Earthquakes, hurricanes, and terrorism: Do natural disasters incite terror?

Public Choice

Volumn 149, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 383-403

  Berrebi, Claude ^a,b   Ostwald, Jordan ^a  

^a RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Disaster; Panel data; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053926492     PISSN: 00485829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11127-011-9868-x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abadie, A. (2006). Poverty, political freedom, and the roots of terrorism. American Economic Review, 96(2), 50-56.
2. Albala-Bertrand, J. M. (1993). The political economy of large natural disasters: with special reference to developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Albala-Bertrand, J. M. (2000). Complex emergencies versus natural disasters: an analytical comparison of causes and effects. Oxford Development Studies, 28(2), 187-204.
4. Allison, P. D., &) Waterman, R. P. (2002). Fixed-effects negative binomial regression models. Sociological Methodology, 32(1), 247-265.
5. Atkinson, S. E., Sandler, T., &) Tschirhart, J. (1987). Terrorism in a bargaining framework. Journal of Law and Economics, 30(1), 1-21.
6. Azam, J.-P., &) Delacroix, A. (2006). Aid and the delegated fight against terrorism. Review of Development Economics, 10(2), 330-334.
7. Azam, J.-P., &) Thelen, V. (2008). The roles of foreign aid and education in the war on terror. Public Choice, 135(3-4), 375-397.
8. Bandyopadhyay, S., Sandler, T., &) Younas, J. (2011). Foreign aid as counterterrorism policy. Oxford Economic Papers, 63(3), 423-447.
9. Basuchoudhary, A., &) Shughart, W. F. II (2010). On ethnic conflict and the origins of transnational terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 21(1), 65-87.
10. Benmelech, E., &) Berrebi, C. (2007). Human capital and the productivity of suicide bombers. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 223-238.
11. Berman, E., &) Laitin, D. D. (2008). Religion, terrorism and public goods: testing the club model. Journal of Public Economics, 92(10-11), 1942-1967.
12. Berrebi, C., &) Klor, E. F. (2006). Terrorism and electoral outcomes: theory and evidence from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(6), 899-925.
13. Berrebi, C., &) Klor, E. F. (2008). Are voters sensitive to terrorism? Direct evidence from the Israeli electorate. American Political Science Review, 102(3), 279-301.
14. Berrebi, C., &) Lakdawalla, D. (2007). How does terrorism risk vary across space and time? An analysis based on the Israeli experience. Defense and Peace Economics, 18(2), 113-131.
15. Bolin, B. (2007). Race, class, ethnicity, and disaster vulnerability. In H. Rodríguez, E. L. Quarantelli &) R. R. Dynes (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 113-129). New York: Springer.
16. Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N. P., &) Theisen, O. M. (2010). Implications of climate change for armed conflict. In R. Mearns &) A. Norton (Eds.), Social dimensions of climate change: equity and vulnerability in a warming world (pp. 75-102). Washington: The World Bank.
17. Burgoon, B. (2006). On welfare and terror: social welfare policies and political-economic roots of terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(2), 176-203.
18. Cannon, T. (1994). Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of natural disasters. In A. Varley (Ed.), Disasters, development and the environment (pp. 13-30). Chichester: Wiley.
19. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2010a). EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED international disaster database. Brussels: Université Catholique de Louvain.
20. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2010b). EM-DAT: explanatory notes. Resource document. Université Catholique de Louvain. http://www. emdat. be/explanatory-notes. Accessed 20 April 2010.
21. Cohen, C., &) Werker, E. D. (2008). The political economy of natural disasters. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(6), 795-819.
22. Dugan, L., LaFree, G., &) Piquero, A. (2005). Testing a rational choice model of airline hijackings. Criminology, 43(4), 1031-1065.
23. Enders, W., &) Sandler, T. (2000). Is transnational terrorism becoming more threatening? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44(3), 307-332.
24. Enders, W., &) Sandler, T. (2002). Patterns of transnational terrorism, 1970-1999: alternative time-series estimates. International Studies Quarterly, 46(2), 145-165.
25. Enders, W., &) Sandler, T. (2006). Distribution of transnational terrorism among countries by income class and geography after 9/11. International Studies Quarterly, 50(2), 367-393.
26. Enders, W., Sandler, T., &) Gaibulloev, K. (2011). Domestic versus transnational terrorism: data, decomposition, and dynamics. Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), 355-371.
27. Escaleras, M., Anbarci, N., &) Register, C. A. (2007). Public sector corruption and major earthquakes: a potentially deadly interaction. Public Choice, 132(1), 209-230.
28. Freedom House (2010). Freedom in the world: the annual survey of political rights and civil liberties. Washington: Freedom House.
29. Gates, R. M., &) US Department of Defense (2010). Quadrennial defense review report. Washington: US Department of Defense.
30. Hasan, S. S. (2010). Pakistan suicide bomb on police, children among dead. Online article. BBC. http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-11195797. Accessed 15 July 2011.
31. Hegre, H., &) Sambanis, N. (2006). Sensitivity analysis of empirical results on civil war onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(4), 508-535.
32. Hirshleifer, J. (1991). The paradox of power. Economics &) Politics, 3(3), 177-200.
33. Huxley, T. (2005). The tsunami and security: Asia's 9/11? Survival, 47(1), 123-132.
34. Kahn, M. E. (2005). The death toll from natural disasters: the role of income, geography, and institutions. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 271-284.
35. Krieger, T., &) Meierrieks, D. (2011). What causes terrorism? Public Choice, 147(1), 3-27.
36. Krueger, A. B., &) Laitin, D. D. (2008). Kto kogo? A cross-country study of the origins and targets of terrorism. In P. Keefer &) N. Loayza (Eds.), Terrorism, economic development, and political openness (pp. 148-173). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Krueger, A. B., &) Malecková, J. (2003). Education, poverty and terrorism: is there a causal connection? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119-144.
38. Lai, B. (2007). "Draining the swamp": an empirical examination of the production of international terrorism, 1968-1998. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24(4), 297-310.
39. Landes, W. M. (1978). An economic study of US aircraft hijacking, 1961-1976. Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1), 1-31.
40. Landsea, C. W. (2000). El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the seasonal predictability of tropical cyclones. In H. F. Diaz &) V. Markgraf (Eds.), El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: multiscale variability and global and regional impacts (pp. 149-181). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Le Billon, P., &) Waizenegger, A. (2007). Peace in the wake of disaster? Secessionist conflicts and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Transactions-Institute of British Geographers, 32(3), 411-427.
42. Li, Q., &) Schaub, D. (2004). Economic globalization and transnational terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 230.
43. McDowall, S., &) Wang, Y. (2009). An analysis of international tourism development in Thailand: 1994-2007. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 14(4), 351-370.
44. Mustafa, D. (1998). Structural causes of vulnerability to flood hazard in Pakistan. Economic Geography, 74(3), 289-305.
45. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2010a). Global terrorism database. College Park: University of Maryland.
46. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2010b). Global terrorism database: data collection methodology. Resource document. University of Maryland. http://www. start. umd. edu/gtd/using-gtd/. Accessed 24 April 2010.
47. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2010c). Global terrorism database: codebook. Resource document. University of Maryland. http://www. start. umd. edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook. pdf. Accessed 24 April 2010.
48. Nel, P., &) Righarts, M. (2008). Natural disasters and the risk of violent civil conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 52(1), 159-185.
49. Olson, R. S., &) Drury, A. C. (1997). Un-therapeutic communities: a cross-national analysis of post-disaster political unrest. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 15(2), 221-238.
50. Pelling, M., &) Dill, K. (2006). Natural disasters as catalysts of political action. Media Development, 53(4), 7-10.
51. Piazza, J. A. (2007). Draining the swamp: democracy promotion, state failure, and terrorism in 19 Middle Eastern countries. Studies in Conflict &) Terrorism, 30(6), 521-539.
52. Piazza, J. A. (2008). Incubators of terror: do failed and failing states promote transnational terrorism? International Studies Quarterly, 52(3), 469-488.
53. Political Risk Services (2011). International country risk guide. New York: Political Risk Services.
54. Renner, M., &) Chafe, Z. (2007). Beyond disasters: creating opportunities for peace. Washington: WorldWatch Institute.
55. Robison, K., Crenshaw, E., &) Jenkins, J. C. (2006). Ideologies of violence: the social origins of Islamist and Leftist transnational terrorism. Social Forces, 84(4), 2009-2026.
56. Shakir, A. (2010). UN halts aid distribution after female suicide bomber kills 46 in Pakistan. Online article. Bloomberg. http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2010-12-25/pakistan-blast-kills-38-people-edhi-ambulance-service-spokesman-reports. html. Accessed 15 July 2011.
57. Shughart, W. F. II (2006). An analytical history of terrorism, 1945-2000. Public Choice, 128(1), 7-39.
58. Simcoe, T. (2007). XTPQML: stata module to estimate fixed-effects Poisson quasi-ml regression with robust standard errors. Boston: Boston College Department of Economics.
59. Sobel, R. S., &) Leeson, P. T. (2006). Government's response to hurricane Katrina: a public choice analysis. Public Choice, 127(1), 55-73.
60. Sorensen, J. H. (2000). Hazard warning systems: review of 20 years of progress. Natural Hazards Review, 1(2), 119-125.
61. Varner, B. (2010). Pakistan flood aid helps fight terrorism as peace 'fragile,' Qureshi says. Bloomberg. http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2010-08-20/pakistan-flood-aid-helps-fight-terrorism-as-peace-fragile-qureshi-says. html. Accessed 21 May 2011.
62. Walton, M. (2005). Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded. CNN. http://edition. cnn. com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra. quake/index. html. Accessed 21 April 2011.
63. Waraich, O. (2010). Religious minorities suffering worst in Pakistan floods. Online article. Time. http://www. time. com/time/world/article/0, 8599, 2015849, 00. html. Accessed 15 July 2011.
64. Weinberg, L. B., &) Eubank, W. L. (1998). Terrorism and democracy: what recent events disclose. Terrorism and Political Violence, 10(1), 108-118.
65. West, M., Sanches, J. J., &) McNutt, S. R. (2005). Periodically triggered seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, after the Sumatra earthquake. Science, 308(5725), 1144-1146.
66. Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., &) Davis, I. (2003). At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
67. Wooldridge, J. M. (1999). Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 77-97.
68. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge/London: MIT Press.
69. World Bank (2010). World development indicators. Washington: World Bank.