The attack of psychiatric legitimacy in the 1960s: Rhetoric and reality

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 398-416

  Grob, Gerald N ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; POLITICS; PSYCHIATRY;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; POLITICS; PSYCHIATRY;

EID: 80053543593     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: 15206696     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.20518     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Albee, G. (1969). Emerging concepts of mental illness and models of treatment: The psychological point of view. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 870-876.
2. American Bar Association. (1961). The mentally disabled and the law: The report on the rights of the mentally ill (Frank T. Lindman & D. M. McIntyre, Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1964). Training the psychiatrist to meet changing needs: Report of the Conference on Graduate Psychiatric Education ... 1962. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Appelbaum, P. S. (1994). Almost a revolution: Mental health law and the limits of change. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Bailey, P. (1956). The great psychiatric revolution. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 389-391.
6. Belknap, I. (1956). Human problems of a state mental hospital. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. Bettelheim, B. (1943). Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 18, 417-452.
8. Birnbaum, M. (1960). The right to treatment. American Bar Association Journal, 46, 499-505.
9. Brooks, A. D. (1974). Law, psychiatry and the mental health system. Boston: Little Brown.
10. Capshew, J. H. (1999). Psychologists on the march: Science, practice, and professional identity in America, 1929-1969. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Caudill, W. (1958). The psychiatric hospital as a small society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Cole, R., & Piers, M. (1969). Wages of neglect. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
13. Comments on D. Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places." (1973). Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 37, 629-638.
14. Council of State Governments. (1950). The mental health programs of the forty-eight states: A report to the Governors' Conference. Chicago: Council of State Governments.
15. Cray, E. (1961). Enemies of mental health. Nation, 192, 304-305.
16. Dain, N. (1989). Critics and dissenters: Reflections on "anti-psychiatry" in the United States. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 25, 3-25.
17. Dain, N. (2000). Antipsychiatry. In R. W. Menninger & J. C. Nemiah (Eds.), American Psychiatry after World War II (1944-1994) (pp. 277-298). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
18. Davidson, H. A. (1964). The new war on psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 528-534.
19. Dunham, H. W., & Weinberg, S. K. (1960). The culture of the state mental hospital. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
20. Dyck, E. (2008). Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
21. Elkins, S. (1959). Slavery: A problem in American institutional and intellectual life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Ennis, B. (1972). Prisoners of psychiatry: Mental patients, psychiatrists, and the law. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
23. Forster, C. (1945). Letter to George Stevenson, August 30, 1945 (with enclosed American Civil Liberties Union Model Commitment and Release Law). Records of the Medical Director's Office, American Psychiatric Association Archives, Washington, DC.
24. Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Pantheon Books. (Originally issued in 1961 as Folie et déraison de la folie classique. Paris: Plon.)
25. Friedman, L. J. (1990). Menninger: The family and the clinic. New York: Knopf.
26. Gabbard, K., & Gabbard, G. O. (1987). Psychiatry and the cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP). (1948). Commitment procedures. Report No. 4. Topeka, KS: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.
28. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP). (1950). The social responsibility of psychiatry: A statement of orientation. Report No. 13. Topeka, KS: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.
29. Ginsberg, L. (1970). A radical view of social welfare and mental health. Mental Hygiene, 54, 44-49.
30. Glaser, F. B. (1965). The dichotomy game: A further consideration of the writings of Dr. Thomas Szasz. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 1069-1074.
31. Glenn, M. (1970). Manifesto. Radical Therapist, 1, 1-2.
32. Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
33. Goldmacher, D. (1970/1971). Radical goals. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 668-670.
34. Greenblatt, M., York, R. T., Brown, E. L., & Hyde, R. W. (1955). From custodial to therapeutic patient care in mental hospitals: Explorations in social treatment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
35. Grob, G. N. (1980). Abuse in American mental hospitals in historical perspective: Myth and reality. International Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 295-310.
36. Grob, G. N. (1994). The history of the asylum revisited: Personal reflections. In M. Micale & R. Porter (Eds.), Discovering the history of psychiatry (pp. 260-281). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Guttmacher, M. S. (1964). Critique of views of Thomas Szasz on legal psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 238-245.
38. Halleck, S. L. (1968). Psychiatry and the status quo: A political analysis of psychiatric practice. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 257-265.
39. Hoch, P. H. (1961). The achievements of biological psychiatry. Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 3, 1-10.
40. Kopkind, A., & Ridgeway, J. (1971). The mental health industry: This way lies madness. Ramparts, 9, 39-44.
41. Laing, R. D. (1960). The divided self: An existential study in sanity and madness. London: Pelican Books.
42. Laing, R. D. (1967). The politics of experience and the bird of paradise. New York: Pantheon Books.
43. Leifer, R. (1969). In the name of mental health: The social functions of psychiatry. New York: Science House.
44. Leifer, R. (1970/1971a). The medical model as ideology. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 13-35.
45. Leifer, R. (1970/1971b). Radical individualization. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 670-676.
46. Letters: Psychiatric Diagnosis. (1973). Science, 180, 356-369.
47. Lowinger, P. (1970/1971). Radical psychiatry. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 659-668.
48. Mannoni, O. (1973). The anti-psychiatric movement(s). International Social Science Journal, 25, 489-502.
49. Marmor, J. (1975). Psychiatrists and their patients: A national study of private office practice. Washington, DC: Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association.
50. Mechanic, D. (1976). Judicial action and social change. In S. Golann & W. J. Fremouw (Eds.), The right to treatment for mental patients (pp. 47-72). New York: Irvington Publishers.
51. Mechanic, D., & Grob, G. N. (2006). Rhetoric, realities, and the plight of the mentally ill in America. In R. A. Stevens, C. E. Rosenberg, & L. R. Burns (Eds.), History and health policy in the United States: Putting the past back in (pp. 229-249). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
52. Meduna, L. (1959). Introduction. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1, 7.
53. Mental Patients' Liberation Front. (1971). Statement. Radical Therapist, 2, back cover.
54. Mering, O. von, & King, S. H. (1957). Remotivating the mental patient. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
55. Miller, J. G. (1946). Clinical psychology in the Veterans Administration. American Psychologist, 1, 181-189.
56. Monterice, B. de. (1970/1971). Practical radicalism. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 676-687.
57. Moss, G. R. (1968). Szasz: Review and criticism. Psychiatry, 31, 184-194.
58. National Institute of Mental Health. (1952). A draft act governing the hospitalization of the mentally ill. Public Health Service Publication No. 51. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.
59. Nielsen, A. C. (1979). The magnitude of declining psychiatric career choice. Journal of Medical Education, 54, 632-637.
60. Pasamanick, B., Scarpitti, F. R., & Dinitz, S. (1967). Schizophrenics in the community: An experimental study in the prevention of hospitalization. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
61. Peele, R., et al. (1977). Asylums revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1077-1081.
62. Redlich, F. C., & Freedman, D. X. (1966). The theory and practice of psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
63. Reid, J. R. (1962). The myth of Doctor Szasz. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 135, 381-386.
64. Robertson, R. L., & Rubenstein, E. A. (1962). National Institute of Mental Health Training Grant Program fiscal years 1948-1961. U.S. Public Health Service Publication 966. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.
65. Robinson, D. (1965, January 26). Conspiracy U.S.A. Look, 29, 30-32.
66. Roman, P. M. (1971). Labeling theory and community psychiatry: The impact of psychiatric sociology on ideology and practice in American psychiatry. Psychiatry, 34, 378-390.
67. Rome, H. P. (1965). Whence, whither, and why-psychiatry circa 1965. Current Psychiatric Therapies, 5, 1-13.
68. Rome, H. P. (1968). Psychiatry and foreign affairs: The expanding competence of psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 725-730.
69. Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-258.
70. Scheff, T. J. (1966). Being mentally ill: A sociological theory. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.
71. Scheff, T. J. (1970). Schizophrenia as ideology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2, 15-19.
72. Scheff, T. J. (1974). The labeling theory of mental illness. American Sociological Review, 39, 444-452.
73. Simring, S. S. (1970/1971). All power to the flowers. International Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 688-692.
74. Slovenko, R. (1964). The psychiatric patient, liberty, and the law. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 534-538.
75. Smith, A. R. (1956, June 28). Siberia, U.S.A. The Reporter, 14, 27-29.
76. Stanton, A.H., & Schwartz, M. S. (1954). The mental hospital: A study of institutional participation in psychiatric illness and treatment. New York: Basic Books.
77. Steiner, C. (1971). Radical psychiatry: Principles. Radical Therapist, 2, 3-4.
78. Stone, A. A. (1973). Psychiatry kills: A critical evaluation of Dr. Thomas Szasz. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1, 23-37.
79. Sykes, G. M. (1958). The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
80. Szasz, T. (1957). Commitment of the mentally ill: "Treatment" or social restraint? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 125, 293-307.
81. Szasz, T. (1959). The classification of mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly, 33, 77-101.
82. Szasz, T. (1961). The myth of mental illness: Foundations of a theory of personal conduct. New York: Hoeber-Harper.
83. Szasz, T. (1963). Liberty, and psychiatry: An inquiry into the social uses of mental health practices. New York: Macmillan.
84. Szasz, T. (1965). Psychiatric justice. New York: Macmillan.
85. Szasz, T. (1970). The manufacture of madness: A comparative study of the inquisition and the mental health movement. New York: Harper & Row.
86. Szasz, T. (1974). Ceremonial chemistry: The ritual persecution of drugs, addicts, and pushers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
87. Talbott, J. A. (1974). Radical psychiatry: An examination of the issues. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 121-128.
88. Thompson, G. N. (1954). The Society for Biological Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 389-391.
89. Thorne, F. C. (1966). An analysis of Szasz's "Myth of mental illness." American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 562-566.
90. U.S. Senate. (1961). Constitutional rights of the mentally ill: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
91. U.S. Senate. (1963). Mental illness and retardation. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
92. Wallerstein, R. S. (1986). Forty-two lives in treatment: A study of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
93. Weiner, B. (1975). "On being sane in insane places": A process (attributional): Analysis and critique. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 433-441.
94. Weinstein, R. M. (1994). Goffman's Asylums and the total institution model of mental hospitals. Psychiatry, 57, 348-367.
95. Wolitzky, D. L. (1973). Insane versus feigned insane: A reply to Dr. D. L. Rosenhan. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1, 463-473.
96. Wortis, J. (1970). Editorial: Community psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry, 2, 1-2.