Dry Compulsions: Prohibition and the Creation of State-Level Enforcement Agencies

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 115-146

  Szymanski, Ann Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053815087     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030600003171     Document Type: Article

References (342)

1. Charles E. Zartman, “The Prohibition Question in Licking County, 1908-1912” (M.A. thesis, Ohio State University, 1938), 19-26
2. Sloane Gorden, “Booze, Boodle, and Bloodshed in the Middle West,” The Cosmopolitan 49 (November 1910): 765-69
3. Ray S. Baker, “The Thin Crust of Civilization,” The American Magazine 71 (April 1911): 691-703
4. Charles M. Hogan, “Wayne Wheeler: Single Issue Exponent” (Ph.D. diss. University of Cincinnati, 1986), 116—18
5. Ernest H. Cherrington, The Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem, [henceforth SEAP] (Westerville, Ohio, 1928), 2052-53
6. The Year Book of the United States Brewers' Association, 1910 (NewYork, 1910), 28.
7. Zartman, “The Prohibition Question in Licking County,” 27
8. Hogan, “Wayne Wheeler,” 119–20
9. Baker, “The Thin Crust of Civilization,” 701–2.
10. Stanley L. Swart, “Early Efforts at State-Level Enforcement: The Failure of Ohio's Supervision of Local Police Authorities, 1902-1925,” Ohio History 90 (Spring 1981): 146-48
11. Gorden, “Booze, Boodle, and Bloodshed in the Middle West,” 769–70
12. Zartman, “The Prohibition Question in Licking County,” 28–29
13. Hoyt L. Warner, Progressivism in Ohio, 1897- 1917 (Columbus, 1964), 237.
14. For the origins and development of the national temperance movement, see Ian Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America (Westport, Conn. 1979)
15. John A. Krout, The Origins of Prohibition, (NewYork, 1925)
16. Joseph Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana, 1963)
17. Norman Clark, Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (New York, 1976)
18. Jack S. Blocker Jr. American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform (Boston, 1989).
19. Studies of national temperance groups include Jack S. Blocker Jr. Retreat from Reform: The Prohibition Movement in the United States, 1890-1913 (Westport, Conn. 1976)
20. Ruth Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873-1900 (Philadelphia, 1981)
21. K. Austin Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (New Haven, 1985).
22. For dry ideology, see James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1920 (Cambridge, Mass. 1963)
23. Richard F. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995).
24. Useful state studies include Norman Clark, The Dry Years: Prohibition and Social Change in Washington (Seattle, 1965)
25. Robert S. Bader, Prohibition in Kansas: A History (Lawrence, 1986)
26. Paul E. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics: Turbulent Decades in Tennessee, 1885-1920 (Knoxville, 1965).
27. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 142–49
28. Richard F. Hamm, “Administration and Prison Suasion: Law Enforcement in the American Temperance Movement, 1880-1920,” Contemporary Drug Problems 21 (Fall 1994): 387-91
29. Bader, Prohibition in Kansas, 182–83
30. John J. Guthrie Jr. “Hard Times, Hard Liquor, and Hard Luck: Selective Enforcement of Prohibition in North Florida, 1928-1933,” Florida Historical Quarterly 72 (April 1994): 444-45
31. Clark, The Dry Years, 154–55, 184
32. Proceedings, Annual Convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Colorado, 38th Session (1917), 65–66, 41st Session (1920), 26, 39; 43d Session (1922), 47, 45th Session (1924), 53; 46th Session (1925), 53.
33. For this argument applied to private detectives and private prosecution, respectively, see Frank Morn, The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency (Bloomington, 1982), 189-92; and
34. Allen Steinberg, The Transformation of Criminal Justice: Philadelphia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill, 1989), chap. 9 and epilogue.
35. H. Kenneth Bechtel, State Police in the United States: A Socio-Historical Analysis (Westport, Conn. 1995), 20-21; 38-45
36. Bruce Smith, Police Systems in the United States (New York, 1940), 180-205
37. Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism (Lexington, Mass. 1977), 75-76.
38. William J. Novak, The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill, 1996), chaps. 1 and 5, conclusion.
39. See Henry S. Clubb, The Maine Liquor Law: Its Origin, History, and Results (New York, 1856), 99–296
40. Dan E. Clark, “The History of Liquor Legislation in Iowa, 1846-1861,” Iowa Journal of Politics 6 (January 1908): 80-81
41. John Fitzgibbon, “King Alcohol: His Rise, Reign, and Fall in Michigan,” Michigan History 2 (October 1918): 752-55
42. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 293–97
43. Morton Keller, Regulating a New Society: Public Policy and Social Change in America, 1900- 1933 (Cambridge, Mass. 1994), 125-26.
44. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 9–13, chap. 4
45. Hamm, “Administration and Prison Suasion,” 384–91.
46. Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History (New York, 1993), 127-40, 324-41
47. Novak, The Public Welfare, 153.
48. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (Cambridge, 1982), 47-162
49. Morton Keller, A//airs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass. 1977)
50. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass. 1992).
51. Richard L. McCormick, “The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics,” in his The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era (New York, 1986), 345-46
52. Skowronek, Building a New American State, 16–17
53. Keller, Regulating aNew Society, 1–9
54. Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers, 44–47.
55. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, chaps. 1, 2, 4, 8, and 9
56. Krout, The Origins of Prohibition, chaps. 5- 8 and 11.
57. Neal Dow, The Reminiscences of Neal Dow: Recollections of Eighty Years (Portland, Me. 1898), 278–79.
58. Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 1822-1885 (Cambridge, Mass. 1967), 44-45
59. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 242.
60. Lane, Policing the City, 14–44
61. James F. Richardson, The New York Police: Colonial Times to 1901 (New York, 1970), chaps. 1 and 2
62. Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860- 1920 (Cambridge, 1981), 31-41
63. Walker, A Critical History of Reform, 6–7.
64. Leonhard F. Fuld, Police Administration: A Critical Study of Police Organisations in theUnited States and Abroad (Montclair, N.J. 1971), 14-15
65. Bruce Smith, The State Police: Organization and Administration (Montclair, N.J. 1969), 1-4
66. Lane, Policing the City, 71
67. Tyrrell, SoberingUp, 242, 255-56
68. Bruce Tap, ‘“The Evils of Intemperance are Generally Conceded’: The Temperance Debate in Early Grand Rapids,” Michigan Historical Review 19 (Spring 1993): 25–26
69. Report of the Proceedings and Debates in the Convention to Revise the Constitution of the State of Michigan, 1850 (Lansing, 1850), 432.
70. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 260, 293-95
71. Clubb, The Maine Liquor Law, 192, 236, 255-56
72. George F. Clark, History of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts (Boston, 1888), 83–85
73. Cyclo-pedia of Temperance and Prohibition (New York, 1891), 67
74. Fitzgibbon, “King Alcohol,” 752–53
75. Tap, ‘“The Evils of Intemperance are Generally Conceded,’” 34, 40–42.
76. “The Evils of Intemperance are Generally Conceded,’, 294
77. Ian Tyrrell, “Women and Temperance in Antebellum America, 1830— 1860,” Civil War History 28 (June 1982): 142-43
78. Jed Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the W.C.T.U (Urbana, 1984), 197— 98, 209 n. 48.
79. Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the W.C.T.U, 196–97
80. Tyrrell, “Women and Temperance in Antebellum America,” 144
81. Clark, “The History of Liquor Legislation in Iowa,” 81.
82. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 294–97
83. Clark, History of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts, 83–85
84. Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder, 196–99
85. Tap, “‘The Evils of Intemperance are Generally Conceded,’” 40–44.
86. Richardson, The New York Police, chaps. 3 and 4
87. Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830-1870 (Chicago, 1977), 29-32
88. Raymond B. Fosdick, American Police Systems (Montclair, N.J. 1969), 67-69
89. John C. Schneider, Detroit and the Problem o/Order, 1830-1880: A Geography of Crime, Riot, and Policing (Lincoln, Neb. 1980), 22-23
90. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History, 69–71
91. Frank L. Byrne, Prophet of Prohibition: Neal Dow and His Crusade (Madison, 1959), 61-67
92. Dow, The Reminiscences of Neal Dow, 531–32
93. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 293–97.
94. Clubb, The Maine Liquor Law, 99–296
95. Tyrrell, Sobering Up, chap. 11.
96. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 19–39, 124-25
97. Hamm, “Administration and Prison Suasion,” 384–85
98. William H. Armstrong, “The Sons of Temperance: The Pioneer Advocates of Constitutional Prohibition,” Journal of the Proceedings of the National Divisionof the Sons of Temperance of North America, 48th Session (1892), 121
99. Joseph Cook, “Constitutional Prohibition,” The Christian Advocate 59 (13 March 1884): 179
100. J. Ellen Foster, The Saloon Must Go (New York, 1889), 22
101. J. N. Stearns, “Why Constitutional Prohibition?” in his The Constitutional Prohibitionist (New York, 1889), 2.
102. Perry R. Duis, The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920 (Urbana, 1983), 98
103. “Citizens' League,” Chicago Tribune, 11 January 1882, 7
104. J. C. Shaffer, “Suggestions Regarding Temperance Work,” Century Magazine 27 (March 1884): 792–93
105. Editorial, Law and Order 1 (7 March 1885): 1.
106. “Law and Order,” The Boston Globe, 23 February 1883, 2.
107. Duis, The Saloon, 97–98
108. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of the United States, (1888), 118–25
109. L. Edwin Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement—Historical Sketch,” Lend a Hand 8 (March 1892): 258–62
110. Proceedings of the FirstAnnual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts (1883), 5–8, 16-17
111. Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts (1884), 13
112. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts (1885), 5–6, 11
113. SEAP, 1512–13.
114. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 7–8
115. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of the United States, 122–23, 107-10
116. Victor A. Rappaport, “The Growth and Changing Functions of the Connecticut Department of State Police,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (September-October 1939): 359-63.
117. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Citizen's Law and Order league of the United States, 121–22
118. Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 10–11
119. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 8–10
120. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 11–12
121. “Illinois,” The National Temperance Advocate 15 (October 1880): 158
122. “Law and Order League Officers in Trouble,” The Boston Evening Transcript, 28 April 1884
123. “Mr. Cunniff and the Law and Order League,” The Boston Evening Transcript, 13 June 1884, 1
124. Thomas S. Smith, “A Martyr for Prohibition: The Murder of Reverend George C. Haddock,” The Palimpsest 62 (November-December 1981)
125. Duis, The Saloon, 99.
126. “Law and Order: Session of the American League at Toronto,” The Toronto Globe, 24 February 1890, 5–6
127. Robert L. Hampel, Temperance and Prohibition in Massachusetts, 1813- 1852 (Ann Arbor, 1982), 148-49
128. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of the United States, 124–26
129. Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Citizens ’ Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 10
130. Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement,” 258.
131. Joanne J. Brownsword, “Good Templars in Wisconsin, 1854-1880” (M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1960), 82-88
132. Jack S. Blocker Jr. “Give to the Winds th;y FeaTs”: The Woman's Temperance Crusade, 1873-1874 (Westport, Conn. 1985), 127-33
133. Duis, The Saloon, 97–98
134. Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement,” 261
135. Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts, 11.
136. Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement,” 266
137. SEAP, 1852
138. Thomas C. Mackey, Red Lights Out: A Legal History of Prostitution, Disorderly Houses, and Vice Districts (New York, 1987), chap. 3
139. Carleton v. Rugg (1889) 22 N.E. 558–66.
140. Charles C. Bonney, “An Appeal for Law and Order,” The Statesman 6 (January 1890): 195
141. “Law and Order: Session of the American League at Toronto,” 5–6
142. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Citizens' Law and Order League of the United States, 47–59.
143. See Blocker, Retreat from Reform, chap. 6
144. Kerr, Organized for Prohibition, chap. 3
145. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 125–33
146. Peter H. Odegard, Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League (New York, 1928), 1-9
147. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, chap. 4.
148. Richardson, The New York Police, 86–108
149. Lane, Policing the City, 128–33, 213-19
150. Schneider, Detroit and the Problem of Order, 64–86
151. Fosdick, American Police Systems, 80–97, 120-21
152. Walker, A Critical History of Reform, 27–28
153. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History, 150.
154. Clark, History of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts, 130–31, 135-37
155. Lane, Policing the City, 128–33, 213-19
156. Fosdick, American Police Systems, 95
157. Richardson, The New York Police, 92–93
158. Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement,” 262–63
159. “Questions,” Christian Advocate 59 (20 March 1884): 196.
160. Walker, A Critical History of Reform, 40–43
161. Fosdick, American Police Systems, 96–107, 118-25
162. Richardson, The New York Police, chap. 7.
163. Bechtel, State Police in the United States, 31–37
164. Smith, The State Police, 37
165. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865-1877 (Columbia, S.C. 1905), 114
166. Bader, Prohibition in Kansas, 79–80.
167. Marshall E. S. Jones, “A History of the Massachusetts State Police Force as a Changing Social Organization” (Ph.D. diss. Harvard University, 1935), 58-171
168. Lane, Policing the City, 136–41, 162-63
169. Clark, History of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts, 130–31, 135— 40, 250-53, 263-64
170. Smith, The State Police, 37–38
171. Bechtel, State Police in the United States, 36–37. 41.
172. Bader, Prohibition in Kansas, 79–83, 87-89, 114-22.
173. A. A. Miner, “The Saloon Evil,” The Arena 9 (May 1894): 829
174. Proceedings, SixteenthNational Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1915), 485.
175. Fosdick, American Police Systems, 96–102
176. Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement,”
177. For a brief overview of the “home rule” movement in the late nineteenth century, see Keller, Affairs of State, 337–42.
178. William R. Brock, Investigation and Responsibility: Public Responsibility in the United States, 1865-1900 (Cambridge, England, 1984), 90-102, 118-19, 128-30
179. Jeremy Felt, Hostages of Fortune: Child Labor Reform in New York State (Syracuse, 1965), chaps. 1 and 2
180. Keller, Affairs of State, 399, 413-14, 423-24, 501-2
181. McCormick, “The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics,” 330–32.
182. Editorial, Law and Order 1 (7 March 1885): 1
183. Norman H. Dohn, “The History of the Anti-Saloon League” (Ph.D. diss. Ohio State University, 1959), chap. 2.
184. Washington Gladden, “The Enforcement of Law” “Unity, Persistency, Victory/,” A Souvenir Selection o/Anti-Saloon Addresses (Columbus, 1895), 17–25
185. Howard H. Russell, “Report of the State Superintendent” (20 June 1894), 6–7
186. Ohio Anti-Saloon League series, Temperance and Prohibition Papers, Ohio Historical Society microfilm, Reel 3.
187. “Reform News,” The Union Signal 25 (23 November 1899): 2
188. “Connecticut,” Proceedings, Third National Anti-Saloon Convention, (Washington, D.C. 1898), xiv, 54
189. “Our League Work in Connecticut,” The American Issue 8 (12 July 1901): 2
190. “Connecticut,” The American Issue 10 (9 October 1903): 9
191. Ann-Marie Szymanski, ‘“Think Locally, Act Gradually’: Political Strategy and the American Prohibition Movement during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” (Ph.D. diss. Cornell University, 1998), 121 n. 1
192. Proceedings, Sixth National Anti-Saloon Convention (Baltimore, 1902), 78
193. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 141
194. Hamm, “Administration and Prison Suasion,” 387.
195. Dohn, “The History of the Anti-Saloon League,” 59–62
196. “A Statement of What the Anti-Saloon League Undertakes to Do: Detectives, Attorneys, and Prosecutions,” The American issue 8 (31 May 1901): 1
197. “Concerning Detective Service,” The American Issue 7 (September 1900): 7
198. Lemuel D. Lilly, “Spotter Evidence,” The American Issue 8 (15 March 1901): 7
199. “More Agitation Needed, and Less Attempted Law Enforcement,” 11
200. “Detectives,” The American Issue 13 (2 June 1905): 14
201. Proceedings, Sixth National Anti-Saloon Convention, 81–82
202. Proceedings, Thirteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1910), 127, 140
203. Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1913), 311, 331
204. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 144, 147-48.
205. Proceedings, Eleventh Annual Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Harrisburg, Pa. 1906), 111-12
206. Proceedings, Twelfth National Convention (Harrisburg, Pa. 1907), 93
207. Proceedings, Thirteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 100–101
208. Proceedings, Fourteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1912), 110
209. Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 286, 293-94, 304, 314, 316, 412, 419, 477-78
210. The Year Boole of the United States Brewers ‘ Association, 1910, 25, 54, 152-53
211. Ernest H. Cherrington, The Anti-Saloon Year Book, 1918 [henceforth YB] (Westerville, Ohio, 1918), 165
212. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics, 179–80, 224-31.
213. Proceedings, Thirteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 98, 139
214. Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 305
215. Proceedings,Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 446, 471.
216. For the Massachusetts CLOL, see Dudley, “The Law and Order Movement”
217. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Citizens' Law and Order League of Massachusetts (1882-1891).
218. For accounts of Faxon, see William F. Hoehn, No-License in Quincy (Quincy, Mass. 1899), 121–28
219. “Henry Hardwick Faxon,” Law and Order 1 (25 April 1885): 235–36.
220. For a representative sample of articles, see “Injunction Sought,” The Boston Globe, 3 July 1902
221. “Liquor Selling Cost x0024;150,” The Boston Globe, 5 July 1902
222. “Raids at Salem,” The Boston Globe, 21 December 1902
223. “Salem Sensation,” The Boston Globe, 30 December 1902
224. “Raid and Fire,” The Boston Globe, 20 November 1905
225. “Raiders Find Much Liquor,” The Boston Globe, 16 December 1906
226. “Lowell Rumor Denied,” The Boston Globe, 26 March 1907
227. “Liquor Men in Court,” The Boston Globe, 19 July 1907
228. “Liquor Raid at Wellfleet,” The Boston Globe, 23 July 1907
229. “Raids at Onset,” The Boston Globe, 24 July 1907
230. “East Boston Men Fined,” The Boston Globe, 20 July 1907
231. “Onset Liquor Case,” The Boston Globe, 26 July 1907
232. “Attacks by Clergymen,” The Boston Globe, 7 December 1907
233. “Women Appeal to Druggists,” The Boston Globe, 2 March 1908
234. “Sharp Fight Over License,” The Boston Globe, 2 March 1908
235. “Liquor Nuisance Case,” The Boston Globe, 22 October 1909
236. “Arrest 24 Persons,” The Boston Globe, 27 November 1909
237. “Against Two Hotels,” The Boston Globe, 2 March 1910
238. “Dates from Bar and Bottle Bill,” The Boston Globe, 2 July 1911.
239. Dohn, “The History of the Anti-Saloon League,” 59–62
240. Annual Report of the Anti- Saloon League of Maryland with Statement of Receipts and Expenses and Legislative Policy (1910-1911), 5
241. Proceedings, Thirteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 116
242. Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 279, 316
243. Proceedings,Sixteenth National Contention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 385, 468-69, 471, 504
244. Proceedings, Twentieth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Washington, D.C. 1921), 113-19
245. SEAP, 1506, 1510-11, 1907
246. Daniel J. Whitener, Prohibition in North Carolina, 1715-1945 (Chapel Hill, 1945), 186
247. C. C. Pearson and J. Edwin Hendricks, Liquor and Anti- Liquor in Virginia (Durham, 1967), 289-90
248. William H. Cumberland, “Walking Straight: Claud McMillan and the Anti-Saloon League,” Palimpsest 69 (Winter 1988): 196-98.
249. See Proceedings, Thirteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 102, 127, 161
250. Proceedings, Fourteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 110, 114-15, 130
251. Proceedings, Fifteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 314, 316, 320, 337
252. Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 425–26, 461, 485
253. YB, 1914, 182
254. YB, 1918, 219, 239, 248, 277, 317, 320-21
255. YB, 1920, 192–93, 196, 213
256. YB, 1923, 132, 162, 194; YB, 1929, 142-43
257. SEAP, 1772, 1917
258. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics, 240–41
259. William A. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930 (Chapel Hill, 1992), 316, 321
260. Jimmie L. Franklin, Born Sober: Prohibition in Oklahoma, 1907-1959 (Norman, 1971), 63-64
261. Pearson and Hendricks, Liquor and Anti-Liquor in Virginia, 289–90, 295-96
262. Larry Engelmann, Intemperance: The Lost War Against Liquor (New York, 1979), 27
263. Robert G. Aagard, “The Prohibition Movement in Wyoming” (M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, 1966), 33-39
264. Margaret Ripley Wolfe, “Bootleggers, Drummers, and National Defense: Sideshow to Reform in Tennessee,” Eastern Tennessee Historical Society's Publications 49 (1977): 81-91
265. Arthur F. Howington, “John Barley Corn Subdued: The Enforcement of Prohibition in Alabama,” Alabama Review 23 (July 1970): 212-13
266. James Benson Sellers, The Prohibition Movement in Alabama, 1702-1943 (Chapel Hill, 1943), 186-89, 210-11
267. William E. West, “Dry Crusade: The Prohibition Movement in Colorado, 1858-1933” (Ph.D. diss. University of Colorado, 1971), 396-97
268. Rappaport, “The Growth and Changing Functions of the Connecticut Department of State Police,” 359–69
269. “Connecticut,” The American Issue 10 (9 October 1903): 9
270. Edison K. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho, 1863- 1934” (Ph.D. diss. University of Idaho, 1979), 355-57
271. P. O. Ray, “Metropolitan and State Police,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 11 (November 1920): 454, 457-58
272. Merle T. Cole, “Birth of the West Virginia State Police, 1919-1921,” West Virginia History 43 (1981): 1, 4, 7, 16
273. Phillip D. Schertzing, “‘Very Difficult to Let Go of: The Birth and Development of the Michigan State Police,” Michigan History 76 (March-April 1992): 28-31
274. Albert E. Sleeper, “Inaugural Address, 1919,” Messages of the Governors of Michigan 4 (Lansing, 1927), 731, 734
275. Annual Convention of the Womans Christian Temperance Union of the Sixth District of Michigan, 42nd Session (1919), 106
276. “Temperance Forces Alert in Iowa,” The Union Signal 33 (28 February 1907): 12
277. Bechtel, State Police in the United States, 32–33.
278. State Police in the United States, chaps. 2-8
279. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho,” 355.
280. For a brief discussion of these developments, see Richard L. McCormick, “Political Parties in American History,” in his The Party Period and Public Policy, 177–81.
281. Ann-Marie Szymanski, “Direct Legislation and State Politics: A Comparison of the Progressive Era and Contemporary American Politics,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the New York Political Science Association, 28 April 1995 (revised version).
282. For the wets' use of “home rule” rhetoric, see Pearson and Hendricks, Liquor and Anti-Liquor in Virginia, 276–81
283. H. A. Ivy, Rum on the Run in Texas: A Brief History of Prohibition in the Lone Star State (Dallas, 1910), 69-70
284. West, “Dry Crusade,” 275–79
285. Whitener, Prohibition in North Carolina, 165
286. Nancy K. Tisdale, “The Prohibition Crusade in Arizona” (M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1965), 153-154
287. John E. Caswell, “The Prohibition Movement in Oregon to the Adoption of Statewide Prohibition in 1914” (M.A. thesis, University of Oregon, 1937), 77-78, 81
288. Kerr, Organized for Prohibition, 164, 169–70
289. Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 390.
290. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York, 1967), 164-95
291. Samuel Haber, Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1964)
292. Kerr, Organised for Prohibition.
293. “More Agitation Needed, and Less Attempted Law Enforcement,” 11
294. Proceedings, Ninth Annual Anti-Saloon Convention (Harrisburg, Pa. 1905), 93-94
295. Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 471
296. Hamm, Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment, 148–49.
297. Proceedings, Sixth National Anti-Saloon Convention, 79, 84
298. “More Agitation Needed, and Less Attempted Law Enforcement,” 11
299. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 144.
300. “Anti-Saloon Attorney Hines,” The American Issue 14 (14 September 1906): 7
301. Larry E. Nelson, “Utah Goes Dry,” Utah Historical Quarterly 41 (1973): 345, 348
302. Ohio CLOL, Campaign Text Book Against License (c. 1911), 9, Ohio Anti-Saloon League series, Temperance and Prohibition Papers, Ohio Historical Society microfilm, Reel 4
303. Proceedings, Fourteenth NationalConvention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 148
304. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics, 179–81
305. Ivy, Rum on the Run in Texas, 70–71.
306. Nelson, “Utah Goes Dry,” 345
307. Bruce T. Dyer, “A Study of the Forces Leading to the Adoption of Prohibition in Utah” (M.S. thesis, Brigham Young University, 1958), 121-23
308. Paul E. Isaac, Prohibition and Politics, 240–41.
309. See also YB, 1914, 139
310. Whitener, Prohibition in North Carolina, 180–82
311. Schertzing, ‘“Very Difficult to Let Go of,’” 27–31.
312. YB, 1916, 256
313. YB, 1918, 219.
314. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho,” 409
315. Leonard J. Arrington, History of Idaho 2 (Moscow, Ida. 1994), 22
316. Hugh Lovin, “The Nonpartisan League and Progressive Renascence in Idaho, 1919-1924,” Idaho Yesterdays 32 (Fall 1988): 4
317. SEAP, 2009
318. Gilbert Courtland Fite, Peter Norbeck: Prairie Statesman (Columbia, Mo. 1948), 53-56
319. Larry Remele, “Power to the People: The Nonpartisan League,” in The North Dakota Political Tradition, Thomas W. Howard, ed. 68, 77-87
320. Schertzing, “‘Very Difficult to Let Go of,”’ 26–30
321. Sleeper, “Inaugural Address, 1919,” 730, 734.
322. ISAAC, Prohibition and Politics, 240–41
323. Nathan F. Woodbury, Prohibition in Maine: History of Its Origin, Results, Political Nullification, and Final Ratification from 1837 to 1920 (Lewiston, Me. 1920), 26
324. Elizabeth Ring, The Progressive Movement of 1912 and Third Party Movement of 1924 in Maine (Orono, Me. 1933), 20, 24-25, 28, 30, 39-40, 43-44, 46-47, 49, 56-57
325. Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 485
326. Charles N. Glaab, “John Burke and the Progressive Revolt,” in The North Dakota Political Tradition, 48–50, 55-62.
327. Richard F. Hamm, “Southerners and the Shaping of the Eighteenth Amendment, 1914-1917,” The Georgia Journal of Southern Legal History 1 (Spring 1991): 81-107
328. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho,” 357
329. Franklin, Born SobeT, 76–79
330. Proceedings, Twentieth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 94–98
331. YB, 1923, 120
332. YB, 1926, 132
333. SEAP, 1455, 2009, 2048, 2079, 2831
334. Clark, The Dry Years, 154–56, 189
335. Howington, “John Barley Corn Subdued,” 218–20
336. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho,” 356–59, 383, 409
337. Bader, Prohibition in Kansas, 204–7
338. Pearson and Hendricks, Liquor and Anti-Liquor in Virginia, 296.
339. Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, 438–40
340. Putnum, “The Prohibition Movement in Idaho,” 356–59, 366-63
341. Lovin, “The Nonpartisan League and Progressive Renascence in Idaho,” 4–5
342. Bechtel, State Police in the United States, 32.