Antiviral drugs for viruses other than human immunodeficiency virus

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1009-1026

  Razonable, Raymund R ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 (2 BROMOVINYL) 2' DEOXYURIDINE; ACICLOVIR; ADEFOVIR DIPIVOXIL; ALPHA INTERFERON; AMANTADINE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; DNA POLYMERASE; EMTRICITABINE; FAMCICLOVIR; FOMIVIRSEN; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; INTERFERON; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; OSELTAMIVIR; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; PENCICLOVIR; RIBAVIRIN; RIMANTADINE; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SIALIDASE; THYMIDINE KINASE; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL M2; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR; VIDARABINE; ZANAMIVIR;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANEMIA; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANXIETY; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; BLURRED VISION; BOLIVIAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; BONE MARROW DISEASE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRONCHOSPASM; CALIFORNIA ENCEPHALITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHANNEL GATING; CHICKENPOX; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONFUSION; CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISORIENTATION; DNA VIRUS; DNA VIRUS INFECTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG PENETRATION; DYSPNEA; ENZYME INHIBITION; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INFECTION; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE IRRITATION; EYE PAIN; FANCONI RENOTUBULAR SYNDROME; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; GENITAL HERPES; GENOTYPE; HALLUCINATION; HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; HEADACHE; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HERPES LABIALIS; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS; HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS; HERPES VIRUS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HERPES ZOSTER; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA B; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INFLUENZA VIRUS B; INHIBITION KINETICS; INSOMNIA; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; JAUNDICE; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; KIDNEY DISEASE; LACRIMAL DUCT OCCLUSION; LACRIMATION; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LASSA FEVER; LUNG DISEASE; MENTAL DISEASE; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUTROPENIA; NIPAH VIRUS INFECTION; PHOTOPHOBIA; PNEUMONIA; PRURITUS; RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA EDEMA; RETINA NECROSIS; SEIZURE; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TERATOGENICITY; THYROID DISEASE; TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION; VERTIGO; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 80053490673     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0309     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (202)

1. Corey L, Fife KH, Benedetti JK, et al. Intravenous acyclovir for the treatment of primary genital herpes. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:914-921.
2. Nilsen AE, Aasen T, Halsos AM, et al. Efficacy of oral acyclovir in the treatment of initial and recurrent genital herpes. Lancet. 1982;2:571-573. (Pubitemid 12049485)
3. Serota FT, Starr SE, Bryan CK, Koch PA, Plotkin SA, August CS. Acyclovir treatment of herpes zoster infections: use in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. JAMA. 1982;247:2132-2135. (Pubitemid 12139594)
4. Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007;370:2127-2137. (Pubitemid 350296304)
5. Reichman RC, Badger GJ, Mertz GJ, et al. Treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir: a controlled trial. JAMA. 1984;251:2103-2107. (Pubitemid 14133504)
6. Luby JP, Gnann JW Jr, Alexander WJ, et al. A collaborative study of patient-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes with topical acyclovir or placebo. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:1-6. (Pubitemid 14093825)
7. Cernik C, Gallina K, Brodell RT. The treatment of herpes simplex infections: an evidence-based review. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1137-1144. (Pubitemid 351831395)
8. Zuckerman R, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(suppl 4):S104-S107.
9. De Clercq E. Antivirals for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1993;32(suppl A):121-132. (Pubitemid 23244716)
10. Valencia I, Miles DK, Melvin J, et al. Relapse of herpes encephalitis after acyclovir therapy: report of two new cases and review of the literature. Neuropediatrics. 2004;35:371-376. (Pubitemid 40039261)
11. Balfour HH Jr, Kelly JM, Suarez CS, et al. Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children. J Pediatr. 1990;116:633-639. (Pubitemid 20124165)
12. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Murray NB, Brodine SK, Oldfield EC III. Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:358-363.
13. Wood MJ, Kay R, Dworkin RH, Soong SJ, Whitley RJ. Oral acyclovir therapy accelerates pain resolution in patients with herpes zoster: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:341-347. (Pubitemid 26056166)
14. Other herpesviruses: HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8, HSV-1 and -2, VZV. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 10):66-71.
15. Bean B, Aeppli D. Adverse effects of high-dose intravenous acyclovir in ambulatory patients with acute herpes zoster. J Infect Dis. 1985;151:362-365. (Pubitemid 15155305)
16. Perazella MA. Crystal-induced acute renal failure. Am J Med. 1999;106:459-465. (Pubitemid 29190600)
17. Helldén A, Lycke J, Vander T, Svensson JO, Odar-Cederlof I, Stahle L. The aciclovir metabolite CMMG is detectable in the CSF of subjects with neuropsychiatric symptoms during aciclovir and valaciclovir treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:945-949.
18. Ernst ME, Franey RJ. Acyclovir- and ganciclovir-induced neurotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:111-113. (Pubitemid 28087242)
19. Wade JC, Meyers JD. Neurologic symptoms associated with parenteral acyclovir treatment after marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:921-925. (Pubitemid 13053404)
20. Buck ML, Vittone SB, Zaglul HF. Vesicular eruptions following acyclovir administration. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27:1458-1459. (Pubitemid 24005140)
21. Amos RJ, Amess JA. Megaloblastic haemopoiesis due to acyclovir. Lancet. 1983;1:242-243. (Pubitemid 13171123)
22. Danve-Szatanek C, Aymard M, Thouvenot D, et al. Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:242-249. (Pubitemid 38082727)
23. Bacon TH, Levin MJ, Leary JJ, Sarisky RT, Sutton D. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:114-128. (Pubitemid 36114710)
24. Malvy D, Treilhaud M, Bouee S, et al. A retrospective, case-control study of acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:320-326. (Pubitemid 41022108)
25. Superti F, Ammendolia MG, Marchetti M. New advances in anti-HSV chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15:900-911. (Pubitemid 351736410)
26. De Clercq E. Discovery and development of BVDU (brivudin) as a therapeutic for the treatment of herpes zoster. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004;68:2301-2315. (Pubitemid 39535103)
27. Lea AP, Bryson HM. Cidofovir. Drugs. 1996;52:225-230. (Pubitemid 26259619)
28. Lanier R, Trost L, Tippin T, et al. Development of CMX001 for the treatment of poxvirus infections. Viruses. 2010;2:2740-2762.
29. Wolf DL, Rodriguez CA, Mucci M, Ingrosso A, Duncan BA, Nickens DJ. Pharmacokinetics and renal effects of cidofovir with a reduced dose of probenecid in HIV-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:43-51. (Pubitemid 36015442)
30. Cundy KC. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;36:127-143. (Pubitemid 29121686)
31. Kendle JB, Fan-Havard P. Cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegaloviral disease. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:1181-1192. (Pubitemid 28543465)
32. Cherrington JM, Fuller MD, Lamy PD, et al. In vitro antiviral susceptibilities of isolates from cytomegalovirus retinitis patients receiving first- or second-line cidofovir therapy: relationship to clinical outcome. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1821-1825. (Pubitemid 28558163)
33. Jabs DA, Enger C, Forman M, Dunn JP; The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Incidence of foscarnet resistance and cidofovir resistance in patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:2240-2244. (Pubitemid 28420357)
34. Snoeck R, De Clercq E. Role of cidofovir in the treatment of DNA virus infections, other than CMV infections, in immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3:1561-1566. (Pubitemid 36266727)
35. Cha S, Johnston L, Natkunam Y, Brown J. Treatment of verruca vulgaris with topical cidofovir in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2005;7:158-161. (Pubitemid 43015454)
36. Lamoth F, Pascual M, Erard V, Venetz JP, Nseir G, Meylan P. Low-dose cidofovir for the treatment of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: two case reports and review of the literature. Antivir Ther. 2008;13:1001-1009.
37. Toro JR, Sanchez S, Turiansky G, Blauvelt A. Topical cidofovir for the treatment of dermatologic conditions: verruca, condyloma, intraepithelial neoplasia, herpes simplex and its potential use in smallpox. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21:301-309. (Pubitemid 36529764)
38. Lalezari JP, Drew WL, Glutzer E, et al. Treatment with intravenous (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]-cytosine of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus in a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:570-572.
39. Bryant P, Sasadeusz J, Carapetis J, Waters K, Curtis N. Successful treatment of foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex stomatitis with intravenous cidofovir in a child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1083-1086. (Pubitemid 33055083)
40. Kopp T, Geusau A, Rieger A, Stingl G. Successful treatment of an aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex type 2 infection with cidofovir in an AIDS patient. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:134-138. (Pubitemid 34779449)
41. Garvey L, Thomson EC, Taylor GP. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: prolonged survival in patients treated with protease inhibitors and cidofovir: a case series. AIDS. 2006;20:791-793. (Pubitemid 43884316)
42. Marra CM, Rajicic N, Barker DE, et al. A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. AIDS. 2002;16:1791-1797.
43. Razonable RR, Aksamit AJ, Wright AJ, Wilson JW. Cidofovir treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:1171-1175. (Pubitemid 33032394)
44. Segarra-Newnham M, Vodolo KM. Use of cidofovir in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35:741-744. (Pubitemid 32523609)
45. Viallard JF, Lazaro E, Ellie E, et al. Improvement of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after cidofovir therapy in a patient with a destructive polyarthritis. Infection. 2007;35:33-36. (Pubitemid 46295036)
46. Cesaro S, Hirsch HH, Faraci M, et al. Cidofovir for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis: a retrospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:233-240.
47. Kottke MD, Parker SR. Intravenous cidofovir-induced resolution of disfiguring cutaneous human papillomavirus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:533-536. (Pubitemid 44189577)
48. Kazory A, Singapuri S, Wadhwa A, Ejaz AA. Simultaneous development of Fanconi syndrome and acute renal failure associated with cidofovir. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:193-194. (Pubitemid 47073311)
49. Ambati J, Wynne KB, Angerame MC, Robinson MR. Anterior uveitis associated with intravenous cidofovir use in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1153-1158. (Pubitemid 29469120)
50. Tseng AL, Mortimer CB, Salit IE. Iritis associated with intravenous cidofovir. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:167-171. (Pubitemid 29109678)
51. Gill KS, Wood MJ. The clinical pharmacokinetics of famciclovir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;31:1-8. (Pubitemid 26238199)
52. Faro S. A review of famciclovir in the management of genital herpes. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1998;6:38-43. (Pubitemid 28249213)
53. Chacko M, Weinberg JM. Famciclovir for cutaneous herpesvirus infections: an update and review of new single-day dosing indications. Cutis. 2007;80:77-81.
54. Saltzman R, Jurewicz R, Boon R. Safety of famciclovir in patients with herpes zoster and genital herpes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2454-2457. (Pubitemid 24304247)
55. Grillone LR, Lanz R. Fomivirsen. Drugs Today (Barc). 2001;37:245-255. (Pubitemid 32506283)
56. Vitravene Study Group. A randomized controlled clinical trial of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of newly diagnosed peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:467-474.
57. Highleyman L. Fomivirsen. BETA. 1998;29:31.
58. Chrisp P, Clissold SP. Foscarnet: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs. 1991;41:104-129. (Pubitemid 21920729)
59. Balfour HH Jr, Fletcher CV, Erice A, et al. Effect of foscarnet on quantities of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus in blood of persons with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:2721-2726. (Pubitemid 26404332)
60. Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al. International consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2010;89:779-795.
61. Humar A, Snydman D. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(suppl 4):S78-S86.
62. Jacobson MA, Causey D, Polsky B, et al. A dose-ranging study of daily maintenance intravenous foscarnet therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:444-448. (Pubitemid 23210624)
63. Beaufils H, Deray G, Katlama C, et al. Foscarnet and crystals in glomerular capillary lumens. Lancet. 1990;336:755. (Pubitemid 20309183)
64. Lor E, Liu YQ. Neurologic sequelae associated with foscarnet therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28:1035-1037. (Pubitemid 24292692)
65. Nichols WG, Boeckh M. Recent advances in the therapy and prevention of CMV infections. J Clin Virol. 2000;16:25-40. (Pubitemid 30066479)
66. Frank KB, Chiou JF, Cheng YC. Interaction of herpes simplex virus-induced DNA polymerase with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine triphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:1566-1569. (Pubitemid 14104210)
67. Razonable RR, Paya CV. The impact of human herpesvirus-6 and -7 infection on the outcome of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002;8:651-658.
68. Spector SA, Weingeist T, Pollard RB, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group; Cytomegalovirus Cooperative Study Group. A randomized, controlled study of intravenous ganciclovir therapy for cytomegalovirus peripheral retinitis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:557-563. (Pubitemid 23254272)
69. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, et al; Syntex Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group. Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:615-620.
70. Gane E, Saliba F, Valdecasas GJ, et al; Oral Ganciclovir International Transplantation Study Group. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver-transplant recipients [published correction appears in Lancet. 1998;351(9100):454]. Lancet. 1997;350:1729-1733. (Pubitemid 28036671)
71. Eid AJ, Arthurs SK, Deziel PJ, Wilhelm MP, Razonable RR. Emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in the era of valganciclovir prophylaxis: therapeutic implications and outcomes. Clin Transplant. 2008;22:162-170. (Pubitemid 351420009)
72. Sarisky RT, Bacon TH, Boon RJ, et al. Profiling penciclovir susceptibility and prevalence of resistance of herpes simplex virus isolates across eleven clinical trials. Arch Virol. 2003;148:1757-1769. (Pubitemid 37144179)
73. Bacon TH, Boyd MR. Activity of penciclovir against Epstein-Barr virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:1599-1602.
74. Spruance SL, Rea TL, Thoming C, Tucker R, Saltzman R, Boon R; Topical Penciclovir Collaborative Study Group. Penciclovir cream for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1997;277:1374-1379. (Pubitemid 27194948)
75. Acosta EP, Fletcher CV. Valacyclovir. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:185-191. (Pubitemid 27074107)
76. Spruance SL, Tyring SK, DeGregorio B, Miller C, Beutner K; Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. A large-scale, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of peroral valaciclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent herpes genitalis. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1729-1735. (Pubitemid 26287131)
77. Pergam SA, Limaye AP. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(suppl 4):S108-S115.
78. Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, et al; International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1462-1470. (Pubitemid 29220545)
79. Razonable RR, Paya CV. Valganciclovir for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in immunocompromised hosts. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;2:27-41.
80. Brown F, Banken L, Saywell K, Arum I. Pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir and ganciclovir following multiple oral dosages of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;37:167-176. (Pubitemid 29431482)
81. Wiltshire H, Hirankarn S, Farrell C, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of ganciclovir after its oral administration and from its prodrug, valganciclovir, in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:495-507. (Pubitemid 40733734)
82. Caldes A, Colom H, Armendariz Y, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir after intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir administration in solid organ transplant patients infected with cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4816-4824.
83. Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, et al. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1119-1126. (Pubitemid 34984602)
84. Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E, et al. Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:611-620. (Pubitemid 38523584)
85. Khoury JA, Storch GA, Bohl DL, et al. Prophylactic versus preemptive oral valganciclovir for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in adult renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2134-2143. (Pubitemid 44199547)
86. Snydman DR. Use of valganciclovir for prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease [editorial]. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:28-29. (Pubitemid 351263555)
87. Einsele H, Reusser P, Bornhauser M, et al. Oral valganciclovir leads to higher exposure to ganciclovir than intravenous ganciclovir in patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2006;107:3002-3008.
88. Len O, Gavalda J, Aguado JM, et al. Valganciclovir as treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:20-27. (Pubitemid 351263554)
89. Asberg A, Humar A, Rollag H, et al. Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2106-2113. (Pubitemid 47247057)
90. Wilhelmus KR. Therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD002898.
91. De Clercq E. Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol. 2004;30:115-133. (Pubitemid 38582018)
92. Tappenden P, Jackson R, Cooper K, et al. Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza (including a review of existing guidance no. 67): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13(11):iii,ix-xii, 1-246.
93. Betts RF. Amantadine and rimantadine for the prevention of influenza A. Semin Respir Infect. 1989;4:304-310.
94. Krumbholz A, Schmidtke M, Bergmann S, et al. High prevalence of amantadine resistance among circulating European porcine influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol. 2009;90:900-908.
95. Higgins RR, Eshaghi A, Burton L, Mazzulli T, Drews SJ. Differential patterns of amantadine-resistance in influenza A (H3N2) and (H1N1) isolates in Toronto, Canada. J Clin Virol. 2009;44:91-93.
96. Hayden FG, Hay AJ. Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;176:119-130.
97. Hayden FG, Sperber SJ, Belshe RB, Clover RD, Hay AJ, Pyke S. Recovery of drug-resistant influenza A virus during therapeutic use of rimantadine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:1741-1747.
98. Ward P, Small I, Smith J, Suter P, Dutkowski R. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(suppl 1):i5-i21. (Pubitemid 40331165)
99. Sugaya N, Tamura D, Yamazaki M, et al. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir against influenza virus infection in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:339-345. (Pubitemid 352009352)
100. Khazeni N, Bravata DM, Holty JE, Uyeki TM, Stave CD, Gould MK. Systematic review: safety and efficacy of extended-duration antiviral chemoprophylaxis against pandemic and seasonal influenza. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:464-473.
101. Kiso M, Mitamura K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, et al. Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study. Lancet. 2004;364:759-765. (Pubitemid 39165094)
102. De Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, et al. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2667-2672. (Pubitemid 41817715)
103. Le QM, Kiso M, Someya K, et al. Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus. Nature. 2005;437:1108. (Pubitemid 41509341)
104. Dharan NJ, Gubareva LV, Meyer JJ, et al. Infections with oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) virus in the United States. JAMA. 2009;301:1034-1041.
105. Hatakeyama S, Sugaya N, Ito M, et al. Emergence of influenza B viruses with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. JAMA. 2007;297:1435-1442. (Pubitemid 46556469)
106. Freund B, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Miller I. Zanamivir: a review of clinical safety. Drug Saf. 1999;21:267-281.
107. Gaur AH, Bagga B, Barman S, et al. Intravenous zanamivir for oseltamivir-resistant 2009 H1N1 influenza [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(1):88-89.
108. Kidd IM, Down J, Nastouli E, et al. H1N1 pneumonitis treated with intravenous zanamivir. Lancet. 2009;374:1036.
109. Gravenstein S, Johnston SL, Loeschel E, Webster A. Zanamivir: a review of clinical safety in individuals at high risk of developing influenza-related complications. Drug Saf. 2001;24:1113-1125. (Pubitemid 34151345)
110. Zeuzem S, Welsch C, Herrmann E. Pharmacokinetics of peginterferons. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(suppl 1):23-28. (Pubitemid 37052441)
111. Pedder SC. Pegylation of interferon alfa: structural and pharmacokinetic properties. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(suppl 1):19-22. (Pubitemid 37052440)
112. Wong DK, Cheung AM, O'Rourke K, Naylor CD, Detsky AS, Heathcote J. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:312-323. (Pubitemid 23319890)
113. Haria M, Benfield P. Interferon-alpha-2a: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the management of viral hepatitis. Drugs. 1995;50:873-896.
114. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661-662.
115. Marcellin P, Asselah T, Boyer N. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12:333-345. (Pubitemid 40961472)
116. Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2682-2695. (Pubitemid 41007823)
117. Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1206-1217. (Pubitemid 39296307)
118. Janssen HL, van Zonneveld M, Senturk H, et al. Pegylated Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:123-129. (Pubitemid 40091801)
119. Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:88-94.
120. Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1740-1749. (Pubitemid 38736339)
121. Soriano V, Puoti M, Bonacini M, et al. Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel. AIDS. 2005;19:221-240. (Pubitemid 40396554)
122. Alberti A, Clumeck N, Collins S, et al. Short statement of the first European Consensus Conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV co-infected patients. J Hepatol. 2005;42:615-624.
123. Poynard T, Leroy V, Cohard M, et al. Meta-analysis of interferon randomized trials in the treatment of viral hepatitis C: effects of dose and duration. Hepatology. 1996;24:778-789. (Pubitemid 26334273)
124. Zeuzem S, Feinman SV, Rasenack J, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1666-1672.
125. Perry CM, Jarvis B. Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40 kD): a review of its use in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Drugs. 2001;61:2263-2288. (Pubitemid 34081171)
126. Heathcote EJ, Shiffman ML, Cooksley WG, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1673-1680.
127. Brok J, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Ribavirin plus interferon versus interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD005445.
128. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:975-982.
129. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;358:958-965. (Pubitemid 32913521)
130. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-1374.
131. Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2839-2848. (Pubitemid 39628231)
132. Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:438-450. (Pubitemid 38988593)
133. Chung RT, Andersen J, Volberding P, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:451-459. (Pubitemid 38988594)
134. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1452-1457.
135. Santantonio T, Fasano M, Sinisi E, et al. Efficacy of a 24-week course of PEG-interferon alpha-2b monotherapy in patients with acute hepatitis C after failure of spontaneous clearance. J Hepatol. 2005;42:329-333. (Pubitemid 40254246)
136. Eron LJ, Judson F, Tucker S, et al. Interferon therapy for condylomata acuminata. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1059-1064. (Pubitemid 17170622)
137. Leung DT, Sacks SL. Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes. Drugs. 2000;60:1329-1352. (Pubitemid 32039390)
138. Huang SS, Skolasky RL, Dal Pan GJ, Royal W III, McArthur JC. Survival prolongation in HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with alpha-interferon: an observational study. J Neurovirol. 1998;4:324-332. (Pubitemid 28260716)
139. Geschwind MD, Skolasky RI, Royal WS, McArthur JC. The relative contributions of HAART and alpha-interferon for therapy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. J Neurovirol. 2001;7:353-357. (Pubitemid 32894241)
140. Renault PF, Hoofnagle JH, Park Y, et al. Psychiatric complications of long-term interferon alfa therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1577-1580. (Pubitemid 17138838)
141. Dieperink E, Willenbring M, Ho SB. Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and interferon19 alpha: a review. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:867-876. (Pubitemid 30412335)
142. Midturi J, Sierra-Hoffman M, Hurley D, Winn R, Beissner R, Carpenter J. Spectrum of pulmonary toxicity associated with the use of interferon therapy for hepatitis C: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1724-1729. (Pubitemid 39578553)
143. Levenson JL, Fallon HJ. Fluoxetine treatment of depression caused by interferon-alpha. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:760-761. (Pubitemid 23132837)
144. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:961-966. (Pubitemid 32240314)
145. Durand JM, Kaplanski G, Portal I, Scheiner C, Berland Y, Soubeyrand J. Liver failure due to recombinant alpha interferon. Lancet. 1991;338:1268-1269.
146. Averbuch SD, Austin HA III, Sherwin SA, Antonovych T, Bunn PA Jr, Longo DL. Acute interstitial nephritis with the nephrotic syndrome following recombinant leukocyte a interferon therapy for mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:32-35. (Pubitemid 14212478)
147. Agesta N, Zabala R, Diaz-Perez JL. Alopecia areata during interferon alpha-2b/ribavirin therapy. Dermatology. 2002;205:300-301. (Pubitemid 36158545)
148. Wade JR, Snoeck E, Duff F, Lamb M, Jorga K. Pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:710-714. (Pubitemid 44749548)
149. Kramer TH, Gaar GG, Ray CG, Minnich L, Copeland JG, Connor JD. Hemodialysis clearance of intravenously administered ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34:489-490. (Pubitemid 20068680)
150. Gish RG. Treating HCV with ribavirin analogues and ribavirin-like molecules. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:8-13. (Pubitemid 43057053)
151. Gluud LL, Marchesini E, Iorio A. Peginterferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2335-2341.
152. Ventre K, Randolph AG. Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;CD000181.
153. Pelaez A, Lyon GM, Force SD, et al. Efficacy of oral ribavirin in lung transplant patients with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28:67-71.
154. Knowles SR, Phillips EJ, Dresser L, Matukas L. Common adverse events associated with the use of ribavirin for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1139-1142. (Pubitemid 37323673)
155. Muller MP, Dresser L, Raboud J, et al. Adverse events associated with high-dose ribavirin: evidence from the Toronto outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:494-503. (Pubitemid 46536229)
156. McJunkin JE, Khan R, De los Reyes EC, et al. Treatment of severe La Crosse encephalitis with intravenous ribavirin following diagnosis by brain biopsy. Pediatrics. 1997;99:261-267. (Pubitemid 27148884)
157. Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, et al. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:810-813. (Pubitemid 32530252)
158. McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, et al. Lassa fever: effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:20-26. (Pubitemid 16183064)
159. Huggins JW, Hsiang CM, Cosgriff TM, et al. Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:1119-1127.
160. Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet. 1995;346:472-475.
161. Mardani M, Jahromi MK, Naieni KH, Zeinali M. The efficacy of oral ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1613-1618. (Pubitemid 36783348)
162. Kilgore PE, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, et al. Treatment of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever with intravenous ribavirin. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:718-722. (Pubitemid 27143569)
163. Prochoda K, Mostow SR, Greenberg K. Hantavirus-associated acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1744.
164. Dando T, Plosker G. Adefovir dipivoxil: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B. Drugs. 2003;63:2215-2234. (Pubitemid 37289922)
165. Rivkin AM. Adefovir dipivoxil in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:625-633. (Pubitemid 38352228)
166. Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:808-816. (Pubitemid 36245757)
167. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:800-807. (Pubitemid 36245756)
168. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2673-2681. (Pubitemid 41007822)
169. Delaney WE. Progress in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: long-term experience with adefovir dipivoxil. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:827-832.
170. Lim SG, Ng TM, Kung N, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of emtricitabine in chronic hepatitis B. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:49-56. (Pubitemid 43063841)
171. Sims KA, Woodland AM. Entecavir: a new nucleoside analog for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:1745-1757. (Pubitemid 44885329)
172. Matthews SJ. Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Ther. 2006;28:184-203.
173. Scott LJ, Keating GM. Entecavir: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B. Drugs. 2009;69:1003-1033.
174. Johnson MA, Moore KH, Yuen GJ, Bye A, Pakes GE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lamivudine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;36:41-66. (Pubitemid 29056000)
175. Dienstag JL, Perrillo RP, Schiff ER, Bartholomew M, Vicary C, Rubin M. A preliminary trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1657-1661. (Pubitemid 26001954)
176. Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1256-1263. (Pubitemid 29489740)
177. Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, et al; Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:61-68. (Pubitemid 28304879)
178. Honkoop P, De Man RA, Heijtink RA, Schalm SW. Hepatitis B reactivation after lamivudine. Lancet. 1995;346:1156-1157.
179. Zhou XJ, Ke J, Sallas WM, Farrell C, Mayers DL, Pentikis HS. Population pharmacokinetics of telbivudine and determination of dose adjustment for patients with renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49:725-734.
180. Kim JW, Park SH, Louie SG. Telbivudine: a novel nucleoside analog for chronic hepatitis B. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:472-478.
181. Jones R, Nelson M. Novel anti-hepatitis B agents: a focus on telbivudine. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:1295-1299. (Pubitemid 44363668)
182. Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2576-2588. (Pubitemid 350294224)
183. Chan HL, Heathcote EJ, Marcellin P, et al. Treatment of hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic hepatitis with telbivudine or adefovir: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:745-754. (Pubitemid 351664439)
184. Kearney BP, Flaherty JF, Shah J. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:595-612. (Pubitemid 38951802)
185. Grim SA, Romanelli F. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:849-859. (Pubitemid 36618375)
186. Gallant JE, Deresinski S. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:944-950. (Pubitemid 37267211)
187. Wong SN, Lok AS. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: role in hepatitis B treatment. Hepatology. 2006;44:309-313. (Pubitemid 44214868)
188. Reijnders JG, Janssen HL. Potency of tenofovir in chronic hepatitis B: mono or combination therapy? J Hepatol. 2008;48:383-386.
189. Gitman MD, Hirschwerk D, Baskin CH, Singhal PC. Tenofovir-induced kidney injury. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007;6:155-164. (Pubitemid 46380809)
190. Gupta SK. Tenofovir-associated Fanconi syndrome: review of the FDA adverse event reporting system. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22:99-103. (Pubitemid 351252586)
191. Schmid S, Opravil M, Moddel M, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis of HIV-positive patients under atazanavir and tenofovir therapy in a retrospective analysis of kidney biopsies. Virchows Arch. 2007;450:665-670. (Pubitemid 46986233)
192. Kapitsinou PP, Ansari N. Acute renal failure in an AIDS patient on tenofovir: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2008;2:94.
193. Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, Morris A, Hoffman R, Braden G. Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:283-290. (Pubitemid 43054205)
194. Foote BC, Spooner LM, Belliveau PP. Boceprevir: a protease inhibitor for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C [Epub ahead of print August 9, 2011]. Ann Pharmacother. doi:10.1345/aph.1P744.
195. Poordad F, McCone J Jr, Bacon BR, et al. Boceprevir for untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1195-1206.
196. Bacon BR, Gordon SC, Lawitz E, et al. Boceprevir for previously treated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1207-1217.
197. Pawlotsky JM, Chevaliez S, McHutchison JG. The hepatitis C virus life cycle as a target for new antiviral therapies. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1979-1998. (Pubitemid 46695724)
198. Sarrazin C, Kieffer TL, Bartels D, et al. Dynamic hepatitis C virus genotypic and phenotypic changes in patients treated with the protease inhibitor telaprevir. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1767-1777. (Pubitemid 46677938)
199. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, et al. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1827-1838.
200. Hézode C, Forestier N, Dusheiko G, et al. Telaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1839-1850.
201. Jacobson IM, McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, et al. Telaprevir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2405-2416.
202. Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, et al. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2417-2428.