Gendered fear of crime socialization: An extension of Akers's social learning theory

Feminist Criminology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 291-307

  Rader, Nicole E ^a   Haynes, Stacy H ^a  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

fear of crime; gender socialization; social learning

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053632368     PISSN: 15570851     EISSN: 1557086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1557085111408278     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance (1st ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
3. Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2006). The empirical status of social learning theory of crime and deviance: The past, present, and future. In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminology theory. Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 37-76). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
4. Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2004). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing.
5. Bernard, T. J., Snipes, J. B., & Gerould, A. L. (2010). Vold's theoretical criminology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6. Chiricos, T., Padgett, K., & Gertz, M. (2000). Fear, TV news, and the reality of crime. Criminology, 38, 755-785.
7. Cobbina, J. E., Miller, J., & Brunson, R. K. (2008). Gender, neighborhood danger, and riskavoidance strategies among urban African-American youths. Criminology, 46, 673-709.
8. Connell, R. W. (2002). Gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
9. Day, K., Stump, C., & Carreon, D. (2003). Confrontation and loss of control: Masculinity and men's fear in public space. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 311-322.
10. De Groof, S. (2008). And my mama said . . . The (relative) parental influence on fear of crime among adolescent girls and boys. Youth & Society, 39, 267-293.
11. Elchardus, M., De Groof, S., & Smits, W. (2008). Rational fear or represented malaise: A crucial test of two paradigms explaining fear of crime. Sociological Perspectives, 51, 453-471.
12. Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. New York, NY: SUNY Press.
13. Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women's fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault? Social Forces, 75, 667-690.
14. Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57, 70-101.
15. Fisher, B. S., & May, D. (2009). College students' crime-related fears on campus. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 300-321.
16. Fisher, B. S., & Sloan, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of sexual victimization among college women: Is the "shadow of sexual assault" hypothesis supported? Justice Quarterly, 20, 633-659.
17. Franiuk, R., Seefelt, J. L., Cepress, S. L., & Vandello, J. A. (2008). Prevalence and effects of rape myths in the media: The Kobe Bryant case. Violence Against Women, 14, 287-309.
18. Franklin, C. A., & Franklin, T. W. (2009). Predicting fear of crime: Considering differences across gender. Feminist Criminology, 4, 83-106.
19. Gardner, C. B. (1989). Analyzing gender in public places: Rethinking Goffman's vision of everyday life. The American Sociologist, 42-56.
20. Gilchrist, E., Bannister, J., Ditton, J., & Farrall, S. (1998). Women and the fear of crime: Challenging the accepted stereotype. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 283-98.
21. Goodey, J. (1994). Fear of crime: What can children tell us? International Review of Victimology, 3, 195-210.
22. Goodey, J. (1997). Boys don't cry: Masculinities, fear of crime, and fearlessness. British Journal of Criminology, 57, 401-418.
23. Haynie, D. L. (1998). The gender gap in fear of crime, 1973-1994: A methodological approach. Criminal Justice Review, 23, 29-50.
24. Hochschild, A.R. (1989). The second shift. New York: Avon.
25. Hollander, J. A. (2001).Vulnerability and dangerousness: The construction of gender through conversation about violence. Gender and Society, 15, 83-109.
26. Karmen, A. (2010). An introduction to victimology (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
27. Keane, C. (1998). Evaluating the influence of an environmental mobility on women's routine activities. Environment and Behavior, 30, 60-81.
28. Kennedy, L. W., & Sacco, V. W. (1998). Crime victims in context. Los Angeles: Roxbury Press.
29. Kimmel, M. S. (2004). The gendered society (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
30. Lane, J. (2009). Perceptions of neighborhood problems, fear of crime, and resulting behavioral precautions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 264-281.
31. Lane, J., & Meeker, J. W. (2003). Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses. Justice Quarterly, 20, 337-71.
32. Lee, M. (2001). The genesis of fear of crime. Theoretical Criminology, 5, 467-485.
33. Lee, M. R., & DeHart, E. (2007). The influence of a serial killer on changes in fear of crime and the use of protective measures: A survey-based study of Baton Rouge. Deviant Behavior, 28, 1-28.
34. Liska, A. E., Sanchirico, A., & Reed, M. D. (1988). Fear of crime and constrained behavior: Specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model. Social Forces, 66, 827-37.
35. Madriz, E. I. (1997). Images of criminals and victims: A study on women's fear and social control. Gender and Society, 11, 342-456.
36. May, D. C. (2001). The effect of fear of sexual victimization on adolescent fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 21, 141-174.
37. May, D. C., Rader, N. E., & Goodrum, S. (2010). The gendered assessment of the "threat of victimization": Examining gender differences in fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Criminal Justice Review, 35(2), 159-182.
38. May, D. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Virgo, K. (2002). The impact of parental attachment and supervision on fear of crime among adolescent males. Adolescence, 37, 267-287.
39. Mesch, G. (2000). Perceptions of risk, lifestyle activities, and fear of crime. Deviant Behavior, 21, 67-72.
40. Moen, P. & Sweet, S. (2003). Time clocks: Couples' work hour strategies. In P. Moen (Ed.), It's about time: Career strains, strategies, and successes (pp. 17-34), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
41. Pain, R. (1995). Elderly women and violent crime: The least likely victim? British Journal of Criminology, 35, 584-98.
42. Pain, R. (2001). Gender, race, age, and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38, 899-913.
43. Rader, N. E. (2008). Gendered fear management strategies: Intersections of doing gender and fear management strategies in women's lives. Sociological Focus, 41, 34-52.
44. Rader, N. E. (2010). Until death do us part? Husband perceptions and responses to fear of crime. Deviant Behavior, 31, 33-59.
45. Rader, N. E., Cossman, J. S., & Allison, M. (2009). Considering the gendered nature of constrained behavior practices among male and female college students. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 282-299.
46. Rader, N. E., May, D. C., & Goodrum, S. (2007). An empirical assessment of the "threat of victimization" considering fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Sociological Spectrum, 27, 475-505.
47. Reid, L. W., & Konrad, M. (2004). The gender gap in fear: Assessing the interactive effects of gender and perceived risk on fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24, 399-425.
48. Reid, L. W., Roberts, J. T., & Hilliard, H. M. (1998). Fear of crime and collective action: An analysis of coping strategies. Sociological Inquiry, 68, 312-328.
49. Rountree, P. W. (1998). A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 341-372.
50. Schafer, J. A., Huebner, B. M., & Bynum, T. S. (2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 285-301.
51. Scott, H. (2003). Stranger danger: Explaining women's fear of crime. Western Criminology Review, 4, 203-214.
52. Sellers, C. S., Cochran, J. K., & Branch, K. A. (2005). Social learning theory and partner violence: A research note. Deviant Behavior, 26, 379-395.
53. Smith, W. R., & Torstensson, M. (1997). Gender differences in risk perception and neutralizing fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 37, 608-34.
54. Stanko, E. (1995). Women, crime, and fear. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Sciences, 539, 46-59.
55. Stanko, E. (1996). Warnings to women: Police advice and women's safety in Britain. Violence Against Women, 2, 5-24.
56. Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of criminology (4th ed.). Boston: J. B. Lippincott.
57. Sutton, R. M., & Farrall, S. (2005). Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 45, 212-224.
58. Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
59. Wallace, L. H., & May, D. C. (2005). The impact of relationship with parents and commitment to school on adolescent fear of crime at school. Adolescence, 40, 458-474.
60. Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65, 681-702.
61. Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. In D. Duffee (Ed.), Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 451-490). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
62. Warr, M., & Ellison, C. G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 551-578.
63. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125- 51.
64. Wilcox, P., Jordan, C. E., & Pritchard, A. J. (2006). Fear of acquaintance versus stranger rape as a master status: Towards refinement of the shadow of sexual assault. Violence & Victims, 21, 355-370.