Serratia infections: From military experiments to current practice

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 755-791

  Mahlen, Steven D ^a  

^a CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMPICILLIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE AMPC; CARBAPENEM; CEFEPIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE; GENTAMICIN; HEMOLYSIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; MEROPENEM; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; PROTEIN SHLA; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; QUINOLONE; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TOBRAMYCIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; EPIDEMIC; EYE INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; NONHUMAN; NOTE; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; QUORUM SENSING; SERRATIA; SERRATIA ENTOMOPHILA; SERRATIA FICARIA; SERRATIA FONTICOLA; SERRATIA GLOSSINAE; SERRATIA GRIMESII; SERRATIA INFECTION; SERRATIA LIQUEFACIENS; SERRATIA MARCESCENS; SERRATIA NEMATODIPHILA; SERRATIA ODORIFERA; SERRATIA PLYMUTHICA; SERRATIA PROTEAMACULANS; SERRATIA QUINIVORANS; SERRATIA RUBIDAEA; SERRATIA UREILYTICA; SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; TAXONOMY;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CROSS INFECTION; HUMANS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; SERRATIA INFECTIONS; SERRATIA LIQUEFACIENS; SERRATIA MARCESCENS; UNITED STATES;

SERRATIA;

EID: 80053587345     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00017-11     Document Type: Note

References (427)

1. Aïtoff, M., M. Dion, and H. Dobkevitch. 1936. Bacillus prodigiosus pathogène pour les animoux: endotoxine et reaction de Shwartzman. C. R. Soc. Biol. 123:375-376. (In French.)
2. Ajithkumar, B., V. P. Ajithkumar, R. Iriye, Y. Doi, and T. Sakai. 2003. Spore-forming Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis subsp. nov., isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment tank. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:253-258.
3. Alexandrakis, G., E. C. Alfonso, and D. Miller. 2000. Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in south Florida and emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones. Ophthalmology 107:1497-1502.
4. Al Jarousha, A. M., I. A. El Qouqa, A. H. N. El Jadba, and A. S. Al Afifi. 2008. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens septicaemia in neonatal intensive care unit in Gaza City, Palestine. J. Hosp. Infect. 70:119-126.
5. Allison, C., N. Coleman, P. L. Jones, and C. Hughes. 1992. Ability of Proteus mirabilis to invade human urothelial cells is coupled to motility and swarming differentiation. Infect. Immun. 60:4740-4746.
6. Amaya, et al. 2010. Antibiotic resistance patterns in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria causing septicemia in newborns in León, Nicaragua: correlation with environmental samples. J. Chemother. 22:25-29.
7. Anagnostakis, D., J. Fitsialos, C. Koutsia, J. Messaritakis, and N. Matsaniotis.1981. A nursery outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection. Evidence of a single source of contamination. Am. J. Dis. Child. 135:413-414.
8. Anahory, T., H. Darbas, O. Ongaro, H. Jean-Pierre, and P. Mion. 1998. Serratia ficaria: a misidentified or unidentified rare cause of human infections in fig tree culture zones. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3266-3272.
9. Anonymous. 1906. Report on an investigation of the ventilation of the debating chamber of the House of Commons. Appendix to parliamentary paper Cd. 3035. HMSO, London, England.
10. Anonymous. 1969. Serratia septicaemia. Br. Med. J. 4:756-757.
11. Anonymous. 1977. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources. Biological testing involving human subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
12. Anonymous. 2010. Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2010. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
13. Araj, G. F., M. M. Uwaydah, and S. Y. Alami. 1994. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates at the American University Medical Center in Lebanon. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20:151-158.
14. Archibald, L. K., et al. 1997. Serratia marcescens outbreak associated with extrinsic contamination of 1% chlorxylenol soap. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 18:704-709.
15. Ariel, I., I. Arad, and D. Soffer. 1986. Autopsy findings of Serratia meningoencephalitis in infants. Pediatr. Pathol. 6:351-358.
16. Aronson, J. D., and I. Alderman. 1943. The occurrence and bacteriological characteristics of S. marcescens from a case of meningitis. J. Bacteriol. 46:261-267.
17. Arroyo, J. C., et al. 1981. Clinical, epidemiologic and microbiologic features of a persistent outbreak of amikacin-resistant Serratia marcescens. Infect. Control 2:367-372.
18. Arslan, U., et al. 2010. Serratia marcescens sepsis outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr. Int. 52:208-212.
19. Arzese, A., G. A. Botta, G. P. Gesu, and G. Schito. 1988. Evaluation of a computer-assisted method of analysing SDS-PAGE protein profiles in tracing a hospital outbreak of Serratia marcescens. J. Infect. 17:35-42.
20. Ashelford, K. E., J. C. Fry, M. J. Bailey, and M. J. Day. 2002. Characterization of Serratia isolates from soil, ecological implications and transfer of Serratia proteamaculans subsp. quinovora Grimont et al. 1983 to Serratia quinivorans corrig., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52:2281-2289.
21. Assadian, O., et al. 2002. Nosocomial outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:457-461.
22. Atlee, W. E., R. P. Burns, and M. Oden. 1970. Serratia marcescens keratoconjunctivitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 70:31-33.
23. Aucken, H. M., and T. L. Pitt. 1998. Different O and K serotype distributions among clinical and environmental strains of Serratia marcescens. J. Med. Microbiol. 47:1097-1104.
24. Aucken, H. M., and T. L. Pitt. 1998. Antibiotic resistance and putative virulence factors of Serratia marcescens with respect to O and K serotypes. J. Med. Microbiol. 47:1105-1113.
25. Badenoch, P. R., A. L. Thom, and D. J. Coster. 2002. Serratia ficaria endophthalmitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:1563-1564.
26. Bagattini, M., et al. 2004. A nosocomial outbreak of Serratia marcescens producing inducible AmpC-type beta-lactamase enzyme and carrying antimicrobial resistance genes within a class 1 integron. J. Hosp. Infect. 56: 29-36.
27. Barnum, D. A., E. L. Thackeray, and N. A. Fish. 1958. An outbreak of mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 22: 392-395.
28. Bates, C. J., and R. Pearse. 2005. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapour for environmental control during a Serratia outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 61:364-366.
29. Baya, A. M., A. E. Toranzo, B. Lupiani, Y. Santos, and F. M. Hetrick. 1992. Serratia marcescens: a potential pathogen for fish. J. Fish Dis. 15:15-26.
30. Beck-Sague, C. M., and W. R. Jarvis. 1989. Epidemic bloodstream infections associated with pressure transducers: a persistent problem. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 10:54-59.
31. Begic, S., and E. A. Worobec. 2008. The role of the Serratia marcescens SdeAB multidrug efflux pump and TolC homologue in fluoroquinolone resistance studied via gene-knockout mutagenesis. Microbiology 154:454-461.
32. Bennett, J. W., and R. Bentley. 2000. Seeing red: the story of prodigiosin. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 47:1-32.
33. Bennett, S. N., et al. 1995. Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:147-154.
34. Bernard, L. A., and W. C. Sutton. 1960. Infection due to chromobacteria. Report of a case of pneumonia due to Chromobacterium prodigiosum successfully treated with kanamycin. Arch. Intern. Med. 105:311-315.
35. Berthelot, P., et al. 1999. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak due to Serratia marcescens in a maternity hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20:233-236.
36. Bhadra, B., P. Roy, and R. Chakraborty. 2005. Serratia ureilytica, sp. nov., a novel urea-utilizing species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55:2155-2158.
37. Bizio, B. 1823. Lettera di Bartolomeo Bizio al chiarissimo canonico Angelo Bellani sopra il fenomeno della polenta porporina. Bibl. Ital. G. Lett. Sci. Art. (Anno VIII) 30:275-295. (In Italian.)
38. Blossom, D., et al. 2009. Multistate outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream infections caused by contamination of prefilled heparin and isotonic sodium chloride solution syringes. Arch. Intern. Med. 169:1705-1711.
39. Bollet, C., M. Gainnier, J.-M. Sainty, P. Orhesser, and P. de Mico. 1991. Serratia fonticola isolated from a leg abscess. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:834-835.
40. Bollet, C., et al. 1993. Fatal pneumonia due to Serratia proteamaculans subsp. quinovora. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:444-445.
41. Bollmann, R., et al. 1989. Nosocomial infections due to Serratia marcescens- clinical findings, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and fine typing. Infection 17:294-300.
42. Bonnet, R., et al. 2000. A novel class A extended-spectrum '-lactamase (BES-1) in Serratia marcescens isolated in Brazil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3061-3068.
43. Bosi, C., et al. 1996. Serratia marcescens nosocomial outbreak due to contamination of hexetidine solution. J. Hosp. Infect. 33:217-224.
44. Boulton, F. E., S. T. Chapman, and T. H. Walsh. 1998. Fatal reaction to transfusion of red-cell concentrate contaminated with Serratia liquefaciens. Transfus. Med. 8:15-18.
45. Bours, P. H. A., et al. 2010. Increasing resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections in Latin America, five years after the implementation of national therapeutic guidelines. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14:e770-e774.
46. Bozhokina, E., S. Khaitlina, and T. Adam. 2008. Grimelysin, a novel metalloprotease from Serratia grimesii, is similar to ECP32. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 367:888-892.
47. Bozhokina, E. S., et al. 2010. Bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells can be mediated by actin-hydrolysing metalloproteases grimelysin and protealysin. Cell Biol. Int. 35:111-118.
48. Braver, D. J., G. J. Hauser, L. Berns, Y. Siegman-Igra, and B. Muhlbauer. 1987. Control of a Serratia marcescens outbreak in a maternity hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 10:129-137.
49. Breed, R. S., and M. E. Breed. 1924. The type species of the genus Serratia, commonly known as Bacillus prodigiosus. J. Bacteriol. 9:545-557.
50. Brooks, H. J., T. J. Chambers, and S. Tabaqchali. 1979. The increasing isolation of Serratia species from clinical specimens. J. Hyg. (London) 82:31-40.
51. Brouillard, J. A., W. Hansen, and A. Compere. 1984. Isolation of Serratia ficaria from human clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:902-904.
52. Buffet-Bataillon, S., et al. 2009. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit: contaminated unmedicated liquid soap and risk factors. J. Hosp. Infect. 72:17-22.
53. Bullock, D. W., et al. 1982. Outbreaks of hospital infection in southwest England caused by gentamicin-resistant Serratia marcescens. J. Hosp. Infect. 3:263-273.
54. Burke, G. R., B. B. Normark, C. Favret, and N. A. Moran. 2009. Evolution and diversity of facultative symbionts from the aphid subfamily Lachninae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:5328-5335.
55. Burke, G. R., and N. A. Moran. 25 January 2011. Massive genomic decay in Serratia symbiotica, a recently evolved symbiont of aphids. Genome Biol. Evol. doi:10.1093/gbe/evr002.
56. Burket, L. W., and C. G. Burn. 1937. Bacteremias following dental extraction: demonstration of source of bacteria by means of a non-pathogen (Serratia marcescens). J. Dent. Res. 16:521-530.
57. Burkholder, W. H. 1948. Genus I. Erwinia In R. S. Breed, E. G. D. Murray, and A. P. Hitchens (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 6th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD.
58. Cabrera, H. A. 1969. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens, and its control. Arch. Intern. Med. 123:650-655.
59. Cai, J. C., H. W. Zhou, R. Zhang, and G. X. Chen. 2008. Emergence of Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli isolates possessing the plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing '-lactamase KPC-2 in intensive care units of a Chinese hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:2014-2018.
60. Campbell, J. R., T. Diacovo, and C. J. Baker. 1992. Serratia marcescens meningitis in neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:881-886.
61. Cann, K. J., D. Johnstone, and A. Skene. 1987. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection following urodynamic studies. J. Hosp. Infect. 9:291-293.
62. Carrero, P., et al. 1995. Report of six cases of human infection by Serratia plymuthica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:275-276.
63. Casolari, C., et al. 2005. A simultaneous outbreak of Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 61:312-320.
64. Ceccaldi, B., et al. 1999. Serratia odorifera biovar 1 bronchial infection. Rev. Med. Interne 20:84-85. (In French.)
65. Champion, H. M., P. M. Bennett, D. A. Lewis, and D. S. Reeves. 1988. Cloning and characterization of an AAC(6') gene from Serratia marcescens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22:587-596.
66. Chaudhuri, A. K., and C. F. Booth. 1992. Outbreak of chest infections with Serratia marcescens. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:169-170.
67. Chemaly, R. F., D. B. Rathod, and I. I. Raad. 2009. A tertiary care cancer center experience of the 2007 outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream infection due to prefilled syringes. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30: 1237-1238.
68. Chen, J., T. Kuroda, M. N. Huda, T. Mizushima, and T. Tsuchiya. 2003. An RND-type multidrug efflux pump SdeXY from Serratia marcescens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52:176-179.
69. Cheng, K. C., Y. C. Chuang, L. T. Wu, G. C. Huang, and W. L. Yu. 2006. Clinical experiences of the infections caused by extended-spectrum '-lactamase- producing Serratia marcescens at a medical center in Taiwan. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 59:147-152.
70. Cheng, K. H., et al. 1999. Incidence of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 354:181-185.
71. Chmel, H. 1988. Serratia odorifera biogroup 1 causing an invasive human infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1244-1245.
72. Choi, S. H., et al. 2007. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical characteristics of extended-spectrum '-lactamase-producing Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, and Morganella morganii in Korea. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26:557-561.
73. Chopra, I., and M. Roberts. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65:232-260.
74. Christensen, G. D., et al. 1982. Epidemic Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit: importance of the gastrointestinal tract as a reservoir. Infect. Control 3:127-133.
75. Chuang, T.-Y., C.-P. Chuang, H.-H. Cheng, and P. R. Hsueh. 2007. Aortic valve infective endocarditis caused by Serratia liquefaciens. J. Infect. 54: e161-e163.
76. Cimolai, N., C. Trombley, D. Wensley, and J. LeBlanc. 1997. Heterogenous Serratia marcescens genotypes from a nosocomial pediatric outbreak. Chest 111:194-197.
77. Civen, R., et al. 2006. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections following injection of betamethasone compounded at a community pharmacy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:831-837.
78. Clark, R. B., and J. M. Janda. 1985. Isolation of Serratia plymuthica from a human burn site. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:656-657.
79. Clarke, B. 1976. Infection in the intensive care unit. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 46:318-321.
80. Clarridge, J. E., III. 2004. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17:840-862.
81. Clayton, E., and A. von Graevenitz. 1966. Nonpigmented Serratia marcescens. JAMA 197:1059-1064.
82. CLSI. 2011. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 21st informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S21. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
83. Cohen, A. L., et al. 2008. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream and central nervous system infections after interventional pain management procedures. Clin. J. Pain 24:374-380.
84. Cole, L. A. 1988. Clouds of secrecy: introduction, p. 3-10. In Clouds of secrecy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, MD.
85. Cole, L. A. 1988. Edward Nevin and the spraying of San Francisco, p. 75-84. In Clouds of secrecy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, MD.
86. Cole, L. A. 1988. The trial, p. 85-104. In Clouds of secrecy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, MD.
87. Coleman, D., et al. 1984. Simultaneous outbreaks of infection due to Serratia marcescens in a general hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 5:270-282.
88. Cook, L. N., R. S. Davis, and B. H. Stover. 1980. Outbreak of amikacinresistant Enterobacteriaceae in an intensive care nursery. Pediatrics 65:264-268.
89. Cook, M. A., and J. J. Lopez, Jr. 1998. Serratia odorifera biogroup 1: an emerging pathogen. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 98:505-507.
90. Cooper, R. L., and I. J. Constable. 1977. Infective keratitis in soft contact lens wearers. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 61:250-254.
91. Coulthurst, S. J., N. R. Williamson, A. K. Harris, D. R. Spring, and G. P. Salmond. 2006. Metabolic and regulatory engineering of Serratia marcescens: mimicking phage-mediated horizontal acquisition of antibiotic biosynthesis and quorum-sensing capacities. Microbiology 152:1899-1911.
92. Cowan, S. 1956. ''Ordnung in das chaos'' Migula. Can. J. Microbiol. 2:212-219.
93. Craven, P. C., J. H. Jorgensen, R. L. Kaspar, and D. J. Drutz. 1977. Amikacin therapy of patients with multiply antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens infections: development of increasing resistance during therapy. Am. J. Med. 62:902-910.
94. Crivaro, V., et al. 2007. Risk factors for extended-spectrum '-lactamaseproducing Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 67:135-141.
95. Cullen, M. M., A. Trail, M. Robinson, M. Keaney, and P. R. Chadwick. 2005. Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit prompting review of decontamination of laryngoscopes. J. Hosp. Infect. 59:68-70.
96. Cumming, J. G. 1920. Sputum-borne disease transmission with epidemiologic and bacteriologic research. Mil. Surg. 46:150-165.
97. Dalamaga, M., M. Pantelaki, K. Karmaniolas, A. Matekovits, and K. Daskalopoulou. 2008. Cutaneous abscess and bacteremia due to Serratia ficaria. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 22:1388-1389.
98. Darbas, H., H. Jean-Pierre, and J. Paillisson. 1994. Case report and review of septicemia due to Serratia ficaria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2285-2288.
99. Das, S., H. Sheorey, H. R. Taylor, and R. B. Vajpayee. 2007. Association between cultures of contact lens and corneal scraping in contact lens related microbial keratitis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 125:1182-1185.
100. David, M. D., T. M. A. Weller, P. Lambert, and A. P. Fraise. 2006. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens on the neonatal unit: a tale of two clones. J. Hosp. Infect. 63:27-33.
101. Davis, J. T., E. Foltz, and W. S. Blakemore. 1970. Serratia marcescens: a pathogen of increasing importance. JAMA 214:2190-2192.
102. Debast, S. B., W. J. Melchers, A. Voss, J. A. Hoogkamp-Kortanje, and J. F. Meis. 1995. Epidemiological survey of an outbreak of multiresistant Serratia marcescens by PCR-fingerprinting. Infection 23:267-271.
103. de Boer, M. G., et al. 2008. Multifactorial origin of high incidence of Serratia marcescens in a cardio-thoracic ICU: analysis of risk factors and epidemiological characteristics. J. Infect. 56:446-453.
104. del Pozo, J. L., and R. Patel. 2007. The challenge of treating biofilmassociated bacterial infections. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 82:204-209.
105. Deshpande, L. M., P. R. Rhomberg, H. S. Sader, and R. N. Jones. 2006. Emergence of serine carbapenemases (KPC and SME) among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the United States Medical Centers: report from the MYSTIC Program (1999-2005). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56:367-372.
106. de Vries, J. J., et al. 2006. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens colonization and infection traced to a healthcare worker with long-term carriage on the hands. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 27:1153-1158.
107. Diekema, D. J., et al. 1999. Survey of bloodstream infections due to gramnegative bacilli: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, and Latin America for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29: 595-607.
108. Dodson, W. H. 1968. Serratia marcescens septicemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 121:145-150.
109. Doi, Y., B.-S. Lee, R. Iriye, S. Tabata, and K. Tateishi. 1998. Dominantly growing bacteria in malodorless domestic sewage treatment tanks and their biochemical characteristics. J. Antibact. Antifungal Agents (Japan) 26: 53-63.
110. Doi, Y., et al. 2004. Plasmid-mediated 16S rRNA methylase in Serratia marcescens conferring high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:491-496.
111. Domingo, D., et al. 1994. Nosocomial septicemia caused by Serratia plymuthica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:575-577.
112. Donowitz, L. G., F. J. Marsik, J. W. Hoyt, and R. P. Wenzel. 1979. Serratia marcescens bacteremia from contaminated pressure inducers. JAMA 242: 1749-1751.
113. Dorsey, G., et al. 2000. A heterogeneous outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens infections in a surgical intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21:465-469.
114. Dowzicky, M. J., and C. H. Park. 2008. Update on antimicrobial susceptibility rates among gram-negative and gram-positive organisms in the United States: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST) 2005 to 2007. Clin. Ther. 30:2040-2050.
115. Dubouix, A., et al. 2005. Epidemiological investigation of a Serratia liquefaciens outbreak in a neurosurgery department. J. Hosp. Infect. 60:8-13.
116. Duggan, T. G., R. A. Leng, B. M. Hancock, and R. T. Cursons. 1984. Serratia marcescens in a newborn unit-microbiological features. Pathology 16:189-191.
117. Duncan, K. L., J. Ransley, and M. Elterman. 1994. Transfusion-transmitted Serratia liquefaciens from an autologous blood unit. Transfusion 34:738-739.
118. Dye, D. W. 1966. A comparative study of some atypical ''xanthomonads.'' N. Z. J. Sci. 9:843-854.
119. Eberl, L., et al. 1996. Involvement of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone autoinducers in controlling the multicellular behaviour of Serratia liquefaciens. Mol. Microbiol. 20:127-136.
120. Echols, R. M., D. L. Palmer, R. M. King, and G. W. Long. 1984. Multidrugresistant Serratia marcescens bacteriuria related to urologic instrumentation. South. Med. J. 77:173-177.
121. Ehrenkranz, N. J., E. A. Bolyard, M. Wiener, and T. J. Cleary. 1980. Antibiotic-sensitive Serratia marcescens infections complicating cardiopulmonary operations: contaminated disinfectant as a reservoir. Lancet 316: 1289-1292.
122. Empel, J., et al. 2008. Molecular survey of '-lactamases conferring resistance to newer '-lactams in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Polish hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:2449-2454.
123. Engelhart, S., et al. 2003. Severe Serratia liquefaciens sepsis following vitamin C infusion treatment by a naturopathic practitioner. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:3986-3988.
124. Esel, D., et al. 2002. Polymicrobial ventriculitis and evaluation of an out- break in a surgical intensive care unit due to inadequate sterilization. J. Hosp. Infect. 50:170-174.
125. Ewing, W. H. 1963. An outline of nomenclature for the family Enterobacteriaceae. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon. 13:95-110.
126. Ewing, W. H., B. R. Davis, M. A. Fife, and E. F. Lessel. 1973. Biochemical characterization of Serratia liquefaciens (Grimes and Hennerty) Bascomb et al. (formerly Enterobacter liquefaciens) and Serratia rubidaea (Stapp) comb. nov. and designation of type and neotype strains. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:217-225.
127. Ewing, W. H., B. R. Davis, and R. W. Reavis. 1959. Studies on the Serratia group. In CDC laboratory manual. Communicable Disease Center, CDC, Atlanta, GA.
128. Farmer, J. J., III, K. D. Boatwright, and J. M. Janda. 2007. Enterobacteriaceae: introduction and identification, p. 649-669. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. L. Landry, and M. A. Pfaller (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 9th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
129. Farmer, J. J., III, B. R. Davis, P. A. D. Grimont, and F. Grimont. 1977. Source of American Serratia. Lancet 310:459-460.
130. Farmer, J. J., III, et al. 1976. Detection of Serratia outbreaks in hospital. Lancet 308:455-459.
131. Farmer, J. J., III, et al. 1985. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:46-76.
132. Fitzgerald, P., J. H. Drew, and I. Kruszelnicki. 1984. Serratia: a problem in a neonatal nursery. Aust. Paediatr. J. 20:205-207.
133. Fleisch, F., et al. 2002. Three consecutive outbreaks of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34:767-773.
134. Fontana, R., et al. 2001. Antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in Italy: incidence and trends over the period 1997-1999. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20:854-863.
135. Franczek, S. P., R. P. Williams, and S. I. Hull. 1986. A survey of potential virulence factors in clinical and environmental isolates of Serratia marcescens. J. Med. Microbiol. 22:151-156.
136. Frean, J. A., L. Arntzen, I. Rosekilly, and M. Isaäcson. 1994. Investigation of contaminated parenteral nutrition fluids associated with an outbreak of Serratia odorifera septicaemia. J. Hosp. Infect. 27:263-273.
137. Friedman, N. D., D. Kotsanas, J. Brett, B. Billah, and T. M. Korman. 2008. Investigation of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal unit via a case-control study and molecular typing. Am. J. Infect. Control 36:22-28.
138. Fritsche, T. R., P. A. Strabala, H. S. Sader, M. J. Dowzicky, and R. N. Jones. 2005. Activity of tigecycline tested against a global collection of Enterobacteriaceae, including tetracycline-resistant isolates. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52:209-213.
139. Gale, D., and J. D. Lord. 1957. Overgrowth of Serratia marcescens in respiratory tract, simulating hemoptysis: report of a case. JAMA 164:1328-1331.
140. Gale, D., and A. C. Sonnenwirth. 1962. Frequent human isolations of Serratia marcescens. Arch. Intern. Med. 109:414-421.
141. Gallois, A., and P. A. D. Grimont. 1985. Pyrazines responsible for the potatolike odor produced by some Serratia and Cedecia strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1048-1051.
142. Gargallo-Viola, D. 1989. Enzyme polymorphism, prodigiosin production, and plasmid fingerprints in clinical and naturally occurring isolates of Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:860-868.
143. Garza-González, E., S. I. Mendoza Ibarra, J. M. Llaca-Díaz, and G. M. Gonzalez. 2011. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum '-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates at a tertiary-care centre in Monterrey, Mexico. J. Med. Microbiol. 60:84-90.
144. Gaughran, E. R. L. 1969. From superstition to science: the history of a bacterium. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 31:3-24.
145. Gavini, F., et al. 1979. Serratia fonticola, a new species from water. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 29:92-101.
146. Geiger, A., M.-L. Fardeau, E. Falsen, B. Ollivier, and G. Cuny. 2010. Serratia glossinae sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:1261-1265.
147. Geiseler, P. J., B. Harris, and B. R. Andersen. 1982. Nosocomial outbreak of nitrate-negative Serratia marcescens infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 728-730.
148. Giles, M., et al. 2006. What is the best screening method to detect Serratia marcescens colonization during an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care nursery? J. Hosp. Infect. 62:349-352.
149. Gill, V. J., J. J. Farmer III, P. A. D. Grimont, M. A. Asbury, and C. L. McIntosh. 1981. Serratia ficaria isolated from a human clinical specimen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:234-236.
150. Gillespie, E. E., J. Bradford, J. Brett, and D. Kotsanas. 2007. Serratia marcescens bacteremia-an indicator for outbreak management and heightened surveillance. J. Perinat. Med. 35:227-231.
151. Glare, T. R., G. E. Corbett, and T. J. Sadler. 1993. Association of a large plasmid with amber disease of the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica, caused by Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62:165-170.
152. Glustein, J. Z., B. Rudensky, and A. Abrahamov. 1994. Catheter-associated sepsis caused by Serratia odorifera biovar 1 in an adolescent patient. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:183-184.
153. Goluszko, P., and M. R. Nowacki. 1989. Extracellular haemolytic activity of Serratia marcescens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 61:207-211.
154. Gorret, J., et al. 2009. Childhood delayed septic arthritis of the knee caused by Serratia fonticola. Knee 16:512-514.
155. Goullet, P., and B. Picard. 1997. An epidemiological study of Serratia marcescens isolates from nosocomial infections by enzyme electrophoresis. J. Med. Microbiol. 46:1019-1028.
156. Gransden, W. R., M. Webster, G. L. French, and I. Phillips. 1986. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens transmitted by contaminated breast pumps in a special care baby unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 7:149-154.
157. Grauel, E. L., E. Halle, R. Bollmann, P. Buchholz, and S. Buttenberg. 1989. Neonatal septicaemia-incidence, etiology, and outcome. A 6-year analysis. Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 360:113-119.
158. Grimes, M. 1961. Classification of the Klebsiella-Aerobacter group with special reference to the cold-tolerant mesophilic Aerobacter types. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon. 11:111-129.
159. AL, p. 799-811. In D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, and J. T. Staley (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 2, part B. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, NY.
160. Grimont, F., and P. A. D. Grimont. 2006. The genus Serratia, p. 219-244. In M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer, and E. Stackebrandt (ed.), The prokaryotes, 3rd ed., vol. 6. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, NY.
161. Grimont, P. A. D., and F. Grimont. 1978. The genus Serratia. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 32:221-248.
162. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and H. L. C. Dulong de Rosney. 1977. Taxonomy of the genus Serratia. J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:39-66.
163. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and K. Irino. 1983. Biochemical characterization of Serratia liquefaciens sensu stricto, Serratia proteamaculans, and Serratia grimesii sp. nov. Curr. Microbiol. 7:69-74.
164. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and O. Lysenko. 1979. Species and biotype identification of Serratia strains associated with insects. Curr. Microbiol. 2:139-142.
165. Grimont, P. A. D., et al. 1978. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between Serratia plymuthica and other Serratia species, with a description of Serratia odorifera sp. nov. (type strain: ICPB 3995). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:453-463.
166. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and M. P. Starr. 1978. Serratia proteamaculans (Paine and Stansfield) comb. nov., a senior subjective synonym of Serratia liquefaciens (Grimes and Hennerty) Bascomb et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:503-510.
167. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and M. P. Starr. 1979. Serratia ficaria sp. nov., a bacterial species associated with Smyrna figs and the fig wasp Blastophaga psenes. Curr. Microbiol. 2:277-282.
168. Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont, and M. P. Starr. 1981. Comment on the request to the judicial commission to conserve the specific epithet liquefaciens over the specific epithet proteamaculans in the name of the organism currently known as Serratia liquefaciens. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:211-212.
169. Grimont, P. A. D., T. A. Jackson, E. Ageron, and M. J. Noonan. 1988. Serratia entomophila sp. nov. associated with amber disease in the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:1-6.
170. Grkovic, S., T. R. Glare, T. A. Jackson, and G. E. Corbett. 1995. Genes essential for amber disease in grass grubs are located on the large plasmid found in Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2218-2223.
171. Grohskopf, L. A., et al. 2001. Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:1491-1497.
172. Gurevitch, J., and D. Weber. 1950. A strain of Serratia isolated from urine. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 20:48-49.
173. Hanson, N. D., and C. C. Sanders. 1999. Regulation of inducible AmpC beta-lactamase expression among Enterobacteriaceae. Curr. Pharm. Des. 5:881-894.
174. Harden, W. B., J. F. Fisher, D. H. Loebl, and J. P. Bailey. 1980. Septic arthritis due to Serratia liquefaciens. Arthritis Rheum. 23:946-947.
175. Harnett, S. J., K. D. Allen, and R. R. Macmillan. 2001. Critical care unit outbreak of Serratia liquefaciens from contaminated pressure monitoring equipment. J. Hosp. Infect. 47:301-307.
176. Harrison, F. C. 1924. The ''miraculous'' micro-organism. Trans. R. Soc. Can. 18:1-17.
177. Hawe, A. J., and M. H. Hughes. 1954. Bacterial endocarditis due to Chromobacterium prodigiosum. Br. Med. J. 1:968-970.
178. Hejazi, A., H. M. Aucken, and F. R. Falkiner. 2000. Epidemiology and susceptibility of Serratia marcescens in a large general hospital over an 8-year period. J. Hosp. Infect. 45:42-46.
179. Hejazi, A., and F. R. Falkiner. 1997. Serratia marcescens. J. Med. Microbiol. 46:903-912.
180. Henriques, I., A. Moura, A. Alves, M. J. Saavedra, and A. Correia. 2004. Molecular characterization of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lac- tamase, SFC-1, from Serratia fonticola UTAD54. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:2321-2324.
181. Henry, B., C. Plante-Jenkins, and K. Ostrowska. 2001. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens associated with the anesthetic agent propofol. Am. J. Infect. Control 29:312-315.
182. Herbert, S., et al. 2007. Large outbreak of infection and colonization with gram-negative pathogens carrying the metallo-'-lactamase gene blaIMP-4 at a 320-bed tertiary hospital in Australia. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28:98-101.
183. Herra, C. M., et al. 1998. An outbreak of an unusual strain of Serratia marcescens in two Dublin hospitals. J. Hosp. Infect. 39:135-141.
184. Hertle, R. 2005. The family of Serratia type pore forming toxins. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 6:313-325.
185. Holmes, B., and J. J. Farmer III. 2009. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 7 August 2008, Instanbul, Turkey. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:2643-2645.
186. Horcajada, J. P., et al. 2006. Acquisition of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens by critically ill patients who consumed tap water during receipt of oral medication. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 27:774-777.
187. Horng, Y. T., et al. 2002. The LuxR family protein SpnR functions as a negative regulator of N-acylhomoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing in Serratia marcescens. Mol. Microbiol. 45:1655-1671.
188. Hornsey, M., et al. 2010. Tigecycline resistance in Serratia marcescens associated with up-regulation of the SdeXY-HasF efflux system also active against ciprofloxacin and cefpirome. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65:479-482.
189. Horowitz, H. W., et al. 1987. Serratia plymuthica sepsis associated with infection of central venous catheter. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1562-1563.
190. Hoyen, C., et al. 1999. Use of real time pulsed field gel electrophoresis to guide interventions during a nursery outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18:357-360.
191. Hugh-Jones, M. 1992. Wickham Steed and German biological warfare research. Intell. Natl. Secur. 7:379-402.
192. Huovinen, P. 2001. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:1608-1614.
193. Hurrell, E., et al. 2009. Neonatal enteral feeding tubes as loci for colonization by members of the Enterobacteriaceae. BMC Infect. Dis. 9:146.
194. Ishikawa, K., et al. 2011. The nationwide study of bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infections conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy. J. Infect. Chemother. 17:126-138.
195. Itami, C., H. Matsunaga, T. Sawada, H. Sakurai, and Y. Kimura. 1993. Superoxide dismutase mimetic activities of metal complexes of L-2(2-pyridyl)- 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (pyrimine). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197:536-541.
196. Ivanova, D., et al. 2008. Extended-spectrum '-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens outbreak in a Bulgarian hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 70:60-65.
197. Jacoby, G. A. 2009. AmpC '-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22:161-182.
198. Jang, T. N., et al. 2001. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 48:13-19.
199. Jean, S. S., et al. 2009. Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units in Taiwan. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 28:215-220.
200. Jeppsson, B., S. Lindahl, S. Ingemansson, S. Kornhall, and S. Sjovall. 1984. Bacterial contamination of blood transfusion: an unusual cause of sepsis. Acta Chir. Scand. 150:489-491.
201. Jepson, A. P., et al. 2006. Finger rings should be removed prior to scrubbing. J. Hosp. Infect. 64:197-198.
202. John, J. F., Jr., and W. F. McNeill. 1981. Characteristics of Serratia marcescens containing a plasmid coding for gentamicin resistance in nosocomial infections. J. Infect. Dis. 143:810-817.
203. Johnson, E., and P. D. Ellner. 1974. Distribution of Serratia species in clinical specimens. Appl. Microbiol. 28:513-514.
204. Jones, B. L., et al. 2000. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens in two neonatal intensive care units. J. Hosp. Infect. 46:314-319.
205. Jones, R. N. 2010. Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51(Suppl. 1):S81-S87.
206. Jones, S. R., M. Amon, C. Falvey, and K. Patrick. 1978. Serratia marcescens colonizing the gut. Lancet 311:1105.
207. Joondeph, H. C., and A. F. Nothnagel. 1983. Serratia rubidae endophthalmitis following penetrating ocular injury. Ann. Ophthalmol. 15:1138-1140.
208. Kalbe, C., P. Marten, and G. Berg. 1996. Strains of the genus Serratia as beneficial rhizobacteria of oilseed rape with antifungal properties. Microbiol. Res. 151:433-439.
209. Kanagasabhapathy, M., G. Yamazaki, A. Ishida, H. Sasaki, and S. Nagata. 2009. Presence of quorum-sensing inhibitor-like compounds from bacteria isolated from the brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 49:573-579.
210. Kang, H. Y., et al. 2008. Distribution of conjugative-plasmid-mediated 16S rRNA methylase genes among amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 1995 to 1998 and 2001 to 2006 at a university hospital in South Korea and identification of conjugative plasmids mediating dissemination of 16S rRNA methylase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:700-706.
211. Kappstein, I., C. M. Schneider, H. Grundmann, R. Scholz, and P. Janknecht. 1999. Long-lasting contamination of a vitrectomy apparatus with Serratia marcescens. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20:192-195.
212. Kass, E. H., and L. J. Schneiderman. 1957. Entry of bacteria into the urinary tracts of patients with inlying catheters. N. Engl. J. Med. 256:556-557.
213. Kim, B.-N., S.-I. Choi, and N.-H. Ryoo. 2006. Three-year follow-up of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteriuria in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. J. Korean Med. Sci. 21:973-978.
214. Kim, J., and Y.-M. Lim. 2005. Prevalence of derepressed AmpC mutants and extended-spectrum '-lactamase producers among clinical isolates of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens in Korea: dissemination of CTX-M-3, TEM-52, and SHV-12. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 2452-2455.
215. Kim, J.-H., W.-H. Choi, S.-W. Yun, S.-A. Chae, and B.-H. Yoo. 2010. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens sepsis in a pediatric ward. Clin. Pediatr. 49:1000-1002.
216. Kim, J. H., E. H. Cho, K. S. Kim, H. Y. Kim, and Y. M. Kim. 1998. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the DNA gyrase gyrA gene from Serratia marcescens and characterization of mutations in gyrA of quinolone-resistant clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:190-193.
217. Kim, S.-Y., Y.-J. Park, J. K. Yu, Y. S. Kim, and K. Han. 2009. Prevalence and characteristics of aac(6')-Ib-cr in AmpC-producing Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia marcescens: a multicenter study from Korea. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 63:314-318.
218. Kiratisin, P., and A. Henprasert. 2011. Resistance phenotype-genotype correlation and molecular epidemiology of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella and Serratia that carry extended-spectrum '-lactamases with or without plasmid-mediated AmpC '-lactamase genes in Thailand. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 105:46-51.
219. Kleef, R., and E. D. Hager. 2006. Fever, pyrogens and cancer, p. 276-337. In G. F. Baronzio and E. D. Hager (ed.), Hyperthermia in cancer treatment: a primer. Springer Science, New York, NY.
220. Klein, E. 1894. On an infection of food-stuffs by Bacillus prodigiosus. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 2:217-218.
221. Knowles, S., et al. 2000. An outbreak of multiply resistant Serratia marcescens: the importance of persistent carriage. Bone Marrow Transplant. 25:873-877.
222. Krieger, J. N., E. Levy-Zombek, A. Scheidt, and L. M. Drusin. 1980. A nosocomial epidemic of antibiotic-resistant Serratia marcescens urinary tract infections. J. Urol. 124:498-502.
223. Krishnan, P. U., B. Pereira, and R. Macaden. 1991. Epidemiological study of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a haemodialysis unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 18:57-61.
224. Kumar, A., and E. A. Worobec. 2005. Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the SdeAB multidrug efflux pump of Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:1495-1501.
225. Kunimoto, D., R. Rennie, D. M. Citron, and E. J. C. Goldstein. 2004. Bacteriology of a bear bite wound to a human: case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:3374-3376.
226. Kurz, C. L., et al. 2003. Virulence factors of the human opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens identified by in vivo screening. EMBO J. 22:1451-1460.
227. Lai, H. C., et al. 2005. The RssAB two-component signal transduction system in Serratia marcescens regulates swarming motility and cell envelope architecture in response to exogenous saturated fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 187:3407-3414.
228. Lai, K. K., S. P. Baker, and S. A. Fontecchio. 2004. Rapid eradication of a cluster of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit: use of epidemiologic chromosome profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 25:730-734.
229. Lakso, J. U., and M. P. Starr. 1970. Comparative injuriousness to plants of Erwinia spp. and other enterobacteria from plants and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 33:692-707.
230. Lamelas, A., et al. 2008. Evolution of the secondary symbiont ''Candidatus Serratia symbiotica'' in aphid species of the subfamily Lachninae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:4236-4240.
231. Lancaster, L. J. 1962. Role of Serratia species in urinary tract infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 109:536-539.
232. Lauderdale, T. L., et al. 2004. The status of antimicrobial resistance in Taiwan among gram-negative pathogens: the Taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (TSAR) program, 2000. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 48:211-219.
233. Laupland, K. B., et al. 2008. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Serratia species isolates in a large Canadian health region. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27:89-95.
234. Lazachek, G. W., G. L. Boyle, A. L. Schwartz, and I. H. Leopold. 1971. Serratia marcescens, an ocular pathogen. New considerations. Arch. Ophthalmol. 86:599-603.
235. Lee, J., J. Carey, and D. C. Perlman. 2006. Pneumonia and bacteremia due to Serratia odorifera. J. Infect. 53:212-214.
236. Lelliott, R. A. 1974. Genus XII. Erwinia Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanon, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith 1920, 209, p. 332-339. In R. E. Buchanon and N. E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD.
237. Lewis, A. M., J. R. Stephenson, J. Garner, F. Afshar, and S. Tabaqchali. 1989. A hospital outbreak of Serratia marcescens in neurosurgical patients. Epidemiol. Infect. 102:69-74.
238. Lewis, D. A., et al. 1983. Infection with netilmicin resistant Serratia marcescens in a special care baby unit. Br. Med. J. 287:1701-1705.
239. Ligozzi, M., R. Fontana, M. Aldegheri, G. Scalet, and G. Lo Cascio. 2010. Comparative evaluation of an automated repetitive-sequence based PCR instrument versus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in the setting of a Serratia marcescens nosocomial infection outbreak. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:1690-1695.
240. Lin, C. S., et al. 2010. RssAB-FlhDC-ShlBA as a major pathogenesis pathway in Serratia marcescens. Infect. Immun. 78:4870-4881.
241. Liu, D., et al. 2010. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection due to contamination of multiple-dose vial of heparin-saline solution used to flush deep venous catheters or peripheral trocars. J. Hosp. Infect. 77:175-176.
242. Liu, P. Y., et al. 1994. Use of PCR to study epidemiology of Serratia marcescens isolates in nosocomial infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1935-1938.
243. Liu, X., et al. 2011. Characterisation of two quorum sensing systems in the endophytic Serratia plymuthica strain G3: differential control of motility and biofilm formation according to life-style. BMC Microbiol. 11:26.
244. Livermore, D. M., T. G. Winstanley, and K. P. Shannon. 2001. Interpretative reading: recognizing the unusual and inferring resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48(Suppl. 1):87-102.
245. Lockhart, S. R., et al. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli causing infections in intensive care unit patients in the United States between 1993 and 2004. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:3352-3359.
246. Luzzaro, F., et al. 1998. Repeated epidemics caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens strains. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17:629-636.
247. Madduri, S. D., D. A. Mauriello, L. G. Smith, and J. J. Seebode. 1976. Serratia marcescens and the urologist. J. Urol. 116:613-615.
248. Mahlen, S. D., S. S. Morrow, B. Abdalhamid, and N. D. Hanson. 2003. Analyses of ampC gene expression in Serratia marcescens reveal new regulatory properties. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:791-802.
249. Manning, M. L., L. K. Archibald, L. M. Bell, S. J. Banerjee, and W. R. Jarvis. 2001. Serratia marcescens transmission in a pediatric intensive care unit: a multifactorial occurrence. Am. J. Infect. Control 29:115-119.
250. Maragakis, L. L., et al. 2008. Outbreak of multi-drug resistant Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 29:418-423.
251. Marrie, T. J., and J. W. Costerton. 1981. Prolonged survival of Serratia marcescens in chlorhexidine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:1093-1102.
252. Martincic, I., C. Mastronardi, A. Chung, and S. Ramirez-Arcos. 2008. Unexplained agglutination of stored red blood cells in Alsever's solution caused by the gram-negative bacterium Serratia liquefaciens. Immunohematology 24:39-44.
253. Martinez-Martinez, L., A. Pascual, and G. A. Jacoby. 1998. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 351:797-799.
254. Masecar, B. L., and N. J. Robillard. 1991. Spontaneous quinolone resistance in Serratia marcescens due to a mutation in gyrA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:898-902.
255. Maseda, H., Y. Hashida, R. Konaka, A. Shirai, and H. Kourai. 2009. Mutational upregulation of a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump, SdeAB, upon exposure to a biocide, cetylpyridinium chloride, and antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:5230-5235.
256. Matsumoto, K. 2004. Role of bacterial proteases in pseudomonal and serratial keratitis. Biol. Chem. 385:1007-1016.
257. Matsuo, T., et al. 2008. SmdAB, a heterodimeric ABC-type multidrug efflux pump, in Serratia marcescens. J. Bacteriol. 190:648-654.
258. McAllister, T. A., et al. 1989. Serratia marcescens outbreak in a paediatric oncology unit traced to contaminated chlorhexidine. Scott. Med. J. 34:525-528.
259. McCormack, R. C., and C. M. Kunin. 1966. Control of a single source nursery epidemic due to Serratia marcescens. Pediatrics 37:750-755.
260. McEntegart, M. G., and J. S. Porterfield. 1949. Bacteraemia following dental extractions. Lancet 254:596-598.
261. Mellow, M. H., and R. J. Lewis. 1976. Endoscopy-related bacteremia. Incidence of positive blood cultures after endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract. Arch. Intern. Med. 136:667-669.
262. Mendonça-Caridad, J. J., P. Juiz Lopez, L. Francos, and M. Rodriguez. 2008. Swordfish bill injury involving the pterygomaxillary fossae: surgical management and case report. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 66:1739-1743.
263. Menezes, E. A., F. C. Cezafar, S. Andrade Mdo, M. V. Rocha, and F. A. Cunha. 2004. Frequency of Serratia sp. in urine infections of intern patients in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Fortaleza. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 37:70-71. (In Portuguese.)
264. Merlino, C. P. 1924. Bartolomeo Bizio's letter to the most eminent priest, Angelo Bellani, concerning the phenomenon of the red-colored polenta. J. Bacteriol. 9:527-543.
265. Mermel, L. A., and C. A. Spiegel. 1992. Nosocomial sepsis due to Serratia odorifera biovar 1. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:208-210.
266. Midelfart, J., A. Midelfart, and L. Bevanger. 1996. Microbial contamination of contact lens cases among medical students. CLAO J. 22:21-24.
267. Milisavljevic, V., et al. 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Serratia marcescens outbreaks in two neonatal intensive care units. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 25:719-721.
268. Mills, J., and D. Drew. 1976. Serratia marcescens endocarditis: a regional illness associated with intravenous drug abuse. Ann. Intern. Med. 84:29-35.
269. Miranda, G., et al. 1996. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing to study an outbreak of infection due to Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:3138-3141.
270. Miranda-Novales, G., et al. 2003. An outbreak due to Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit typed by 2-day pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol. Arch. Med. Res. 34:237-241.
271. Miriagou, V., et al. 2008. Emergence of Serratia liquefaciens and Klebsiella oxytoca with metallo-'-lactamase-encoding IncW plasmids: further spread of the blaVIM-1-carrying integron In-e541. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 32: 540-541.
272. Mlynarczyk, A., et al. 2007. Serratia marcescens isolated in 2005 from clinical specimens from patients with diminished immunity. Transplant. Proc. 39:2879-2882.
273. Mlynarczyk, A., et al. 2009. CTX-M and TEM as predominant types of extended spectrum '-lactamases among Serratia marcescens isolated from solid organ recipients. Transplant. Proc. 41:3253-3255.
274. Moloney, A. C., A. H. Quoraishi, P. Parry, and V. Hall. 1987. A bacteriological examination of breast pumps. J. Hosp. Infect. 9:169-174.
275. Montanaro, D., et al. 1984. Epidemiological and bacteriological investigation of Serratia marcescens epidemic in a nursery and in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hyg. (London) 93:67-78.
276. Mossad, S. B. 2000. The world's first case of Serratia liquefaciens intravascular catheter-related suppurative thrombophlebitis and native valve endocarditis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 6:559-560.
277. Mostafa, E., et al. 2008. Septic pseudarthrosis caused by Serratia plymuthica. Joint Bone Spine 75:506-512.
278. Muller, A. E., et al. 2010. Outbreak of severe sepsis due to contaminated propofol: lessons to learn. J. Hosp. Infect. 76:225-230.
279. Müller, H., et al. 2009. Quorum-sensing effects in the antagonistic rhizosphere bacterium Serratia plymuthica HRO-C48. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 67:468-478.
280. Mutton, K. J., L. M. Brady, and J. L. Harkness. 1981. Serratia crossinfection in an intensive therapy unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 2:85-91.
281. Nagy, E., Z. Pragai, Z. Kóczián, E. Hajdú, and E. Fodor. 1998. Investigation of the presence of different broad-spectrum '-lactamases among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 45:433-436.
282. Nakashima, A. K., A. K. Highsmith, and W. J. Martone. 1987. Survival of Serratia marcescens in benzylalkonium chloride and in multiple-dose medication vials: relationship to epidemic septic arthritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1019-1021.
283. Nakashima, A. K., M. A. McCarthy, W. J. Martone, and R. L. Anderson. 1987. Epidemic septic arthritis caused by Serratia marcescens and associated with a benzylalkonium chloride antiseptic. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1014-1018.
284. Naumiuk, L., et al. 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Serratia marcescens in two hospitals in Gdańsk, Poland, over a 5-year period. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:3108-3116.
285. Newport, M. T., J. F. John, Y. M. Michel, and A. H. Levkoff. 1985. Endemic Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care nursery associated with gastrointestinal colonization. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 4:160-167.
286. Nouh, F., and S. Bhandari. 2000. CAPD peritonitis due to Serratia plymuthica. Perit. Dial. Int. 20:349.
287. Okuda, T., N. Endo, Y. Osada, and H. Zen-Yoji. 1984. Outbreak of nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20:691-695.
288. Osano, E., et al. 1994. Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo beta-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:71-78.
289. Ostrowsky, B. E., et al. 2002. Serratia marcescens bacteremia traced to an infused narcotic. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:1529-1537.
290. Overhage, J., M. Bains, M. D. Brazas, and R. E. Hancock. 2008. Swarming of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a complex adaptation leading to increased production of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2671-2679.
291. Paine, S. G., and H. Stansfield. 1919. Studies in bacteriosis. III. A bacterial leaf-spot disease of Protea cynaroides, exhibiting a host reaction of possibly bacteriolytic nature. Ann. Appl. Biol. 6:27-39.
292. Paine, T. F. 1946. Illness in man following inhalation of Serratia marcescens. J. Infect. Dis. 79:226-232.
293. Pałucha, A., B. Mikiewicz, W. Hryniewicz, and M. Gniadkowski. 1999. Concurrent outbreaks of extended-spectrum '-lactamase-producing organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae in a Warsaw hospital. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44:489-499.
294. Papapanagiotou, J., and C. Aligizakis. 1959. Isolation of Chromobacterium prodigiosum from empyema. J. Clin. Pathol. 12:170-171.
295. Park, Y. J., et al. 2005. Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among chromosomal AmpC-producing Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Serratia marcescens in Korea and investigation of screening criteria. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51:265-269.
296. Park, Y. J., J. K. Yu, S. Lee, E. J. Oh, and G. J. Woo. 2007. Prevalence and diversity of qnr alleles in AmpC-producing Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Serratia marcescens: a multicentre study from Korea. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:868-871.
297. Parvaz, P., et al. 2002. A rapid and easy PCR-RFLP method for genotyping Serratia marcescens strains isolated in different hospital outbreaks and patient environments in the Lyon area, France. J. Hosp. Infect. 51:96-105.
298. Pascual Pérez, R., et al. 2003. Necrotic cellulitis by Serratia plymuthica. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 14:501-503.
299. Passaro, D. J., et al. 1997. Postoperative Serratia marcescens wound infections traced to an out-of-hospital source. J. Infect. Dis. 175:992-995.
300. Paterson, D. L., and R. A. Bonomo. 2005. Extended-spectrum '-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:657-686.
301. Patterson, K. L., et al. 2002. The etiology of white pox, a lethal disease of the Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:8725-8730.
302. Patterson, R. H., Jr., G. B. Banister, and V. Knight. 1952. Chromobacterial infection in man. AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 90:79-86.
303. Peleg, A. Y., C. Franklin, J. M. Bell, and D. W. Spelman. 2005. Dissemination of the metallo-'-lactamase gene blaIMP-4 among gram-negative pathogens in a clinical setting in Australia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:1549-1556.
304. Peltroche-Llacsahuanga, H., R. Lütticken, and G. Haase. 1999. Temporally overlapping nosocomial outbreaks of Serratia marcescens infections: an unexpected result revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20:387-388.
305. Pfyffer, G. E. 1992. Serratia fonticola as an infectious agent. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11:299-300.
306. Picard, B., B. Bruneau, and P. Goullet. 1988. Demonstration of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in a medical intensive care unit by esterase electrophoretic typing. J. Hosp. Infect. 11:194-195.
307. Pien, F. D., and J. J. Farmer III. 1983. Serratia ficaria isolated from a leg ulcer. South. Med. J. 76:1591-1592.
308. Pinna, A., D. Usai, L. A. Sechi, A. Carta, and S. Zanetti. 20 October 2009. Detection of virulence factors in Serratia strains isolated from contact lens-associated corneal ulcers. Acta Ophthalmol. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01689.x.
309. Prasad, G. A., P. G. Jones, J. Michaels, J. S. Garland, and C. R. Shivpuri. 2001. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 22:303-305.
310. Primavesi, R., D. A. Lewis, P. J. Fleming, and D. C. Speller. 1982. Serratia marcescens in a special baby unit. Lancet 317:1164.
311. Queenan, A. M., and K. Bush. 2007. Carbapenemases: the versatile '-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20:440-458.
312. Queenan, A. M., et al. 2000. SME-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamases from geographically diverse Serratia marcescens strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3035-3039.
313. Rabier, V., et al. 2008. Hand washing soap as a source of neonatal Serratia marcescens outbreak. Acta Paediatr. 97:1381-1385.
314. Rabinowitz, K., and R. Schiffrin. 1952. A ward contamination by Serratia marcescens. Acta Med. Orient. 11:181-184.
315. Ramírez-Arcos, S., et al. 2006. Fatal septic shock associated with transfusion- transmitted Serratia marcescens. Transfusion 46:679-680.
316. Rändler, C., et al. 2010. A three-phase in-vitro system for studying Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion and biofilm formation upon hydrogel contact lenses. BMC Microbiol. 10:282.
317. Reina, J., N. Borell, and I. Lompart. 1992. Community-acquired bacteremia caused by Serratia plymuthica. Case report and review of the literature. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:449-452.
318. Rhomberg, P. R., and R. N. Jones. 2009. Summary trends for the Meropenem Yearly Susceptible Test information collection program: a 10-year experience in the United States (1999-2008). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 65:414-426.
319. Richards, N. M., and S. Levitsky. 1975. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in a cardiothoracic surgicial intensive care unit. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 19:503-513.
320. Ringrose, R. E., et al. 1968. A hospital outbreak of Serratia marcescens associated with ultrasonic nebulizers. Ann. Intern. Med. 69:719-729.
321. Rizvi, M., et al. 2009. Extended spectrum AmpC and metallo-beta-lactamases in Serratia and Citrobacter spp. in a disc approximation assay. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 3:285-294.
322. Robertson, A. G., and L. J. Robertson. 1995. From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history. Mil. Med. 160:369-373.
323. Robicsek, A., et al. 2006. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nat. Med. 12:83-88.
324. Robinson, W., and P. B. Woolley. 1957. Pseudohaemoptysis due to Chromobacterium prodigiosum. Lancet 269:819.
325. Rodríguez-Martínez, J. M., M. E. Cano, C. Velasco, L. Martínez-Martínez, and A. Pascual. 2011. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: an update. J. Infect. Chemother. 17:149-182.
326. Roth, V. R., et al. 2000. Transfusion-related sepsis due to Serratia liquefaciens in the United States. Transfusion 40:931-935.
327. Rudnick, J. R., et al. 1996. Gram-negative bacteremia in open-heart-surgery patients traced to probable tap-water contamination of pressure-monitoring equipment. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 17:281-285.
328. Ruiz, N., T. Montero, J. Hernandez-Borrell, and M. Vin ̃as. 2003. The role of Serratia marcescens porins in antibiotic resistance. Microb. Drug Resist. 9:257-264.
329. Rutala, W. A., V. A. Kennedy, H. B. Loflin, and F. A. Sarubbi, Jr. 1981. Serratia marcescens nosocomial infections of the urinary tract associated with urine measuring containers and urinometers. Am. J. Med. 70:659-663.
330. Sabri, A., et al. 5 November 2010. Isolation, pure culture and characterization of Serratia symbiotica, the R-type of secondary endosymbionts of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024133-0.
331. Sader, H. S., et al. 1994. Nosocomial transmission of Serratia odorifera biogroup 2: case report demonstration by macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal DNA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 15:390-393.
332. Saito, H., L. Elting, G. P. Bodey, and P. Berkey. 1989. Serratia bacteremia: review of 118 cases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:912-920.
333. Samonis, G., et al. 10 January 2011. Serratia infections in a general hospital: characteristics and outcomes. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. doi: 10.1007/s10096-010-1135-4.
334. Sanders, C. C., and C. Watanakunakorn. 1986. Emergence of resistance to '-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones during combination therapy for infection due to Serratia marcescens. J. Infect. Dis. 153:617-619.
335. Sanders, C. V., Jr., J. P. Luby, W. G. Johanson, J. A. Barnett, and J. P. Sanford. 1970. Serratia marcescens infections from inhalation therapy medications: nosocomial outbreak. Ann. Intern. Med. 73:15-21.
336. Sankaridurg, P. R., N. Vuppala, A. Sreedharan, J. Vadlamudi, and G. N. Rao. 1996. Gram negative bacteria and contact lens induced acute red eye. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 44:29-32.
337. Sartor, C., et al. 2000. Nosocomial Serratia marcescens infections associated with extrinsic contamination of a liquid nonmedicated soap. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21:196-199.
338. Sarvikivi, E., et al. 2004. Clustering of Serratia marcescens infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 25:723-729.
339. Schaberg, D. R., et al. 1976. An outbreak of nosocomial infection due to multiply resistant Serratia marcescens: evidence of interhospital spread. J. Infect. Dis. 134:181-188.
340. Schaberg, D. R., R. A. Weinstein, and W. E. Stamm. 1976. Epidemics of nosocomial urinary tract infection caused by multiply resistant gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and control. J. Infect. Dis. 133:363-366.
341. Sebert, M. E., M. L. Manning, K. L. McGowan, E. R. Alpern, and L. M. Bell. 2002. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia after general anesthesia. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:733-739.
342. Seeyave, D., N. Desai, S. Miller, S. P. Rao, and S. Piecuch. 2006. Fatal delayed transfusion reaction in a sickle cell anemia patient with Serratia marcescens sepsis. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 98:1697-1699.
343. Sekhsokh, Y., et al. 2007. Serratia rubidaea bacteremia. Med. Mal. Infect. 37:287-289. (In French.)
344. Serruys-Schoutens, E., F. Rost, and G. Depré. 1984. A nosocomial epidemic of Serratia liquefaciens urinary tract infection after cystometry. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:316-317.
345. Severn, M. 1977. Gentamicin-resistant Serratia. Lancet 309:750.
346. Shanks, R. M. Q., et al. 2007. A Serratia marcescens OxyR homolog mediates surface attachment and biofilm formation. J. Bacteriol. 189:7262-7272.
347. Shaw, K. J., et al. 1992. Characterization of the chromosomal aac(6')-Ic gene from Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:1447-1455.
348. Sheng, W.-H., et al. 2002. Emerging fluoroquinolone-resistance for common clinically important gram-negative bacteria in Taiwan. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 43:141-147.
349. Shi, Z.-Y., P. Y.-F. Liu, Y.-J. Lau, Y.-H. Lin, and B.-S. Hu. 1997. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate an outbreak of Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:325-327.
350. Shimizu, K., et al. 1985. Comparison of aminoglycoside resistance patterns in Japan, Formosa, and Korea, Chile, and the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28:282-288.
351. Shimuta, K., et al. 2009. The hemolytic and cytolytic activities of Serratia marcescens phospholipase A (PhlA) depend on lypophospholipid production by PhlA. BMC Microbiol. 9:261.
352. Sidjabat, H. E., et al. 2009. Interspecies spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase gene in a single patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49:1736-1738.
353. Siegman-Igra, Y., G. Inbar, and A. Campus. 1985. An 'outbreak' of pulmonary pseudoinfection by Serratia marcescens. J. Hosp. Infect. 6:218-220.
354. Sikka, M. K., et al. 2010. Microbiologic and clinical epidemiologic characteristics of the Chicago subset of a multistate outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31:1191-1193.
355. Silva, C. V., et al. 2003. Pseudo-outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens related to bronchoscopes. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 24:195-197.
356. Simor, A. E., L. Ramage, L. Wilcox, S. B. Bull, and H. Bialkowska-Hobrzanska. 1988. Molecular and epidemiologic study of multiresistant Serratia marcescens infections in a spinal cord injury rehabilitation unit. Infect. Control 9:20-27.
357. Singh, B. R., Y. Singh, and A. K. Tiwari. 1997. Characterization of virulence factors of Serratia strains isolated from foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 34: 259-266.
358. Skerman, V. B. D., V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath. 1980. Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420.
359. Smith, P. J., D. S. Brookfield, D. A. Shaw, and J. Gray. 1984. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in a neonatal unit. Lancet 323:151-153.
360. Sokalski, S. J., M. A. Jewell, A. C. Asmus-Shillington, J. Mulcahy, and J. Segreti. 1992. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens in 14 adult cardiac surgical patients associated with 12-lead electrocardiogram bulbs. Arch. Intern. Med. 152:841-844.
361. Soler-Palacín, P., et al. 2007. Chronic granulomatous disease in pediatric patients: 25 years of experience. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madrid) 35: 83-89.
362. Stamm, W. E., et al. 1976. A nursery outbreak caused by Serratia marcescens- scalp-vein needles as a portal of entry. J. Pediatr. 89:96-99.
363. Stapp, C. 1940. Bacterium rubidaeum nov. sp. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. II Abt. 102:251-260.
364. Stenderup, A., O. Faergeman, and M. Ingerslev. 1966. Serratia marcescens infections in premature infants. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 68:157-160.
365. Stephen, M., and M. K. Lalitha. 1993. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection among obstetric patients. Indian J. Med. Res. 97:202-205.
366. Steppberger, K., et al. 2002. Nosocomial neonatal outbreak of Serratia marcescens-analysis of pathogens by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction. Infection 30:277-281.
367. Stock, I., S. Burak, K. J. Sherwood, T. Grüger, and B. Wiedemann. 2003. Natural antimicrobial susceptibilities of 'unusual' Serratia species: S. ficaria, S. fonticola, S. odorifera, S. plymuthica, and S. rubidaea. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:865-885.
368. Stock, I., T. Grueger, and B. Wiedemann. 2003. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of strains of Serratia marcescens and the S. liquefaciens complex: S. liquefaciens sensu stricto, S. proteamaculans, and S. grimesii. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 22:35-47.
369. Su, L. H., et al. 2003. Extended epidemic of nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4726-4732.
370. Su, J. R., et al. 2009. Epidemiologic investigation of a 2007 outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream infection in Texas caused by contamination of syringes prefilled with heparin and saline. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30:593-595.
371. Suh, B., et al. 2010. Outbreak of meropenem-resistant Serratia marcescens comediated by chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase overproduction and outer membrane protein loss. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:5057-5061.
372. Sunenshine, R. H., et al. 2007. A multistate outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream infection associated with contaminated intravenous magnesium sulfate from a compounding pharmacy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:527-533.
373. Sutherland, K. P., et al. 2010. Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Environ. Microbiol. 12:1122-1131.
374. Takahashi, H., et al. 2004. Nosocomial Serratia marcescens outbreak in Osaka, Japan, from 1999 to 2000. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 25:156-161.
375. Tanaka, T., H. Takahashi, J. M. Kobayashi, T. Ohyama, and N. Okabe. 2004. A nosocomial outbreak of febrile bloodstream infection caused by heparinized-saline contaminated with Serratia marcescens, Tokyo, 2002. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57:189-192.
376. Taylor, G., and P. M. Keane. 1962. Cross-infection with Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Pathol. 15:145-147.
377. Thayer, H. H. 1966. Contraindication for use of Serratia marcescens as tracer organisms in research. J. Dent. Res. 45:853-855.
378. Thomas, F. E., R. T. Jackson, A. Melly, and R. H. Alford. 1977. Sequential hospitalwide outbreaks of resistant Serratia and Klebsiella infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 137:581-584.
379. Thomas, F. E., Jr., J. M. Leonard, and R. H. Alford. 1976. Sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim-polymyxin therapy of serious multiply drug-resistant Serratia infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9:201-207.
380. Thompson, S. A., E. V. Maani, A. H. Lindell, C. J. King, and J. V. McArthur. 2007. Novel tetracycline resistance determinant isolated from an environmental strain of Serratia marcescens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2199-2206.
381. Thomson, N. R., M. A. Crow, S. J. McGowan, A. Cox, and G. P. Salmond. 2000. Biosynthesis of carbapenem antibiotic and prodigiosin pigment in Serratia is under quorum sensing control. Mol. Microbiol. 36:539-556.
382. Torii, K., Y. Noda, Y. Miyazaki, and M. Ohta. 2003. An unusual outbreak of infusion-related bacteremia in a gastrointestinal disease ward. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 56:177-178.
383. Traub, W. H. 1972. Continued surveillance of Serratia marcescens infections by bacteriocin typing: investigation of two outbreaks of cross-infection in an intensive care unit. Appl. Microbiol. 23:982-985.
384. Tsakris, A., et al. 1992. Prevalence of a plasmid-mediated type II dihydrofolate reductase gene among trimethoprim-resistant urinary pathogens in Greek hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 29:405-413.
385. Tsakris, A., et al. 2010. In vivo acquisition of a plasmid-mediated blaKPC-2 gene among clonal isolates of Serratia marcescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 2546-2549.
386. Turner, P. J. 2009. MYSTIC Europe 2007: activity of meropenem and other broad-spectrum agents against nosocomial isolates. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 63:217-222.
387. Uduman, S. A., et al. 2002. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection in a special-care baby unit of a community hospital in United Arab Emirates: the importance of the air conditioner duct as a nosocomial reservoir. J. Hosp. Infect. 52:175-180.
388. Ursua, P. R., et al. 1996. Serratia rubidaea as an invasive pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:216-217.
389. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M., A. C. Baars, M. R. Visser, P. F. Hulstaert, and J. Verhoef. 1993. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens traced to a contaminated bronchoscope. J. Hosp. Infect. 23:263-270.
390. van der Sar Brugge, S., et al. 1999. Risk factors for acquisition of Serratia marcescens in a surgical intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 41:291-299.
391. van der Vorm, E. R., and C. Woldring-Zwaan. 2002. Source, carriers, and management of a Serratia marcescens outbreak on a pulmonary unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 52:263-267.
392. Van Houdt, R., M. Givskov, and C. W. Michiels. 2007. Quorum sensing in Serratia. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 31:407-424.
393. van Ogtrop, M. L., D. van Zoeren-Grobben, E. M. A. Verbakel-Salomons, and C. P. A. van Boven. 1997. Serratia marcescens infections in neonatal departments: description of an outbreak and review of the literature. J. Hosp. Infect. 36:95-103.
394. Velasco, C., et al. 2010. Smaqnr, a new chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance determinant in Serratia marcescens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65:239-242.
395. Vigeant, P., et al. 1998. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections related to contaminated chlorhexidine. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 19:791-794.
396. Villari, P., M. Crispino, A. Salvadori, and A. Scarcella. 2001. Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 22:630-634.
397. Villarino, M. E., W. R. Jarvis, C. O'Hara, J. Bresnahan, and N. Clark. 1989. Epidemic of Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a cardiac intensive care unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2433-2436.
398. Voelz, A., et al. 2010. Outbreaks of Serratia marcescens in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: clinical aspects, risk factors and management. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 213:79-87.
399. Waisman, H. A., and W. H. Stone. 1958. The presence of Serratia marcescens as the predominating organism in the intestinal tract of the newborn. Pediatrics 21:8-12.
400. Wake, C., H. Lees, and A. B. Cull. 1986. The emergence of Serratia marcescens as a pathogen in a newborn unit. Aust. Paediatr. J. 22:323-326.
401. Waldermann, F., O. M. Maucher, A. Buck, and E. Goerttler. 1987. Fistulous pyoderma caused by Serratia liquefaciens. Hautarzt 38:36-39. (In German.)
402. Walther-Rasmussen, J., and N. Høiby. 2007. Class A carbapenemases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:470-482.
403. Walther-Wenke, G., et al. 2010. Screening of platelet concentrates for bacterial contamination: spectrum of bacteria detected, proportion of transfused units, and clinical follow-up. Ann. Hematol. 89:83-91.
404. Washington, I. I., J. A. R. J. Birk, and R. E. Ritts, Jr. 1971. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic characteristics of Enterobacter hafniae and Enterobacter liquefaciens. J. Infect. Dis. 124:379-386.
405. Weigel, L. M., C. D. Steward, and F. C. Tenover. 1998. GyrA mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in eight species of Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2661-2667.
406. Whalen, T. A. 1970. Serratia marcescens: a pathogen. Science 168:64.
407. Wheat, R. P., A. Zuckerman, and L. A. Rantz. 1951. Infection due to chromobacteria; a report of eleven cases. AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 88:461-466.
408. Whitby, J. L., J. N. Blair, and A. Rampling. 1972. Cross-infection with Serratia marcescens in an intensive-therapy unit. Lancet 300:127-129.
409. Wilhelmi, I., et al. 1987. Epidemic outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection in a cardiac surgery unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1298-1300.
410. Williamson, N. R., P. C. Fineran, F. J. Leeper, and G. P. C. Salmond. 2006. The biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines. Nat. Rev. 4:887-899.
411. Winslow, C.-E. A., et al. 1920. The families and genera of the bacteria. Final report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on characterization and classification of bacterial types. J. Bacteriol. 5:191-229.
412. Woodfield, D. G. 1991. Transfusion acquired Serratia liquefaciens septicaemia. N. Z. Med. J. 104:141.
413. Woodward, H. M. M., and K. B. Clarke. 1913. A case of infection in man by the Bacterium prodigiosum. Lancet 181:314-315.
414. Wu, L. T., et al. 2004. Survey of CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum '-lactamase (ESBL) among cefotaxime-resistant Serratia marcescens at a medical center in middle Taiwan. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 49:125-129.
415. Yamamoto, T., A. Ariyoshi, and K. Amako. 1985. Fimbria-mediated adherence of Serratia marcescens strain US5 to human urinary bladder surface. Microbiol. Immunol. 29:677-681.
416. Yamazaki, G., et al. 2006. Effect of salt stress on pigment production of Serratia rubidaea N-1: a potential indicator strain for screening quorum sensing inhibitors from marine microbes. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 52:113-117.
417. Yang, Y. J., P. J. Wu, and D. M. Livermore. 1990. Biochemical characterization of a beta-lactamase that hydrolyzes penems and carbapenems from two Serratia marcescens isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34:755-758.
418. Yoon, H. J., et al. 2005. Outbreaks of Serratia marcescens bacteriuria in a neurosurgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital: a clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory perspective. Am. J. Infect. Control 33:595-601.
419. Yu, V. L. 1979. Serratia marcescens: historical perspective and clinical review. N. Engl. J. Med. 300:887-893.
420. Yu, W.-L., et al. 2008. Institutional spread of clonally related Serratia marcescens isolates with a novel AmpC cephalosporinase (S4): a 4-year experience in Taiwan. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 61:460-467.
421. Yu, W. L., L. T. Wu, M. A. Pfaller, P. L. Winokur, and R. N. Jones. 2003. Confirmation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens: preliminary report from Taiwan. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45:221-224.
422. Yum, J. H., D. Yong, K. Lee, H.-S. Kim, and Y. Chong. 2002. A new integron carrying VIM-2 metallo-'-lactamase gene cassette in a Serratia marcescens isolate. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 42:217-219.
423. Zaidi, M., J. Sifuentes, M. Bobadilla, D. Moncada, and S. Ponce de León. 1989. Epidemic of Serratia marcescens bacteremia and meningitis in a neonatal unit in Mexico City. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 10:14-20.
424. Zbinden, R., and R. Blass. 1988. Serratia plymuthica osteomyelitis following a motorcycle accident. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1409-1410.
425. Zhang, C.-X., et al. 2009. Serratia nematodiphila sp. nov., associated symbiotically with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:1603-1608.
426. Zhang, R., H. W. Zhou, J. C. Cai, and G. X. Chen. 2007. Plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamase KPC-2 in carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens isolates from Hangzhou, China. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59:574-576.
427. Zobell, C. E., and H. C. Upham. 1944. A list of marine bacteria, including descriptions of sixty new species. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Calif. Tech. Ser. 5:239-292.