World federation of societies of biological psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders

World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 400-443

  Aigner, Martin ^a   Treasure, Janet ^b   Kaye, Walter ^c   Kasper, Siegfried ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anorexia nervosa; antidepressants; antiepileptics; antihistaminics; antipsychotics; Binge Eating Disorder; Bulimia nervosa; Drug treatment; eating disorde r; guidelines; light therapy; pharmacotherapy; tube feeding

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BACLOFEN; CANNABIS; CISAPRIDE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; DEXFENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MIRTAZAPINE; NALTREXONE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SIBUTRAMINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TOPIRAMATE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZINC; ZONISAMIDE;

ANOREXIA; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; BINGE EATING DISORDER; BULIMIA; C BANDING; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIZZINESS; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FRACTURE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALE; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; PARESTHESIA; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; TASTE DISORDER; TUBE FEEDING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BINGE-EATING DISORDER; BULIMIA NERVOSA; EATING DISORDERS; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 80053495570     PISSN: 15622975     EISSN: 18141412     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.602720     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Agras WS, Dorian B, Kirkley BG, Arnow B, Bachman J. 1987. Imipramine in the Treatment of Bulimia: A Double-blind Controlled Study. Int J Eat Dis 6:29-38. (Pubitemid 17227738)
2. Agras WS, Rossiter EM, Arnow B, Schneider JA, Telch CF, Rae-burn SD, et al. 1992. Pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa: a controlled comparison. Am J Psychiatry 149:82-87.
3. Agras WS, Rossiter EM, Arnow B, Telch CF, Raeburn SD, Bruce B, Koran LM. 1994. One-year follow-up of psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments for bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 55:179-183. (Pubitemid 24184825)
4. Alger SA, Schwalberg MD, Bigaoueite JM, Michalek AV, Howard LJ. 1991. Effect of a tricyclic antidepressant and opiate antagonist on binge-eating behavior in normoweight bulimic and obese, binge-eating subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 53:865-871. (Pubitemid 21898848)
5. APA. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
6. Appolinario JC, Fontenelle FL, Papelbaum M, Bueno JR, Coutinho W. 2002. Topiramate use in obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder: An Open Study. Can J Psychiatry 47:271-273. (Pubitemid 34614686)
7. Appolinario JC, Bacaltchuk J, Sichieri R, Claudino AM, Godoy-Matos A, Morgan C, et al. 2003. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 1109-1116. (Pubitemid 37429650)
8. Appolinario JC, Godoy-Matos A, Fontenelle LF, Carraro L, Cabral M, Vieira A, Coutinho W. 2002. An open-label trial of sibutramine in obese patients with binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63:28-30. (Pubitemid 34113483)
9. Arnold LM, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Welge JA, Bennett AJ, Keck PE. 2002. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial of fl uoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 1028-1033. (Pubitemid 35388063)
10. Attia E, Haiman C, Walsh BT, Flater SR. 1998. Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa? Am J Psychiatry 155:548-551. (Pubitemid 28207453)
11. Bacaltchuk J, Hay P. 2003. Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4):CD003391.
12. Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. 2008. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders-First Revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 9: 248-312.
13. Barbarich NC, McConaha CW, Gaskill J, La Via M, Frank GK, Achenbach S, et al. 2004. An opentrial of olanzapine in Anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry 65:1480-1482.
14. Barlow J, Blouin J, Blouin A, Perez E. 1988. Treatment of bulimia with desipramine: a double-blind crossover study. Can J Psychiatry 33:129-133.
15. Bartra J, Valero AL, del Cavillo A, Devila I, JAuregui I, Monitoro J, Mullo J, Sastre J. 2006 Interactions of the H1 Antihistamines. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 16 Suppl 1:29-36.
16. Bauer C, Fischer A, Keller U. 2006. Effect of sibutramine and of cognitive-behavioural weight loss therapy in obesity and subclinical binge eating disorder. Diabetes Obes Metab 8: 289-295.
17. Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. 2007. Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 40:293-309. (Pubitemid 46651305)
18. Berry EM, Mechoulam R. 2002. Tetrahydrocannabinol and endo-cannabinoids in feeding and appetite. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 95:185-190.
19. Biederman J, Herzog DB, Rivinus TM, Harper GP, Ferber RA, Rosenbaum JF, Harmatz JS, Tondorf R, Orsulak PJ, Schild-kraut JJ. 1985. Amitriptyline in the treatment of anorexia ner-vosa: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 5:10-6. (Pubitemid 15126295)
20. Birmingham CL, Goldner EM, Bakan R. 1994. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 15:251-255. (Pubitemid 24099827)
21. Birmingham CL, Gritzner S. 2006. How does zinc supplementation benefi t anorexia nervosa? Eat Weight Disord 11: 109-111.
22. Bissada H, Tasca GA, Barber AM, Bradwejn J. 2008. Olanza-pine in the treatment of low body weight and obsessive thinking in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 165: 1281-1288.
23. Boachie A, Goldfield GS, Spettigue W. 2003. Olanzapine use as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized children with anorexia nervosa: case reports. Int J Eat Disord 33:98-103. (Pubitemid 36020247)
24. Bosanac P, Kurlender S, Norman T, Hallam K, Wesnes K, Manktelow T, Burrows G. 2007. An open-label study of quetiapine in anorexia nervosa. Hum Psychopharmacol 22: 223-230. (Pubitemid 46939279)
25. Brambilla F, Draisci A, Peirone A, Brunetta M. 1995a. Combined cognitive-behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in eating disorders. 1. Anorexia nervosa-restricted type. Neuropsychobiology ;32:59-63.
26. Brambilla F, Draisci A, Peirone A, Brunetta M. 1995b. Combined cognitive-behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in eating disorders. 2. Anorexia nervosa-binge-eating/purging type. Neuropsychobiology 32:64-7.
27. Brambilla F, Draisci A, Peirone A, Brunetta M. 1995c. Combined cognitive-behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychobiology 32: 68-71.
28. Brambilla F, Garcia CS, Fassino S, Daga GA, Favaro A, Santonastaso P, 2007. Olanzapine therapy in anorexia nervosa: psychobiological effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 197-204. (Pubitemid 46801942)
29. Braun DL, Sunday SR, Fornari VM, Halmi KA. 1999. Bright light therapy decreases winter binge frequency in women with bulimia nervosa: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Compr Psychiatry 40:442-8.
30. Broft AI, Spanos A, Corwin RL, Mayer L, Steinglass J, Devlin MJ, et al. 2007. Baclofen for Binge Eating: an open-label trial. Int J Eat Disord 40:687-691. (Pubitemid 350106957)
31. Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Tozzi F, Furberg H, Lichtenstein P, Ped-ersen NL. 2006. Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 305-12. (Pubitemid 43345355)
32. Claudino AM, Hay P, Lima MS, Bacaltchuk J, Schmidt U, Treasure J. 2006. Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 25;(1):CD004365.
33. Claudino AM, de Oliveira IR, Appolinario JC, Cordas TA, Duchesne M, Sichieri R, Bacaltchuk J. 2007. Double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial plus cognitive behaviour therapy in binge eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1324-1332.
34. Carruba MO, Cuzzolaro M, Riva L, Bosello O, Liberti S, Castra R, et al. 2001. Efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide in bulimia nervosa: a placebo-controlled trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 16:27-32. (Pubitemid 32042838)
35. Casper RC, Schlemmer RF Jr, Javaid JI. 1987. A placebo-controlled crossover study of oral clonidine in acute anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res20:249-260. (Pubitemid 17042404)
36. Cassano GB, Miniati M, Pini S, Rotondo A, Banti S, Borri Ch, et al. 2003 Six-month open trial of haloperidol as an adjunctive treatment for Anorexia nervosa: a preliminary report. Int J Eat Disord 33:172-177. (Pubitemid 36249830)
37. Chanoine JP, Hampl S, Jensen C, Boldrin M, Hauptman J. 2005. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 15;293: 2873-83. (Pubitemid 41029141)
38. Claudino AM, de Oliveira IR, Appolinario JC, Cordás TA, Duch-esne M, Sichieri R, Bacaltchuk J. 2007. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cognitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 68:1324-1332. (Pubitemid 47524510)
39. Cordás TA, Tavares H, Calderoni DM, Stump GV, Ribeiro RB. 2006. Oxcarbazepine for self-mutilating bulimic patients. Int J Neuropsychopharm9:789- 771.
40. Court A, Mulder C, Kerr M, Yuen HP, Boasman M, Goldstone S, Fleming J, Weigall S, Derham H, Huang C, McGorry P, Berger G. 2010. Investigating the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of quetiapine in the treatment of anorexia ner-vosa in young people: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res . 44: 1027-34.
41. Crisp AH, Lacey JH, Crutchfield M. 1987. Clomipramine and " Drive " in people with anorexia nervosa: An in-patient study. Br J Psychiatry 150:355-358. (Pubitemid 17036646)
42. Coughlin JW, Edwards R, Buenaver L, Redgrave G, Guarda AS, Haythornthwaite J. 2008. Pain, catastrophizing, and depressive symptomatology in eating disorders. Clin J Pain. 24:406-414.
43. De Bernardi C, Ferrarsi S, D'Innella P, Do F, Torre E. 2005. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 29:339-341.
44. De Zwaan M, Nutzinger DO, Schoenbeck G. 1992. Binge eating in overweight women. Compr Psychiatry 33:256-261.
45. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Petkova E, Jiang H, Raizman PS, Wolk S, et al. 2005. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Fluoxetine as Adjuncts to Group Behavioral Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder. Obes Res 13:1077-1088.
46. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Petkova E, Liu L, Walsh BT. 2007. Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine for binge eating disorder: two-year follow-up. Obesity 15:1702-1709. (Pubitemid 47264949)
47. El-Giamal N, de Zwaan M, Bailer U, Lennkh C, Schüssler P, Strnad A, Kasper S. 2000. Reboxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa: a report of seven cases. Int Clin Psychophar-macol 15:351-256.
48. Fahy TA, Eisler I, Russel GFM. 1993. A placebo-controlled trial of d-Fenfl urame in bulimia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry 162:597-603. (Pubitemid 23150991)
49. Fassino S, Leombruni P, Daga G, Brustolin A, Migliaretti G, Cavallo F, Rovera G. 2002. Efficacy of citalopram in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12:453-459.
50. Faris PL, Kim SW, Meller WH, Goodale RL, Oakman SA, Hofbauer RD, et al. 2000. Effect of decreasing afferent vagal activity with ondansetron on symptoms of bulimia nervosa: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 355: 792-797. (Pubitemid 30128819)
51. Fassino S, Leombruni P, Daga G, Brustolin A, Migliaretti G, Cavallo F, et al. 2002. Efficacy of citalopram in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 453-459.
52. Fazeli PK, Lawson EA, Prabhakaran R, Miller KK, Donoho DA, Clemmons DR, et al. 2010. Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 95: 4889-97.
53. Fichter MM, Leibl K, Rief W, Brunner E, Schmidt-Auberger S, Engel RR. 1991. Fluoxetine versus placebo: a double blind study with bulimic inpatients undergoing intensive psychotherapy. Pharmacopsychiatry 24:1-7.
54. Fichter MM, Kr ü ger R, Rief W, Holland R, Döhne J. 1996. Flu-voxamine in prevention of relapse in bulimia nervosa: effects on eating-specefic psychopathology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16:9-18. (Pubitemid 26059163)
55. Fisman S, Steele M, Short J, Byrne T, Lavallee C. 1996. Case study: anorexia nervosa and autistic disorder in an adolescent girl. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35: 937-940. (Pubitemid 26230929)
56. Fletcher BC, Kupshik GA, Uprichard S, Shah S, Nash AS. 2008. Eating disorders and concurrent psychopathology: a reconcep-tualisation of clinical need through Rasch analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev 16:191-198. (Pubitemid 351772013)
57. Fontenelle LF, V tor Mendlowicz M, de Menezes GB, Papel-baum M, Freitas SR, Godoy-Matos A, et al. 2003. Psychiatric comorbidity in a Brazilian sample of patients with binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Res 119:189-194. (Pubitemid 36829433)
58. Gadalla T, Piran N. 2007. Co-occurrence of eating disorders and alcohol use disorders in women: a meta analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health 10:133-140. (Pubitemid 47228862)
59. Glassman AH, Bigger JT, 2001. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QT-interval, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry 158:1774-1782. (Pubitemid 33054769)
60. Golay A, Laurent-Jaccard A, Habicht F, Gachoud JP, Chabloz M, Kammer A, et al. 2005. Effect of Orlistat in Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder. Obes Res 13:1701-1708.
61. Goldbloom DS, Olmsted M, Davis R, Clewes J, Heinmaa M, Rockert W, Shaw B. 1997. A randomised controlled trial of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioural therapy for bulimia ner-vosa: short-term outcome. Behav Res Ther 35:803-811. (Pubitemid 27390079)
62. Goldberg SC, Halmi KA, Eckert ED, Casper RC, Davis JM. 1979. Cyproheptadine in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry 134:67-70. (Pubitemid 9064132)
63. Goldstein DJ, Wilson MG, Thompson VL, Potvin JH, and Ram-pey AH. 1995. Long-term fluoxetine treatment of bulimia ner-vosa. Fluoxetine bulimia nervosa reearch group. Br J Psychiatry 166:660-666.
64. Goldstein DJ, Wilson MG, Ascroft RC, Al-Banna M. 1999. Effectiveness of Fluoxetine Therapy in Bulimia Nervosa Regardless of Comorbid Depression. Int J Eat Disord 25:19-27. (Pubitemid 29031305)
65. Gotoh K, Fukagawa K, Fukagawa T, Noguchi H, Kakuma T, Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H. 2007. Hypothalamic neuronal histamine mediates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced suppression of food intake. J Neurochem 103: 1102-1110. (Pubitemid 47568721)
66. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Salant SL. 2005. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Guided Self-Help and Orlistat for the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biol Psychiatry 57:1193-1201. (Pubitemid 40615782)
67. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT. 2005. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Comparison. Biol Psychiatry 57: 301-309. (Pubitemid 40187375)
68. Grilo CM, Masheb RM. 2007. Rapid response predicts binge eating and weight loss in binge eating disorder: Findings from a controlled trial of orlistat with guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy. Behav Res Ther 45: 2537-2750.
69. Gross H, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, et al. 1983. A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocan-nabinol in primary anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3:165-171. (Pubitemid 13071193)
70. Gross HA, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Nee LE, Kaye WH. 1981. A double-blind controlled trial of lithium carbonate primary anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1: 376-381. (Pubitemid 12189861)
71. Guerdjikova AI, Kotwal R, McElroy SL. 2005. Response of recurrent binge eating and weight gain to topiramate in patients with binge eating disorder after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 15:273-277. (Pubitemid 40316016)
72. Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Welge JA, Nelson E, Lake K, et al. 2008. High-dose escitalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder with obesity: a placebo-controlled mono-therapy trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 23:1-11. (Pubitemid 351166063)
73. Gwirtsman HE, Guze BH, Yager J, Gainsley B. 1990. Fluoxetine treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 51:378-382. (Pubitemid 20370460)
74. Halmi KA, Eckert E, LaDu TJ, Cohen J. 1986. Anorexia nervosa. Treatment efficacy of cyproheptadine and amitriptyline. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:177-181. (Pubitemid 16163536)
75. Halmi KA, Eckert E, Marchi P, Sampugnaro V, Apple R, Cohen J. 1991. Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses in anorexia ner-vosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:712-718.
76. Hazen E, Fava M. 2005. Successful treatment with duloxetine in a case of treatment refractory bulimia nervosa: a case report. J Psychopharm 20:723-724.
77. Hedges DW, Reimherr FW, Hoopes SP, Rosenthal NR, Kamin M, Karim R, Capece JA. 2003. Treatment of bulimia nervosa with topiramate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, part 2: improvement in psychiatric measures. J Clin Psychiatry 64(12):1449-54. (Pubitemid 41270103)
78. Hill K, Bucuvalas J, McClain C, Kryscio R, Martini RT, Alfaro MP, Maloney M. 2000. Pilot study of growth hormone administration during the refeeding of malnourished anorexia nervosa patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 10: 3-8. (Pubitemid 30155422)
79. Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Kaiser N, Ploenes Y, Heussen N, Grzella I, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. 2005. A retrospective study of SSRI treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa: insufficient evidence for efficacy. J Psychiatr Res 39:303-10. (Pubitemid 40255915)
80. Hoopes SP, Reimherr FW, Hedges DW, Rosenthal NR, Kamin M, Karim R, Capece JA, Karvois D. 2003 Treatment of bulimia nervosa with topiramate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, part 1: improvement in binge and purge measures. J Clin Psychiatry 64:1335-41. (Pubitemid 37490239)
81. Horne RL, Ferguson JM, Pope HG, Hudson JI, Lineberry CG, Ascher J, Cato A. 1988. Treatment of Bulimia with bupro-pion: A Mulitcenter Controlled Trial. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 262-266.
82. Hsu LKG, Clement L, Santhouse R, Ju ES 1991. Treatment of bulimia nervosa with lithium carbonate. A controlled study. J Nerv Ment Dis 179:351-355.
83. Hudson J, Pope H, Jonas J. 1984. Psychosis in Anorexia Nervosa und Bulima. Br J Psychiatry 145:420-423.
84. Hudson JI, McElroy SL, Raymond NC, Crow S, Keck PE Jr, Carter WP, et al. 1998. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Psychiatry 155:1756-1762. (Pubitemid 28547503)
85. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG Jr, Kessler RC. 2007. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comor-bidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry 61:348-358. (Pubitemid 46108682)
86. Hughes PL, Wells LA, Cunningham CJ, Ilstrup DM. 1986. Treatin bulimia with desipramine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:182-186. (Pubitemid 16163537)
87. Huseman CA, Pearson PH, Leuschen MP, Madison J. 1990. Bulimia as a form of self-addiction treatment with Naltrexone hydrochloride (Trexan) a pilot study. Clinical Trials Journal 27:77-83. (Pubitemid 20169053)
88. Jacobi C, Dahme B, Dittmann R. 2002. Cognitive-behavioural, fluoxetine and combined treatment for bulimia nervosa: short-and long-term results. Eur Eat Disorders 10: 179-198. (Pubitemid 34601099)
89. Javaras KN, Pope HG, Lalonde JK, Roberts JL, Nillni YI, Laird NM, et al. 2008. Co-occurrence of binge eating disorder with psychiatric and medical disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 266-273. (Pubitemid 351469270)
90. Jensen VS, Mejlhede A. 2000. Anorexianervosa:treatment with olanzeapine. Br J Psych 177:87.
91. Jonas JM, Gold MS. 1986. Treatment of antidepressant-resistant bulimia with naltrexone. Int J Psychiatry in Medicine 16: 306-309.
92. Jonas JM, Gold MS. 1988. The use of opiate antagonists in treating bulimia: a study of low-dose versus high-dose naltrexone. Psychiatry Res ;24:195-199.
93. Jordan J, Joyce PR, Carter FA, Horn J, McIntosh VV, Luty SE, et al. 2008. Specific and nonspecific comorbidity in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 41:47-56. (Pubitemid 350308976)
94. Kaplan AS, Garfinkel PE, Darby PL, Garner DM. 1983. Cabamazepine in the treatment of bulimia. Am J Psychiatry 140:1225-1226.
95. Katz RL, Keen CL, Litt IF, Hurley LS, Kellams-Harrison KM, Glader LJ. 1987. Zinc deficiency in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health Care 8:400-406. (Pubitemid 17138439)
96. Kaye W. 2008. Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Physiology & Behavior 94:121-135. (Pubitemid 351506510)
97. Kaye WH, Nagata T, Weltzin TE, Hsu LK, Sokol MS, McConaha C,et al. 2001. Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting-and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 49:644-652. (Pubitemid 32289359)
98. Kennedy SH, Piran N, Warsh JJ, Prendergast P, Mainprize E, Whynot C, Garfinkel PE. 1988. A trial of isacarboxazid in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8: 391-396. (Pubitemid 19014780)
99. Kennedy SH, Goldbloom DS, Ralevski E, Davis C, D'Souza JD, Lofchy J. 1993. Is there a role for selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy in bulimia nervosa? A placebo-controlled trial of brofaromine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 415-422. (Pubitemid 24026103)
100. Keski-Rahkonen A, Hoek HW, Linna MS, Raevuori A, Sihvola E, Bulik CM, et al. 2008. Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study. Psychol Med 8:1-9.
101. Klump KL, Gobrogge KL. .2005. A Review and Primer of Molecular Genetic Studies of Anorexia Nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 37:43-S48.
102. Kotler LA, Devlin MJ, Davies M, Walsh BT. 2003. An open trial with fluoxetine for adolescents with bulimia nervosa. J Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 13:329-335. (Pubitemid 37288533)
103. Konturek PC, Konturek JW, Cze nikiewicz-Guzik M, Brzozowski T, Sito E, Konturek SJ. 2005. Neuro-hormonal control of food intake: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. J Physiol Pharmacol .;56 Suppl 6:5-25. (Pubitemid 43120939)
104. Kuchar DL, Walker BD, Thorburn CW, 2002. Ventricular tachycardia following ingestion of a commonly-used antihistamine. MJA 176:429-430. (Pubitemid 34516423)
105. La Via MC, Gray N, Kaye WH. 2000. Case reports of Olanzap-ine treatment of anorexia nervosa.Int J Eat Disord. 27: 363-366. (Pubitemid 30160017)
106. Lacey JH, Crisp AH. 1980. Hunger, food intake and weight: the impact of clomipramine on a refeeding anorexia nervosa population. Postgrad Med J 56 (Suppl 1):79-85. (Pubitemid 10119391)
107. Laederach-Hofmann K, Graf C, Horber F, Lippuner K, Lederer S, Michel R, Schneider M. 1999. Imipramine and diet counseling with psychological support in the treatment of obese binge eaters: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study. Int J Eat Disord 26:231-244. (Pubitemid 29411691)
108. Lam RW, Goldner EM, Solyom L, Remick RA. 1994. A controlled study of light therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1515:744-750. (Pubitemid 24140566)
109. Leitenberg H, Rosen JC, Wolf J, Vara LS, Detzer MJ, Srebenik D. 1994. Comparison of cognitive-behaviour therapy and desipramine in the treatment of builimia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 32:37-45.
110. Leggero C, Masi G, Brunori E, Calderoni S, Carissimo R, Maestro S, Muratori F. 2010. Low-dose olanzapine mono-therapy in girls with anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype: focus on hyperactivity. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:127-33.
111. Leombruni P, Amianto F, Delsedime N, Gramaglia C, Abbate-Daga G, Fassino S. 2006. Citalopram versus fluox-etine for the treatment of patients with bulimia nervosa: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Adv Ther 23: 481-494. (Pubitemid 44409555)
112. Leombruni P, Gastaldi F, Lavagnino L, Fassino S. 2008. Oxcar-bazepine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a case series. Adv Ther25:718-724.
113. Maahs D, de Serna DG, Kolotkin RL, Ralston S, Sandate J, Qualls C, Schade DS. 2006. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss in adolescents. Endocr Pract 12:18-28.
114. Maccarrone M, Gasperi V, Catani MV, Diep TA, Dainese E, Hansen HS, Avigliano L. 2010. The endocannabinoid system and its relevance for nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr.;30: 423-40.
115. Malina A, Gaskill J, McConaha C, Frank GK, LaVia M, Scholar L, et al. 2003. Olanzapine Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Retrospective Study. Inc Int J Eat Disord 33: 234-237. (Pubitemid 36249838)
116. Makino M, Tsuboi K, Dennerstein L. 2004. Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries. MedGenMed 6:49.
117. Mannucci E, Rotella F, Ricca V, Moretti S, Placidi GF, Rotella CM. 2005. Eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 285:417-419. (Pubitemid 43162737)
118. Malhotra S, King KH, Welge JA, Brusman-Lovins L, McElroy SL. 2002. Venlafaxine treatment of binge-eating disorder associated with obesity: a series of 35 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 63:802-806.
119. Marcus MD, Wing RR, Ewing L, Kern E, McDermott M, Gooding W. 1990. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine plus behavior modification in the treatment of obese binge-eaters and non-binge-eaters. Am J Psychiatry 147:876-881. (Pubitemid 20210399)
120. Marrazzi MA, Bacon JP, Kinzie J, Luby ED. 1995. Naltrexone use in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10:163-172.
121. McCallum RW, Grill BB, Lange R, Planky M, Glass EE, Greenfeld DG. 1985. Definition of a gastric emptying abnormality in patients with anorexia nervosa. Dig Dis Sci 30:713-722. (Pubitemid 15014222)
122. McCann UD, Agras WS. 1990. Successful treatment on nonpurg-ing bulimia nervosa with desipramine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 147:1509-1513. (Pubitemid 20365442)
123. McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Uwaifo GI, Sebring NG, Fallon EM, Hubbard VS, Yanovski JA. 2002.Three-month tolerability of orlistat in adolescents with obesity-related comorbid conditions. Obes Res . 10:642-50. (Pubitemid 135688263)
124. McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Uwaifo GI, Sebring NG, Fallon EM, Frazer TE, Van Hubbard S, Yanovski JA. 2004. Efficacy of orlistat as an adjunct to behavioral treatment in overweight African American and Caucasian adolescents with obesity-related co-morbid conditions. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 17: 307-19. (Pubitemid 38923340)
125. McElroy SL, Casuto LS, Nelson EB, Lake KA, Soutullo CA, Keck PE, Hudson JI. 2000. Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sertraline in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157:1004-1006. (Pubitemid 30412354)
126. McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Shapira NA, Rosenthal NR, Karim MR, Kamin M, et al. 2003. Topiramate in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Associated With Obesity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry 160:255-261. (Pubitemid 41110450)
127. McElroy SL, Shapira NA, Arnold LM, Keck PE, Rosenthal NR, Wu SC, et al. 2004. Topiramate in the long-term treatment of binge-eating disorder associated with obesity. J Clin Psychiatry 65:1463-1469.
128. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Hudson JI, Nelson EB, Keck PE. 2004. Zonisamide in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial. J Clin Psychiatry 65:50-66.
129. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Guerdjikova AI, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA, et al. 2006. Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 67:1897-1906. (Pubitemid 46055195)
130. McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Capece JA, Beyers K, Fisher AC, Rosenthal NR. 2007a. Topiramate for the treatment of Binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 61:1039-1048. (Pubitemid 46551975)
131. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA, et al. 2004b. Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68:390-398.
132. Mehler-Wex C, Romanos M, Kirchheiner J, Schulze UM. 2008. Atypical antipsychotics in severe anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents-review and case reports. Eur Eat Disord Rev . 16(2):100-8. (Pubitemid 351566271)
133. Milano W, Petrella C, Casella A, Capasso A, Carrino S, Milano L. 2005. Use of sibutramine, an inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, in the treatment of binge eating disorder: a placebo-controlled study. Adv Ther 22: 25-31. (Pubitemid 40646917)
134. Milano W, Petrella C, Sabatino C, Capasso A. 2004. Treatment of bulimia nervosa with sertraline: a randomized controlled trial. Adv Ther 21:232-237. (Pubitemid 39524900)
135. Milano W, Siano C, Putrella C, Capasso A. 2005. Treatment of bulimia nervosa with fluvoxamine: a randomized controlled trial. Adv Ther 223:278-283. (Pubitemid 41376940)
136. Mitchell JE, Groat R. 1984. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of amitriptyline in bulimia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 186-193. (Pubitemid 14061175)
137. Mitchell JE, Pyle RL, Eckert ED, Hatsukami D, Pomeroy C, Zimmerman R. 1990. A comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 149-157. (Pubitemid 20058091)
138. Mitchell JE, Fletcher L, Hanson K, Mussell MP, Seim H, Al-Banna M, Wilson M, Crosby RD. 2001. The relative efficacy of fluoxetine and manual-based self-help therapy in the treatment of outpatients with bulimia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21:293-304.
139. Mondraty N, Birmingham CL, Touyz S, Sundakov V, Chapman L, Beumont P. 2005. Randomized controlled trial of olanzapine in the treatment of cognitions in anorexia nervosa. Australas Psychiatry 13:72-75. (Pubitemid 40514990)
140. Newman-Toker J. 2000. Risperidone in anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:941-942.
141. NICE Guidelines (2004) Eating Disorders. Core interventions in treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia ner-vosa and related eating disorders. http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG9/Guidance/pdf/English
142. Nickel C, Tritt K, Muehlbacher M, Pedrosa Gil F, Mitterlehner FO, Kaplan P, et al. 2005. Topiramate treatment in bulimia nervosa patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 38:295-300. (Pubitemid 41785844)
143. Norgren S, Danielsson P, Jurold R, L ö tborn M, Marcus C. 2003. Orlistat treatment in obese prepubertal children: a pilot study. Acta Paediatr. 92:666-70. (Pubitemid 37088673)
144. Norris ML, Spettigue W, Buchholz A, Henderson KA, Obeid N. 2010. Factors influencing research drug trials in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Eat Disord. 18(3):210-7.
145. O'Reardon JP, Allison KC, Martino NS, Lundgren JD, HEO M, Stunkard J. 2006. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sertraline in the Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 163: 893-898. (Pubitemid 44464539)
146. Pearlstein T, Spurell E, Hohlstein LA, Gurney V, Read J, Fuchs C, et al. 2003. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of flu-voxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Arch Womens Ment Health6:147-151. (Pubitemid 36565907)
147. Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Jonas JM, Yurgelun-Todd D. 1983. Bulimia treated with imipramine: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 140:554-558. (Pubitemid 13080522)
148. Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Hudson JI. 1989. A placebo-controlled study of trazodone in bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol 9:254-259. (Pubitemid 19198959)
149. Powers PS, Santana CA, Bannon YS. 2002. Olanzapine in the treatment of Anorexia nervosa : an open label trial. Int J Eat Disord 32:146-154. (Pubitemid 34848184)
150. Powers PS, Bannon Y, Eubanks R, McCormick R. 2007. Quetiap-ine in Anorexia Nervosa Patients: An Open Label Outpatient Pilot Study. Int J Eat Disord 40:21-26. (Pubitemid 44936523)
151. Preti A, Usai A, Miotto P, Petretto DR, Masala C. 2008. Eating disorders among professional fashion models. Psychiatry Res 159(1-2):86-94
152. Preti A, Girolamo G, Vilagut G, Alonso J, Graaf R, Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Pinto-Meza A, Haro JM, Morosini P; ESEMeD-WMH Investigators. 2009. The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: results of the ESEMeD-WMH project. J Psychiatr Res . 43(14):1125-32.
153. Ricca V, Mannucci E, Mezzani B, Moretti S, Di Bernardo M, Bertelli M, et al. 2001. fluoxetine and fluvoxamine combined with individual cognitive-behaviour therapy in binge eating disorder: A one-year follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom 70: 298-306. (Pubitemid 34701802)
154. Ricca V, Castellini G, Lo Sauro C, Rotella CM, Faravelli C. 2009. Zonisamide Combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Binge Eating Disorder: A One-year Follow-up Study. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 6:23-8.
155. Rigaud D, Brondel L, Poupard AT, Talonneau I, Brun JM. 2007. A randomized trial on the efficacy of a 2-month tube feeding regimen in anorexia nervosa: A 1-year follow-up study. Clin Nutr264:421-429. (Pubitemid 47091486)
156. Romano SJ, Halmi KA, Sarkar NP, Koke SC, Lee JS. 2002. A placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in continued treatment of bulimia nervosa after successful acute fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 159:96-102. (Pubitemid 41070733)
157. Rothschild R, Quitkin HM, Quitkin FM, Steward JW, Ocepek-Welikson K, McGrath PJ, et al. 1994. Tricamo E. A double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of phenelzine and imipramine in the treatment of bulimia in atypical depressives. International J Eat Dis 15:1-9. (Pubitemid 24006350)
158. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Anorexia Nervosa. 2004. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38:659-670.
159. Ruggiero GM, Laini V, Mauri MC, Ferrari VM, Clemente A, Lugo F, Mantero M, Redaelli G, Zappulli D, Cavagnini F. 2001. A single blind comparison of amisulpride, fluoxetine and clomipramine in the treatment of restricting anorectics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25:1049-59. (Pubitemid 32769997)
160. Russell DM, Freedman ML, Feiglin DH, Jeejeebhoy KN, Swin-son RP, Garfinkel PE. 1983. Delayed gastric emptying and improvement with domperidone in a patient with anorexia ner-vosa. Am J Psychiatry 140:1235-1236. (Pubitemid 13050751)
161. Sabine EJ, Yonace A, Farrington AJ, Barratt KH, Wakeling A. 1983Bulimia nervosa : a placebo controlled double-blind therapeutic trial of mianserin. Br JClin Pharmac 15, 195-202.
162. Safai-Kutti S. 1990. Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia ner-vosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand 361:14-17.
163. Safer DL, Darcy AM, Lock J. 2011. Use of mirtazapine in an adult with refractory anorexia nervosa and comorbid depression: A case report. Int J Eat Disord 44:178-81 .
164. Santonastaso P, Friederici S, Favaro A. 2001. Sertraline in the treatment of restricting anorexia nervosa: an open controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11:143-150. (Pubitemid 32588485)
165. Saleh JW, Lebwohl P. 1979. Gastric emptying studies in patients with anorexia nervosa: the effects of metoclopramide. Gastro-enterology 76:1233. (Pubitemid 9216737)
166. Schmidt U, Cooper P, Essers H, Freeman Ch, Holland RL, Palmer R, et al. 2004. Fluvoxamine and graded psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of short-term und long-term pharmacotherapy combinde with a stepped care approach to psychotherapy. J Clinical Psychopharmacol 24:549-552. (Pubitemid 39274213)
167. Sharif ZA, 2003. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and drug-drug interactions of atypical antipsychotics in special populations. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 5 (suppl5):22-25.
168. Shay NF, Mangian HF. 2000. Neurobiology of zinc-influenced eating behavior J Nutr 130:1493-1499.
169. Signorini A, De Filippo E, Panico S, De Caprio C, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F. 2007. Long-term mortality in anorexia nervosa: a report after an 8-year follow-up and a review of the most recent literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 611:119-122. (Pubitemid 44921124)
170. Silbert M V. 1971. The weight gain effect of periactin in anorexic patients. SAfr Med J45:374-377.
171. Silveira RO, Zanatto V, Appolinário JC, Kapczinski F. 2005. An open trial of reboxetine in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord 10:e93-96.
172. Sokol MS, Gray NS, Goldstein A, Kaye WH. 1999. Methylphe-nidate treatment for bulimia nervosa associated with a cluster B personality disorder. Int J Eat Disord 25:233-237. (Pubitemid 29093589)
173. Spettigue W, Buchholz A, Henderson K, Feder S, Moher D, Kourad K, et al. 2008. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescent females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 8:4.
174. Stacher G, Bergmann H, Wiesnagrotzki S, Kiss A, Schneider C, Mittelbach G, et al. 1987. Intravenous cisapride accelerates delayed gastric emptying and increases antral contraction amplitude in patients with primary anorexia nervosa. Gastro-enterology 92:1000-1006. (Pubitemid 17046319)
175. Stacher G, Abatzi-Wenzel TA, Wiesnagrotzki S, Bergmann H, Schneider C, Gaupmann G. 1993. Gastric emptying, body weight and symptoms in primary anorexia nervosa. Long-term effects of cisapride. Br J Psychiatry 162:398-402. (Pubitemid 23070206)
176. Stefano SC, Bacaltchuk J, Blay SL, Appolinário JC. 2008. Antidepressants in short-term treatment of binge eating disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Behav 9: 129-136. (Pubitemid 351325722)
177. Steinglass J, Sysko R, Schebendach J, Broft A, Strober M, Walsh BT. The application of exposure therapy and D-cycloserine to the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a preliminary trial. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13:238-45. (Pubitemid 47222146)
178. Stunkard A, Berkowitz R, Tanrikut C, Reiss E, Young L. 1996. d-fenfl uramine treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry 153:1455-1459. (Pubitemid 26365461)
179. Sullivan PF, Bulik CM, Fear JL, Pickering A. 1998. Outcome of anorexia nervosa: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 155(7):939-46. (Pubitemid 28307607)
180. Sunblad Ch, Landen M, Eriksson T, Bergman L, Eriksson E. 2005. Effects of the androgen inhibitor flutamide and the serotonin inhibitor citalopram in bulimia nervosa: a placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacology 25: 85-88. (Pubitemid 40129386)
181. Szmukler GI, Young GP, Miller G, Lichtenstein M, Binns DS. 1995. A controlled trial of cisapride in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 17:347-57.
182. Trunko ME, Schwartz TA, Duvvuri V, Kaye WH. 2010. Aripipra-zole in anorexia nervosa and low-weight bulimia nervosa: Case reports. Int J Eat Disord.
183. Vandereycken W. 1984. Neuroleptics in the short-term treatment of anorexia nervosa. A double-blind placebo-controlled study with sulpiride. Br J Psychiatry 144:288-292. (Pubitemid 14159403)
184. Vandereycken W, Pierloot R. 1982. Pimozide combined with behavior therapy in the short-term treatment of anorexia nervosa. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 66:445-450. (Pubitemid 13242401)
185. Vieweg WVR, Wood MA Tricyclic antidepressants, QT interval prolongation and torsade de points. Psychosomatics 45: 371-377.
186. Walsh BT, Stewart JW, Roose SP, Gladis M, Glassman AH. 1984. Treatment of bulimia with phenelzine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:1105-1109. (Pubitemid 14017424)
187. Walsh BT, Gladis M, Roose SP, Steward JW, Stetner F, Glassman AH. 1988. Phenelzine vs placebo in 50 patients with bulimia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:471-475.
188. Walsh BT, Hadigan CM, Devlin MJ, Gladis M, Roose SP. 1991. Long-term outcome of antidepressant treatment for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 148:1206-1212.
189. Walsh BT, Agras WS, Devlin MJ, Fairburn CG, Wilson GT, Kahn C, et al. 2000. Fluoxetine for Bulimia Nervosa Following Poor Response to Psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 157: 1332-1334. (Pubitemid 30659821)
190. Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E, Olmsted M, Parides M, Carter JC, et al. 2006a. Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295: 2605-2612. (Pubitemid 43882335)
191. Walsh BT, Sysko R, Parides MK. 2006b. Early response to desipramine among women with bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 39:72-75. (Pubitemid 43130896)
192. WHO (1991). World Health Organisation. Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chapter V (F): Mental and Behavioural Disorders (including disorders of psychological development). Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
193. Wilfley DE, Crow SJ, Hudson JI, Mitchell JE, Berkowitz RI, Blakesley V, et al. 2008. Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 165:51-58. (Pubitemid 351704552)
194. Yancy WS Jr, Westman EC, McDuffie JR, Grambow SC, Jeffreys AS, Bolton J, Chalecki A, Oddone EZ. 2010. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss. Arch Intern Med. 170:136-45.