The automatic activation and perception of emotion in word processing: Evidence from a modified dot probe paradigm

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 736-747

  Sutton, Tina M ^a,b   Altarriba, Jeanette ^b  

^a UNION COLLEGE   (United States)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention and emotion; Dot probe task; Emotion perception

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; EXPERIMENT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MASKING; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULUS; TECHNIQUE; WORD RECOGNITION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; COGNITION; FACE; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LANGUAGE; MENTAL FUNCTION; NORMAL HUMAN; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 80053554125     PISSN: 20445911     EISSN: 2044592X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.554392     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Altarriba, J., & Bauer, L. M. (2004). The distinctiveness of emotion concepts: A comparison between emotion, abstract, and concrete words. American Journal of Psychology, 117, 389-410. (Pubitemid 39383673)
2. Altarriba, J., Bauer, L. M., & Benvenuto, C. (1999). Concreteness, context-availability, and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 31, 578-602.
3. Armony, J. L., & LeDoux, J. (2000). How danger is encoded: Havioura systems, cellular, and computational understanding of cognitive-emotional interactions in fear. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1067-1079). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M., & van der Ende, J. (1984). Phobic dimensions: Reliability and gen- eralizability across samples, gender, and nations. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 207254.
5. Baddeley, A. D. (1972). Selective attention and performance in dangerous environments. British Journal of Psychology, 63, 537-546.
6. Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D., Simpson, G. B., & Treiman, R. (2002). The English Lexicon Project: A web-based repository of descriptive and behavioural measures for 40, 481 English words and non-words. Retrieved from http://elexicon.wustl.edu
7. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life (pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
8. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Harcourt, Brace.
9. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW). NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
10. Brosch, T., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2007). That baby caught my eye attention capture by infant faces. Emotion, 7, 685-689. (Pubitemid 47445369)
11. Calder, A., Lawrence, A., & Young, A. W. (2001). Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 352-363. (Pubitemid 33680577)
12. Carlson, J. M., & Reinke, K. S. (2008). Masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of covert spatial attention. Emotion, 8, 522-529.
13. Cedrus Corporation. (2007). SuperLab (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. San Pedro, CA.
14. Clark, D. (1988). A cognitive model of panic attacks. In S. Rachman & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 71-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
15. Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneir (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
16. Egloff, B., & Hock, M. (2003). Assessing attention allocation haviourthreat-related stimuli: A comparison of the emotional Stroop task and the attentional dot probe task. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 475-483. (Pubitemid 37244266)
17. Estes, A., & Adelman, J. S. (2008). Automatic vigilance for negative words in lexical decision and naming: Comment on Larsen, Mercer, and Balota (2006). Emotion, 8, 441-444.
18. Esteves, F., & Ohman, A. (1993). Masking the face: Recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward asking. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 34, 1-18.
19. Glascher, J., & Adolphs, R. (2003). Processing of the arousal of subliminal and supraliminal emotional stimuli by the human amygdala. Journal of Neu-roscience, 23, 10274-10282. (Pubitemid 37444604)
20. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
21. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
22. Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I., & Junghofer, M. (2009). Emotion and attention in visual word processing-An ERP study. Biological Psychology, 80, 75-83.
23. Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric descriptions of some specific fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401-409.
24. Knickerbocker, H., & Altarriba, J. (2010). Bilingualism and the impact of emotion: The role of experience, memory, and sociolinguistic factors. In V. Cook & B. Bassetti (Eds.), Linguistic relativity and bilingual cognition: A different way of thinking. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
25. Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., & de Houwer, J. (2004). Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behavior Research and Therapy, 42, 1183-1192. (Pubitemid 39179911)
26. Kucera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University.
27. Lang, P. J. (1980). Behavioral treatment and bio- behavioral assessment: Computer applications. In J. B. Sidowski, J. H. Johnson, & T. A. Williams (Eds.), Technology in mental health care delivery systems (pp. 119-137). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
28. Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., & Balota, D. A. (2006). Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion, 6, 62-72. (Pubitemid 43829896)
29. Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., Balota, D. A., & Strube, M. J. (2008). Not all negative words slow down lexical decision and naming speed: Importance of word arousal. Emotion, 8, 445-152.
30. Lipp, O. V., & Derakshan, N. (2005). Attentional bias to pictures of fear-relevant animals in the dot probe task. Emotion, 5, 365-369. (Pubitemid 41428803)
31. Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high- dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 28, 203-208. (Pubitemid 126454814)
32. MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Atten-tional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15-20.
33. McKenna, F. P. (1986). Effects of unattended emotional stimuli on color-naming performance. Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 5, 3-9.
34. McKenna, F. P., & Sharma, D. (1995). Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 1595-1607. (Pubitemid 126004996)
35. McNally, R. J., English, G. E., & Lipke, H. J. (1993). Assessment of intrusive cognitions in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 33-41. (Pubitemid 24196275)
36. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Orientating of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 713-740.
37. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Time course of attentional bias for fear-relevant pictures in spider- fearful individuals. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1241-1250. (Pubitemid 44093433)
38. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R., & Mathews, A. (1993). Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 102, 304-311. (Pubitemid 23185911)
39. Ohman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511-536). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
40. Ohman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466-478. (Pubitemid 33597705)
41. Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Towards an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483522.
42. Posner, M. I., Inhoff, A. W., Friedrich, F. J., & Cohen, A. (1987). Isolating attentional systems: A cognitive-anatomical analysis. Psychobiology, 15, 107121.
43. Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 380-391.
44. Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 793-802. (Pubitemid 27390078)
45. Schupp, H. T., Stockburger, J., Codispoti, M., Junghofer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2007). Selective visual attention to emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1082-1089. (Pubitemid 46203315)
46. Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 3, 307-320.
47. Smith, H. K., Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). May I have your attention please: Electrocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli. Neuropsychologia, 41, 171-183. (Pubitemid 35379694)
48. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State- Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
49. Stormark, K. M., Nordby, H., & Hugdahl, K. (1995). Attentional shifts to emotionally charged cues: Behavioral and ERP data. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 507-523.
50. Tse, C.-S., & Altarriba, J. (2010). Does survival processing enhance implicit memory?. Memory and Cognition, 38, 1110-1121.
51. van der Hout, M., Tenney, N., Huygens, K., Merck-elbach, H., & Kindt, M. (1995). Responding to subliminal threat cues is related to trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability: A successful replication of MacLeod and Hagan (1992). Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 451-454.
52. Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 585-594. (Pubitemid 41677491)