United States for the first time in the 1995-1996 season. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 1434-1438.
26. Cook, S. M., R. I. Glass, C. W. LeBaron, M. S. Ho. 1990. Global seasonality of rotavirus infections. Bull. W. H. O. 68:171-177.
27. Corthesy, B., Y. Benureau, C. Perrier, C. Fourgeux, N. Parez, H. Greenberg, I. Schwartz-Cornil. 2006. Rotavirus anti-VP6 secretory immunoglobulin A contributes to protection via intracellular neutralization but not via immune exclusion. J. Virol. 80:10692-10699.
28. Coulson, B. S., K. Grimwood, I. L. Hudson, G. L. Barnes, R. F. Bishop. 1992. Role of coproantibody in clinical protection of children during reinfection with rotavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1678-1684.
29. Coulson, B. S., K. Grimwood, P. J. Masendycz, J. S. Lund, N. Mermelstein, R. F. Bishop, G. L. Barnes. 1990. Comparison of rotavirus immunoglobulin A coproconversion with other indices of rotavirus infection in a longitudinal study in childhood. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 1367-1374.
30. Coulson, B. S., S. L. Londrigan, D. J. Lee. 1997. Rotavirus contains integrin ligand sequences and a disintegrin-like domain that are implicated in virus entry into cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:5389-5394.
31. Cuadras, M. A., D. A. Feigelstock, S. An, H. B. Greenberg. 2002. Gene expression pattern in Caco-2 cells following rotavirus infection. J. Virol. 76:44674482.
32. Cumino, A. C., M. O. Giordano, L. C. Martinez, S. I. Medeot, J. V. Pavan, S. Yudowsky, M. B. Isa, A. R. Depetris, S. V. Nates. 1998. Culture amplification in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2) combined with an ELISA as a supplementary assay for accurate diagnosis of rotavirus. J. Virol. Methods 76:81-85.
33. Cunliffe, N. A., J. S. Gondwe, C. D. Kirkwood, S. M. Graham, N. M. Nhlane, B. D. Thindwa, W. Dove, R. L. Broadhead, M. E. Molyneux, C. A. Hart. 2001. Effect of concomitant HIV infection on presentation and outcome of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Malawian children. Lancet 358:550-555.
34. Dagan, R., Y. Bar-David, B. Sarov, M. Katz, I. Kassis, D. Greenberg, R. I. Glass, C. Z. Margolis, I. Sarov. 1990. Rotavirus diarrhea in Jewish and Bedouin children in the Negev region of Israel: epidemiology, clinical aspects and possible role of malnutrition in severity of illness. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9:314-321.
35. De Boissieu, D., P. Lebon, J. Badoual, Y. Bompard, C. Dupont. 1993. Rotavirus induces alpha-interferon release in children with gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 16:29-32.
36. Dennehy, P. H., M. M. Cortese, R. E. Begue, J. L. Jaeger, N. E. Roberts, R. Zhang, P. Rhodes, J. Gentsch, R. Ward, D. I. Bernstein, C. Vitek, J. S. Bresee, M. A. Staat. 2006. A case-control study to determine risk factors for hospitalization for rotavirus gastroenteritis in U.S. children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25:1123-1131.
37. Dennehy, P. H., G. Peter. 1985. Risk factors associated with nosocomial rotavirus infection. Am. J. Dis. Child. 139:935-939.
38. Desikan, P., J. D. Daniel, C. N. Kamalarathnam, M. M. Mathan. 1996. Molecular epidemiology of nosocomial rotavirus infection. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 14:1215.
39. Dormitzer, P. R., E. B. Nason, B. V. Prasad, S. C. Harrison. 2004. Structural rearrangements in the membrane penetration protein of a non-enveloped virus. Nature 430:1053-1058.
40. Dowling, W., E. Denisova, R. LaMonica, E. R. Mackow. 2000. Selective membrane permeabilization by the rotavirus VP5* protein is abrogated by mutations in an internal hydrophobic domain. J. Virol. 74:6368-6376.
41. Dutta, P., U. Mitra, S. Dutta, B. Manna, M. K. Chatterjee, A. De, S. K. Bhattacharya. 2000. Hypo- osmolar oral rehydration salts solution in dehydrating persistent diarrhoea in children: double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 89:411-416.
42. Estes, M. K., A. Z. Kapikian. 2007. Rotaviruses, p. 1917-1974. In D.M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman, S. E. Straus (ed.), Fields Virology, 5th ed., vol. 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
43. Fenaux, M., M. A. Cuadras, N. Feng, M. Jaimes, H. B. Greenberg. 2006. Extraintestinal spread and replication of a homologous EC rotavirus strain and a heterologous rhesus rotavirus in BALB/c mice. J. Virol. 80: 5219-5232.
44. Feng, N., M. C. Jaimes, N. H. Lazarus, D. Monak, C. Zhang, E. C. Butcher, H. B. Greenberg. 2006. Redundant role of chemokines CCL25/TECK and CCL28/ MEC in IgA+ plasmablast recruitment to the intestinal lamina propria after rotavirus infection. J. Immunol. 176: 5749-5759.
45. Fischer, T. K., C. Viboud, U. Parashar, M. Malek, C. Steiner, R. Glass, L. Simonsen. 2007. Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the United States, 1993-2003. J. Infect. Dis. 195:1117-1125.
46. Fitts, S. W., M. Green, J. Reyes, B. Nour, A. G. Tzakis, S. A. Kocoshis. 1995. Clinical features of nosocomial rotavirus infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Clin. Transplant. 9:201-204.
47. Franco, M. A., J. Angel, H. B. Greenberg. 2006. Immunity and correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine 24:2718-2731.
48. Friedman, M. G., N. Entin, R. Zedaka, R. Dagan. 1996. Subclasses of IgA antibodies in serum and saliva samples of newborns and infants immunized against rotavirus. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 103:206-211.
49. Gentsch, J. R., A. R. Laird, B. Bielfelt, D. D. Griffin, K. Banyai, M. Ramachandran, V. Jain, N. A. Cunliffe, O. Nakagomi, C. D. Kirkwood, T. K. Fischer, U. D. Parashar, J. S. Bresee, B. Jiang, R. I. Glass. 2005. Serotype diversity and reassortment between human and animal rotavirus strains: implications for rotavirus vaccine programs. J. Infect. Dis. 192(Suppl. 1):S146-S159.
50. Gilchrist, M. J., T. S. Bretl, K. Moultney, D. R. Knowl- ton, R. L. Ward. 1987. Comparison of seven kits for detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens with a sensitive, specific enzyme immunoassay. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:221-228.
51. Gilger, M. A., D. O. Matson, M. E. Conner, H. M. Rosenblatt, M. J. Finegold, M. K. Estes. 1992. Extraintestinal rotavirus infections in children with immunodeficiency. J. Pediatr. 120:912-917.
52. Glass, R. I., J. S. Bresee, U. Parashar, M. Miller, J. R. Gentsch. 1997. Rotavirus vaccines at the threshold. Nat, Med, 3:1324-1325.
53. Glass, R. I., D. J. Ing, B. J. Stoll, R. T. Ing. 1991. Immune response to rotavirus vaccines among breast-fed and nonbreast-fed children. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 310: 249-254.
54. Golantsova, N. E., E. E. Gorbunova, E. R. Mackow. 2004. Discrete domains within the rotavirus VP5* direct peripheral membrane association and membrane permeability. J. Virol. 78:2037-2044.
55. Gouvea, V., R. I. Glass, P. Woods, K. Taniguchi, H. F. Clark, B. Forrester, Z. Y. Fang. 1990. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 276-282.
56. Green, K. Y., K. Taniguchi, E. R. Mackow, A. Z. Kapikian. 1990. Homotypic and heterotypic epitope- specific antibody responses in adult and infant rotavirus vaccinees: implications for vaccine development. J. Infect. Dis. 161:667-679.
57. Grimwood, K., J. C. Lund, B. S. Coulson, I. L. Hudson, R. F. Bishop, G. L. Barnes. 1988. Comparison of serum and mucosal antibody responses following severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in young children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:732-738.
58. Haffejee, I. E. 1990. Cow's milk-based formula, human milk, soya feeds in acute infantile diarrhea: a therapeutic trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 10:193-198.
59. Higo-Moriguchi, K., Y. Akahori, Y. Iba, Y. Kurosawa, K. Taniguchi. 2004. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize human rotavirus. J. Virol. 78: 3325-3332.
60. Honma, S., V. Chizhikov, N. Santos, M. Tatsumi, M. D. Timenetsky, A. C. Linhares, J. D. Mascarenhas, H. Ushijima, G. E. Armah, J. R. Gentsch, Y. Hoshino. 2007. Development and validation of DNA microarray for genotyping group A rotavirus VP4 (P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[14]) and VP7 (G1 to G6, G8 to G10, G12) genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:2641-2648.
61. Hoshino, Y., L. J. Saif, S. Y. Kang, M. M. Sereno, W. K. Chen, A. Z. Kapikian. 1995. Identification of group A rotavirus genes associated with virulence of a porcine rotavirus and host range restriction of a human rotavirus in the gnotobiotic piglet model. Virology 209:274-280.
62. Huicho, L., D. Sanchez, M. Contreras, M. Paredes, H. Murga, L. Chinchay, G. Guevara. 1993. Occult blood and fecal leukocytes as screening tests in childhood infectious diarrhea: an old problem revisited. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:474-477.
63. International Study Group on Reduced-Osmolarity ORS Solutions. 1995. Multicentre evaluation of reduced- osmolarity oral rehydration solution. Lancet 345:282285.
64. Iturriza-Gomara, M., I. Clarke, U. Desselberger, D. Brown, D. Thomas, J. Gray. 2004. Seroepidemiol- ogy of group C rotavirus infection in England and Wales. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 19:589-595.
65. Iturriza-Gomara, M., J. Green, D. W. Brown, U. Des- selberger, J. J. Gray. 1999. Comparison of specific and random priming in the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for genotyping group A rotaviruses. J. Virol. Methods 78:93-103.
66. Jaimes, M. C., N. Feng, H. B. Greenberg. 2005. Characterization of homologous and heterologous rotavirus-specific T-cell responses in infant and adult mice. J. Virol. 79:4568-4579.
67. Jaimes, M. C., O. L. Rojas, A. M. Gonzalez, I. Cajiao, A. Charpilienne, P. Pothier, E. Kohli, H. B. Greenberg, M. A. Franco, J. Angel. 2002. Frequencies of virus- specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes secreting gamma interferon after acute natural rotavirus infection in children and adults. J. Virol. 76:4741-4749.
68. Jaimes, M. C., O. L. Rojas, E. J. Kunkel, N. H. Lazarus, D. Soler, E. C. Butcher, D. Bass, J. Angel, M. A. Franco, H. B. Greenberg. 2004. Maturation and trafficking markers on rotavirus-specific B cells during acute infection and convalescence in children. J. Virol. 78: 10967-10976.
69. Jiang, B., L. Snipes-Magaldi, P. Dennehy, H. Keyserling, R. C. Holman, J. Bresee, J. Gentsch, R. I. Glass. 2003. Cytokines as mediators for or effectors against rotavirus disease in children. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10: 995-1001.
70. Johansen, K., L. Granqvist, K. Karlen, G. Stintzing, I. Uhnoo, L. Svensson. 1994. Serum IgA immune response to individual rotavirus polypeptides in young children with rotavirus infection. Arch. Virol. 138:247-259.
71. Kang, G., M. Iturriza-Gomara, J. G. Wheeler, P. Crystal, B. Monica, S. Ramani, B. Primrose, P. D. Moses, C. I. Gallimore, D. W. Brown, J. Gray. 2004. Quantitation of group A rotavirus by real-time reverse- transcription-polymerase chain reaction: correlation with clinical severity in children in South India. J. Med. Virol. 73:118-122.
72. Kapikian, A. Z., R. G. Wyatt, R. Dolin, T. S. Thornhill, A. R. Kalica, R. M. Chanock. 1972. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol. 10:1075-1081.
73. King, C. K., R. Glass, J. S. Bresee, C. Duggan. 2003. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, nutritional therapy. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 52:1-16.
74. Kirkwood, C. D., B. S. Coulson, R. F. Bishop. 1996. G3P2 rotaviruses causing diarrhoeal disease in neonates differ in VP4, VP7 and NSP4 sequence from G3P2 strains causing asymptomatic neonatal infection. Arch. Virol. 141:1661-1676.
75. Kobayashi, T., A. A. R. Antar, K. W. Boehme, P. Dan- thi, E. A. Eby, K. M. Guglielmi, G. H. Holm, E. M. Johnson, M. S. Magninnis, S. Naik, W. B. Skelton, D. J. Wetzel, G. J. Wilson, J. D. Chappell, T. S. Der- mody. 2007. A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for animal double-stranded RNA viruses. Cell Host Microbe 1:147-157.
76. Komoto, S., J. Sasaki, K. Taniguchi. 2006. Reverse genetics system for introduction of site-specific mutations into the double-stranded RNA genome of infectious rotavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:4646-4651.
77. Koopmans, M., D. Brown. 1999. Seasonality and diversity of group A rotaviruses in Europe. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 88:14-19.
78. Lawton, J. A., M. K. Estes, B. V. Prasad. 1999. Comparative structural analysis of transcriptionally competent and incompetent rotavirus-antibody complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5428-5433.
79. Linhares, A. C., T. Verstraeten, J. Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch, R. Clemens, T. Breuer. 2006. Rotavirus serotype G9 is associated with more-severe disease in Latin America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:312-314.
80. Lopez, S., C. F. Arias. 2006. Early steps in rotavirus cell entry. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 309:39-66.
81. Losonsky, G. A., J. P. Johnson, J. A. Winkelstein, R. H. Yolken. 1985. Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin in immunodeficient patients with viral gastroenteritis. A pharmacokinetic and functional analysis. J. Clin. Investig. 76:2362-2367.
82. Lundgren, O., A. T. Peregrin, K. Persson, S. Kordasti, I. Uhnoo, L. Svensson. 2000. Role of the enteric nervous system in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea. Science 287:491-495.
83. Mack, C. L., R. M. Tucker, B. R. Lu, R. J. Sokol, A. P. Fontenot, Y. Ueno, R. G. Gill. 2006. Cellular and humoral autoimmunity directed at bile duct epithelia in murine biliary atresia. Hepatology 44:1231-1239.
84. Makela, M., V. Oling, J. Marttila, M. Waris, M. Knip, O. Simell, J. Ilonen. 2006. Rotavirus-specific T cell responses and cytokine mRNA expression in children with diabetes-associated autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 145:261-270.
85. Masendycz, P. J., E. A. Palombo, R. J. Gorrell, R. F. Bishop. 1997. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay, PCR, type-specific cDNA probe techniques for identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types (P types). J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3104-3108.
86. Mata, L., A. Simhon, J. J. Urrutia, R. A. Kronmal. 1983. Natural history of rotavirus infection in the children of Santa Maria Cauque. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci. 7:167177.
87. Matson, D. O., M. L. O'Ryan, I. Herrera, L. K. Pickering, M. K. Estes. 1993. Fecal antibody responses to symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 167:577-583.
88. Matthijnssens, J., M. Rahman, V. Martella, Y. Xuelei, S. De Vos, K. De Leener, M. Ciarlet, C. Buonavoglia, M. Van Ranst. 2006. Full genomic analysis of human rotavirus strain B4106 and lapine rotavirus strain 30/96 provides evidence for interspecies transmission. J. Virol. 80:3801-3810.
89. Mebus, C. A., N. R. Underdahl, M. B. Rhodes, M. J. Twiehaus. 1969. Calf diarrhea (scours): reproduced with a virus from a field outbreak. Univ. Nebraska Res. Bull. 233:1-16.
90. Min, B. S., Y. J. Noh, J. H. Shin, S. Y. Baek, K. I. Min, S. R. Ryu, B. G. Kim, M. K. Park, S. E. Choi, E. H. Yang, S. N. Park, S. J. Hur, B. Y. Ahn. 2006. Assessment of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using a cDNA standard for human group A rotavirus. J. Virol. Methods 137:280-286.
91. Molina, S., C. Vettorazzi, J. M. Peerson, N. W. Solomons, K. H. Brown. 1995. Clinical trial of glucoseoral rehydration solution (ORS), rice dextrin-ORS, rice flour-ORS for the management of children with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration. Pediatrics 95: 191-197.
92. Monnier, N., K. Higo-Moriguchi, Z. Y. Sun, B. V. Prasad, K. Taniguchi, P. R. Dormitzer. 2006. Highresolution molecular and antigen structure of the VP8* core of a sialic acid-independent human rotavirus strain. J. Virol. 80:1513-1523.
93. Montero, H., C. F. Arias, S. Lopez. 2006. Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3 is not required for viral protein synthesis. J. Virol. 80:9031-9038.
94. Morris, A. P., J. K. Scott, J. M. Ball, C. Q. Zeng, W. K. O'Neal, M. K. Estes. 1999. NSP4 elicits age- dependent diarrhea and Ca(2 +) mediated I(-) influx into intestinal crypts of CF mice. Am. J. Physiol. 277: G431-G444.
95. Murphy, B. R., D. M. Morens, L. Simonsen, R. M. Chanock, J. R. La Montagne, A. Z. Kapikian. 2003. Reappraisal of the association of intussusception with the licensed live rotavirus vaccine challenges initial conclusions. J. Infect. Dis. 187:1301-1308.
96. Nakagomi, T. 2000. Rotavirus infection and intussusception: A view from retrospect. Microbiol. Immunol. 44: 619-628.
97. Newburg, D. S., J. A. Peterson, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, D. O. Matson, A. L. Morrow, J. Shults, M. L. Guerrero, P. Chaturvedi, S. O. Newburg, C. D. Scallan, M. R. Taylor, R. L. Ceriani, L. K. Pickering. 1998. Role of human-milk lactadherin in protection against symptomatic rotavirus infection. Lancet 351:1160-1164.
98. Newman, R. D., J. Grupp-Phelan, D. K. Shay, R. L. Davis. 1999. Perinatal risk factors for infant hospitalization with viral gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 103:E3.
99. Nguyen, T. V., L. Yuan, M. S. Azevedo, K. I. Jeong, A. M. Gonzalez, C. Iosef, K. Lovgren-Bengtsson, B. Morein, P. Lewis, L. J. Saif. 2006. High titers of circulating maternal antibodies suppress effector and memory B-cell responses induced by an attenuated rotavirus priming and rotavirus-like particle- immunostimulating complex boosting vaccine regimen. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13:475-485.
100. Nilsson, M., B. Svenungsson, K. O. Hedlund, I. Uhnoo, A. Lagergren, T. Akre, L. Svensson. 2000. Incidence and genetic diversity of group C rotavirus among adults. J. Infect. Dis. 182:678-684.
101. Noone, C., I. S. Menzies, J. E. Banatvala, J. W. Scopes. 1986. Intestinal permeability and lactose hydrolysis in human rotaviral gastroenteritis assessed simultaneously by non-invasive differential sugar permeation. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 16:217-225.
102. Offit, P. A., E. J. Hoffenberg, N. Santos, V. Gouvea. 1993. Rotavirus-specific humoral and cellular immune response after primary, symptomatic infection. J. Infect. Dis. 167:1436-1440.
103. Parashar, U. D., J. P. Alexander, R. I. Glass. 2006. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 55:1-13.
104. Parashar, U. D., C. J. Gibson, J. S. Bresse, R. I. Glass. 2006. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:304-306.
105. Parez, N., A. Garbarg-Chenon, C. Fourgeux, F. Le Deist, A. Servant-Delmas, A. Charpilienne, J. Cohen, I. Schwartz-Cornil. 2004. The VP6 protein of rotavirus interacts with a large fraction of human naive B cells via surface immunoglobulins. J. Virol. 78:12489-12496.
106. Patton, J. T., L. S. Silvestri, M. A. Tortorici, R. Vasquez-Del Carpio, Z. F. Taraporewala. 2006. Rotavirus genome replication and morphogenesis: role of the viroplasm. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 309:169187.
107. Perez-Schael, I., B. Salinas, M. Tomat, A. C. Linhares, M. L. Guerrero, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, A. Boucke- nooghe, J. P. Yarzabal. 2007. Efficacy of the human rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 in malnourished children. J. Infect. Dis. 196:537-540.
108. Pickering, L. K., A. L. Morrow, I. Herrera, M. O'Ryan, M. K. Estes, S. E. Guilliams, L. Jackson, C. S. Carter, D. O. Matson. 1995. Effect of maternal rotavirus immunization on milk and serum antibody titers. J. Infect. Dis. 172:723-728.
109. Piron, M., T. Delaunay, J. Grosclaude, D. Poncet. 1999. Identification of the RNA-binding, dimerization, eIF4GI-binding domains of rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3. J. Virol. 73:5411-5421.
110. Prasad, B. V., R. Rothnagel, C. Q. Zeng, J. Jakana, J. A. Lawton, W. Chiu, M. K. Estes. 1996. Visualization of ordered genomic RNA and localization of transcriptional complexes in rotavirus. Nature 382:471473.
111. Rahman, M., J. Matthijnssens, X. Yang, T. Delbeke, I. Arijs, K. Taniguchi, M. Iturriza-Gomara, N. Iftekharuddin, T. Azim, M. Van Ranst. 2007. Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging g12 human rotaviruses. J. Virol. 81: 2382-2390.
112. Ramos, A. P., C. C. Stefanelli, R. E. Linhares, B. G. de Brito, N. Santos, V. Gouvea, R. de Cassia Lima, C. Nozawa. 2000. The stability of porcine rotavirus in feces. Vet. Microbiol. 71: 1-8.
113. Rautanen, T., S. Kurki, T. Vesikari. 1997. Randomised double blind study of hypotonic oral rehydration solution in diarrhoea. Arch. Dis. Child. 76:272-274.
114. Ray, P., M. Fenaux, S. Sharma, J. Malik, S. Subodh, S. Bhatnagar, H. Greenberg, R. I. Glass, J. Gentsch, M. K. Bhan. 2006. Quantitative evaluation of rotaviral antigenemia in children with acute rotaviral diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 194:588-593.
115. Rennels, M. B., U. D. Parashar, R. C. Holman, C. T. Le, H. G. Chang, R. I. Glass. 1998. Lack of an apparent association between intussusception and wild or vaccine rotavirus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17: 924-925.
116. Richardson, S., K. Grimwood, R. Gorrell, E. Palombo, G. Barnes, R. Bishop. 1998. Extended excretion of rotavirus after severe diarrhoea in young children. Lancet 351:1844-1848.
117. Riepenhoff-Talty, M., V. Gouvea, M. J. Evans, L. Svensson, E. Hoffenberg, R. J. Sokol, I. Uhnoo, S. J. Greenberg, K. Schakel, G. Zhaori, J. Fitzgerald, S. Chong, M. el-Yousef, A. Nemeth, M. Brown, D. Pic- coli, J. Hyams, D. Ruffin, T. Rossi. 1996. Detection of group C rotavirus in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. J. Infect. Dis. 174:8-15.
118. Rodriguez, W. J., H. W. Kim, C. D. Brandt, R. H. Schwartz, M. K. Gardner, B. Jeffries, R. H. Parrott, R. A. Kaslow, J. I. Smith, A. Z. Kapikian. 1987. Longitudinal study of rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in families served by a pediatric medical practice: clinical and epidemiologic observations. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6:170-176.
119. Rojas, O. L., L. Caicedo, C. Guzman, L. S. Rodriguez, J. Castaneda, L. Uribe, Y. Andrade, R. Pinzon, C. F. Narvaez, J. M. Lozano, B. De Vos, M. A. Franco, J. Angel. 2007. Evaluation of circulating intestinally committed memory B cells in children vaccinated with attenuated human rotavirus vaccine. Viral Immunol. 20: 300-311.
120. Rollo, E. E., K. P. Kumar, N. C. Reich, J. Cohen, J. Angel, H. B. Greenberg, R. Sheth, J. Anderson, B. Oh, S. J. Hempson, E. R. Mackow, R. D. Shaw. 1999. The epithelial cell response to rotavirus infection. J. Immunol. 163:4442-4452.
121. Rossignol, J. F., M. Abu-Zekry, A. Hussein, M. G. Santoro. 2006. Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 368:124-129.
122. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., I. Perez-Schael, F. R. Velazquez, H. Abate, T. Breuer, S. C. Clemens, B. Cheuvart, F. Espinoza, P. Gillard, B. L. Innis, Y. Cervantes, A. C. Linhares, P. Lopez, M. Macias-Parra, E. Ortega-Barria, V. Richardson, D. M. Rivera-Medina, L. Rivera, B. Salinas, N. Pavia-Ruz, J. Salmeron, R. Ruttimann, J. C. Tinoco, P. Rubio, E. Nunez, M. L. Guerrero, J. P. Yarzabal, S. Damaso, N. Tornieporth, X. Saez-Llorens, R. F. Vergara, T. Vesikari, A. Bouckenooghe, R. Clemens, B. De Vos, M. O'Ryan. 2006. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:11-22.
123. Salazar-Lindo, E., P. Miranda-Langschwager, M. Campos-Sanchez, E. Chea-Woo, R. B. Sack. 2004. Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN67363048]. BMC Pediatr 4:18.
124. Salazar-Lindo, E., J. Santisteban-Ponce, E. Chea-Woo, M. Gutierrez. 2000. Racecadotril in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 343:463-467.
125. Santos, N., Y. Hoshino. 2005. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev. Med. Virol. 15:29-56.
126. Sereno, M. M., M. I. Gorziglia. 1994. The outer capsid protein VP4 of murine rotavirus strain Eb represents a tentative new P type. Virology 199:500-504.
127. Shaw, R. D., K. J. Fong, G. A. Losonsky, M. M. Levine, Y. Maldonado, R. Yolken, J. Flores, A. Z. Kapikian, P. T. Vo, H. B. Greenberg. 1987. Epitope-specific immune responses to rotavirus vaccination. Gastroenterology 93:941-950.
128. Simakachorn, N., Y. Tongpenyai, O. Tongtan, W. Varavithya. 2004. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of a lactose-free and a lactose-containing formula in dietary management of acute childhood diarrhea. J. Med. Assoc. Thail. 87:641-649.
129. Simonsen, L., C. Viboud, A. Elixhauser, R. J. Taylor, A. Z. Kapikian. 2005. More on RotaShield and intussusception: the role of age at the time of vaccination. J. Infect. Dis. 192(Suppl. 1):S36-S43.
130. Szymanski, H., J. Pejcz, M. Jawien, A. Chmielarczyk, M. Strus, P. B. Heczko. 2006. Treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in infants and children with a mixture of three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:247-253.
131. Torres Medina, A. 1984. Effect of rotavirus and/or Escherichia coli infection on the aggregated lymphoid follicles in the small intestine of neonatal gnotobiotic calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45:652-660.
132. Turcios, R. M., A. T. Curns, R. C. Holman, I. Pandya- Smith, A. LaMonte, J. S. Bresee, R. I. Glass. 2006. Temporal and geographic trends of rotavirus activity in the United States, 1997-2004. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25: 451-454.
133. Uhnoo, I., S. E. Olding, A. Kreuger. 1986. Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses, bacteria. Arch. Dis. Child. 61: 732-738.
134. Van Cott, J. L., A. E. Prada, M. M. McNeal, S. C. Stone, M. Basu, B. Huffer, Jr., K. L. Smiley, M. Shao, J. A. Bean, J. D. Clements, A. H. Choi, R. L. Ward. 2006. Mice develop effective but delayed protective immune responses when immunized as neonates either intranasally with nonliving VP6/LT(R192G) or orally with live rhesus rotavirus vaccine candidates. J. Virol. 80:4949-4961.
135. van Kraaij, M. G., A. W. Dekker, L. F. Verdonck, A. M. van Loon, J. Vinje, M. P. Koopmans, M. Rozenberg-Arska. 2000. Infectious gastro-enteritis: an uncommon cause of diarrhoea in adult allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 26:299-303.
136. Velazques, F. R., D. O. Matson, J. J. Calva, L. Guerrero, A. L. Morrow, S. Carter-Campell, R. I. Glass, M. K. Estes, L. K. Pickering, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 1996. Rotavirus infection in infants as protection against subsequent infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 335:1022-1028.
137. Velazquez, F. R., D. O. Matson, M. L. Guerrero, J. Shults, J. J. Calva, A. L. Morrow, R. I. Glass, L. K. Pickering, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 2000. Serum antibody as a marker of protection against natural rotavirus infection and disease. J. Infect. Dis. 182:1602-1609.
138. Vesikari, T., A. Karvonen, B. D. Forrest, Y. Hoshino, R. M. Chanock, A. Z. Kapikian. 2006. Neonatal administration of rhesus rotavirus tetravalent vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25:118-122.
139. Vesikari, T., D. O. Matson, P. Dennehy, P. Van Damme, M. Santosham, Z. Rodriguez, M. J. Dallas, J. F. Heyse, M. G. Goveia, S. B. Black, H. R. Shine- field, C. D. Christie, S. Ylitalo, R. F. Itzler, M. L. Coia, M. T. Onorato, B. A. Adeyi, G. S. Marshall, L. Goth- efors, D. Campens, A. Karvonen, J. P. Watt, K. L. O'Brien, M. J. DiNubile, H. F. Clark, J. W. Boslego, P. A. Offit, P. M. Heaton. 2006. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:23-33.
140. Vial, P. A., K. L. Kotloff, G. A. Losonsky. 1988. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection in a room for convalescing newborns. J. Infect. Dis. 157:668-673.
141. Wang, Y., P. H. Dennehy, H. L. Keyserling, K. Tang, J. R. Gentsch, R. I. Glass, B. Jiang. 2007. Rotavirus infection alters peripheral T-cell homeostasis in children with acute diarrhea. J. Virol. 81:3904-3912.
142. Ward, R. L., D. I. Bernstein, R. Shukla, E. C. Young, J. R. Sherwood, M. M. McNeal, M. C. Walker, G. M. Schiff. 1989. Effects of antibody to rotavirus on protection of adults challenged with a human rotavirus. J. Infect. Dis. 159:79-88.
143. Ward, R. L., C. D. Kirkwood, D. S. Sander, V. E. Smith, M. Shao, J. A. Bean, D. A. Sack, A. D. Bernstein. 2006. Reductions in cross-neutralizing antibody responses in infants after attenuation of the human rotavirus vaccine candidate 89-12. J. Infect. Dis. 194: 1729-1736.
144. Ward, R. L., D. R. Knowlton, M. J. Pierce. 1984. Efficiency of human rotavirus propagation in cell culture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:748-753.
145. Warfield, K. L., S. E. Blutt, S. E. Crawford, G. Kang, M. E. Conner. 2006. Rotavirus infection enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced intussusception in a mouse model. J. Virol. 80:12377-12386.
146. Weitkamp, J. H., N. L. Kallewaard, A. L. Bowen, B. J. Lafleur, H. B. Greenberg, J. E. Crowe, Jr. 2005. VH1-46 is the dominant immunoglobulin heavy chain gene segment in rotavirus-specific memory B cells expressing the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. J. Immunol. 174:3454-3460.
147. Widdowson, M. A., M. I. Meltzer, X. Zhang, J. S. Bresee, U. D. Parashar, R. I. Glass. 2007. Cost-effectiveness and potential impact of rotavirus vaccination in the United States. Pediatrics 119:684-697.
148. Widdowson, M. A., G. J. van Doornum, W. H. van der Poel, A. S. de Boer, U. Mahdi, M. Koopmans. 2000. Emerging group-A rotavirus and a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhoea. Lancet 356:1161-1162.
149. Wood, D. J., T. J. David, I. L. Chrystie, B. Tot- terdell. 1988. Chronic enteric virus infection in two T- cell immunodeficient children. J. Med. Virol. 24:435444.
150. Wyatt, R. G., C. A. Mebus, R. H. Yolken, A. R. Kal- ica, H. D. James, Jr., A. Z. Kapikian, R. M. Chan- ock. 1979. Rotaviral immunity in gnotobiotic calves: heterologous resistance to human virus induced by bovine virus. Science 203:548-550.
151. Yeager, M., J. A. Berriman, T. S. Baker, A. R. Bellamy. 1994. Three-dimensional structure of the rotavirus haemagglutinin VP4 by cryo-electron microscopy and difference map analysis. EMBO J. 13:1011-1018.
152. Yuan, L., S. Honma, S. Ishida, X. Y. Yan, A. Z. Ka- pikian, Y. Hoshino. 2004. Species-specific but not genotype-specific primary and secondary isotype-specific NSP4 antibody responses in gnotobiotic calves and piglets infected with homologous host bovine (NSP4[A]) or porcine (NSP4[B]) rotavirus. Virology 330:92-104.
153. Zanoni, G., R. Navone, C. Lunardi, G. Tridente, C. Bason, S. Sivori, R. Beri, M. Dolcino, E. Valletta, R. Corrocher, A. Puccetti. 2006. In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes. PLoS Med. 3:e358.