Urban rivers and riparian systems - Directions and recommendations for legislators, policy makers, developers and community users

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 313-331

  Davies, Peter J ^a   Ives, Christopher D ^a   Findlay, Sophia J ^a   Taylor, Mark P ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; DRAINAGE NETWORK; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; LANDSCAPE PLANNING; LEGISLATION; POLICY MAKING; RIPARIAN ZONE; RIVER SYSTEM; URBAN PLANNING; URBAN POLICY; WATER MANAGEMENT;

AUSTRALIA; NEW SOUTH WALES;

EID: 80053404224     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Meyer JL, Paul MJ and Taulbee WK, "Stream Ecosystem Function in Urbanizing Landscapes" (2005) 24 J N Am Benthol Soc 602.
2. Bradsen J, "Biodiversity Legislation: Species, Vegetation, Habitats" (1992) 9 EPLJ 175 at 179.
3. Beeton RJS (Bob), Buckley KI, Jones GJ, Morgan D, Reichelt RE and Trewin D (2006 Australian State of the Environment Committee), Australia State of the Environment 2006 (independent report to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2006) p 50.
4. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Regional Population Growth for Australia 2008-09, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2008-09~Main+Features~Main+Features?OpenDocument#PARALINK11 viewed 13 May 2011.
5. Walsh CJ, Roy AH, Feminella JW, Cottingham PD, Groffman PM and Morgan RP, "The Urban Stream Syndrome: Current Knowledge and the Search for a Cure" (2005) 24 J N Am Benthol Soc 706
6. Dunne T and Leopold LB, Water in Environmental Planning (WH Freeman and Company, 1978).
7. Booth DB and Jackson CR, "Urbanisation of Aquatic Systems: Degradation Thresholds, Stormwater Detection, and the Limits of Mitigation" (1997) 33(5) Journal of the American Water Resources 1077.
8. Klein RD, "Urbanization and Stream Quality Impairment" (1979) 15 J Am Water Resour As 948.
9. Bunn SE, Davies PM and Mosisch TD, "Ecosystem Measures of River Health and their Response to Riparian and Catchment Degradation" (1999) 41 Freshwater Biol 333.
10. Harding JS, Benfield EF, Bolstad PV, Helfman GS and Jones EBD, "Stream Biodiversity: The Ghost of Land Use Past" (1998) 95 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 14843
11. Walsh CJ, "Biological Indicators of Stream Health Using Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Composition: A Comparison of Sensitivity to an Urban Gradient" (2006) 57 Mar Freshw Res 37
12. Davies PJ, Wright IA, Findlay, SJ, Jonasson OJ and Burgin S, "Impact of Urban Development on Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in South Eastern Australia: Degradation of In-stream Habitats and Comparison with Non-urban Streams" (2010) 44 Aquat Ecol 685.
13. Davies PJ, Wright IA, Jonasson OJ and Findlay SJ, "Impact of Concrete and PVC Pipes on Urban Water Chemistry" (2010) 7 Urban Water Journal 233.
14. Birch GF, Cruickshank B and Davies B, "Modelling Nutrient Loads to Sydney Estuary (Australia)" (2010) 167 Environ Monit Assess 333.
15. New South Wales Government, 2010 Metropolitan Plan - Water for People and the Environment (The NSW Office of Water, 2010), http://www.waterforlife.nsw.gov.au/mwp viewed 13 May 2011.
16. Simmons B and Scott J, "The River has Recorded the Story, Living with the Hawkesbury River, Sydney, NSW, Australia" in Tvedt T and Jakobsson EJ (eds), A History of Water Volume 1: Water Control and River Biographies (IB Tauris Publishers, 2005) pp 253-276.
17. Birch G and Taylor S, "Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Port Jackson Estuary, Australia" (1999) 227(2-3) The Sci Total Environ 123.
18. Beder S, Toxic Fish and Sewer Surfing - How Deceit and Collusion are Destroying our Great Beaches (Allen and Unwin, 1989).
19. Sydney Water, Annual Report 2010 (2010), http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Publications/Reports/AnnualReport/2010/performance/sustainability/clean_waterways_si2.html viewed 13 May 2011.
20. Sydney Water's SewerFix program is an example of the large amount of investment and work that goes into repairing and augmenting infrastructure to prevent excessive sewer overflows. For details of this program
21. see http://www.sydneywater.com.au/MajorProjects/Wastewater/SewerFix/index.cfm viewed 13 May 2011.
22. A more detailed discussion of the impacts of nutrient enrichment on urban stream ecosystems is also found in Walsh et al, n 5.
23. Walsh CJ, Fletcher TD and Ladson AR, "Stream Restoration in Urban Catchment through Redesigning Stormwater Systems: Looking to the Catchment to Save the Stream" (2005) 24 J N Am Benthol Soc 690.
24. Wenger SJ, Roy AH, Jackson CR, Bernhardt ES, Carter TL, Filoso S, Gibson CA, Grimm NB, Hession WC, Kaushal SS, Martí E, Meyer JL, Palmer MA, Paul MJ, Purcell AH, Ramirez A, Rosemond AD, Schofield KA, Schueler TR, Sudduth E and Walsh CJ, "Twenty-six Key Research Questions in Urban Stream Ecology: An Assessment of the State of the Science" (2009) 28 J N Am Benthol Soc 1080.
25. Underwood AJ, "Precautionary Principles Require Changes in Thinking about Planning Environmental Sampling" in Harding R and Fisher E (eds), Perspecitves on the Precautionary Principle (Federation Press, 1999) pp 254-266.
26. Angell JK, A Treatise on the Common Law, In relation to Watercourses: Intended more particularly as an Illustration of the Rights and Duties of the Owners and Occupants of Water Privileges (5th ed, Wells and Lilly, 1854).
27. See Taylor MP and Stokes R, "Up the Creek: What is Wrong with the Definition of a River in New South Wales?" (2005) 22 EPLJ 193.
28. See Walsh et al, n 5
29. Meyer et al, n 1
30. Findlay SJ and Taylor MP, "Why Rehabilitate Urban River Systems?" (2006) 38 Area 312.
31. Brown RR, "Impediments to Integrated Urban Stormwater Management: The Need for Institutional Reform" (2005) 36 Environmental Management 455
32. O'Laughlin G and Robinson DK, "The Coming of Quality: The Recognition of Urban Stormwater Pollution in Australia" in Jollife IB and Ball JE (eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage (Vol 1, Institution of Engineers Australia, 30 August-3 September 1999) pp 315-323.
33. Benyus JM, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (Perennial, 2002).
34. Institution of Engineers Australia, Australian Rainfall and Runoff (first report of the Stormwater Standards Committee, Institution of Engineers Australia, 1958).
35. Wong THF (ed), Australian Runoff Quality (Australian Institute of Engineers, 2006).
36. Brown RR and Farrelly MA, "Delivering Sustainable Urban Water Management: A Review of the Hurdles We Face" (2009) 59 Water Sci Technol 839.
37. New South Wales Government, City of Cities: A Plan for Sydney's Future, Metropolitan Strategy (Department of Planning, 2005)
38. BMT WBM, Draft NSW MUSIC Modelling Guidelines (Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority, 2010).
39. Amati M. (ed), Urban Green Belts in the Twenty-First Century (Ashgate, 2008).
40. Kuo FE, "Coping with Poverty: Impacts of Environment and Attention in the Inner City" (2001) 33 Environ Behav 5
41. Miller JR, "Biodiversity Conservation and the Extinction of Experience" (2005) 20 Trends Ecol Evol 430
42. Fuller RA, Irvine KN, Devine-Wright P, Warren PH and Gaston KJ, "Psychological Benefits of Greenspace Increase with Biodiversity" (2007) 3 Biol Lett 390.
43. Torre A and Hardcastle K, "River Rehabilitation in South-West Western Australia" in Rutherfurd ID, Wiszniewski I, Askey-Doran MA and Glazik R (eds), Proceedings of the 4th Australian Stream Management Conference: Linking Rivers to Landscapes (Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmanian Government, 2005) pp 609-617.
44. Riparian zones are known in ecological terms as "ecotones" because of their position between two contrasting habitat types. For a good overview of riparian structure and ecological function
45. see Gregory SV, Swanson FJ, McKee WA and Cummins KW, "An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones" (1991) 41 BioScience 540.
46. Ward JV, Tockner K and Schiemer F, "Biodiversity of Floodplain Ecosystems: Ecotones and Connectivity" (1999) 15 Regul Rivers Res Manage 125.
47. Naiman RJ and Decamps H, "The Ecology of Interfaces - Riparian Zones" (1997) 28 Annu Rev Ecol Syst 621.
48. Ward et al, n 35.
49. Naiman RJ, Decamps H and Pollock M, "The Role of Riparian Corridors in Maintaining Regional Biodiversity" (1993) 3 Ecol Appl 209.
50. Compare Mech SG and Hallett JG, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: A Genetic Approach" (2001) 15 Cons Biol 467.
51. Damschen EI, Haddad NM, Orrock JL, Levey DJ and Tewksbury JJ, "Corridors Increase Plant Species Richness at Large Scales" (2006) 313 Science 1284
52. Forman RTT, Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
53. Bennett A, Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation (International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 1999)
54. Parker K, Head L, Chisholm LA and Feneley N, "A Conceptual Model of Ecological Connectivity in the Shellharbour Local Government Area, New South Wales, Australia" (2008) 86 Landsc Urban Plan 47.
55. See eg Cordery I, Evaluation and Improvement of Quality Characteristics of Urban Stormwater (Report No 147, Water Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, 1976)
56. Lees SJ and Lynch SJ, "Development of a Catchment On-site Stormwater Detention Policy" in International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management (Institution of Engineers Australia, 1992), http://www.search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=697375622493817;res=IELENG viewed 16 May 2011
57. O'Loughlin G, "Pollution Prevention and Politics - The Recent Experience in Sydney" (1994) 30 Water Sci Technol 13.
58. Birch GF, Evenden D and Teutsch ME, "Dominance of Point Source in Heavy Metal Distributions in Sediments of a Major Sydney Estuary (Australia)" (1996) 28 Environ Geol 169
59. Birch G and Taylor S, "Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Port Jackson Estuary, Australia" (1999) 227 Sci Total Environ 123.
60. Eg Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act 1985 (NSW).
61. Eg Spink A, Fryirs K, Brierley G and Lloyd K, "An Interdisciplinary Perspective of Riverwork Projects in the Upper Hunter Catchment, NSW: Has River Rehabilitation Begun?" in Wilson AL, Dehaan RL, Watts RJ, Page KJ, Bowmer KH and Curtis A (eds), Proceedings of the 5th Australian Stream Management Conference. Australian Rivers: Making a Difference (Charles Sturt University, 2007)
62. Walsh et al, n 5
63. Walsh CJ, "Biological Indicators of Stream Health Using Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Composition: A Comparison of Sensitivity to an Urban Gradient" (2006) 57 Mar Freshw Res 37.
64. For example, the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Catchment Hydrology existed between 1992 and 2005 and facilitated many research studies with an urban water focus. Much of their work has been incorporated into the research program by the eWater CRC (see http://www.ewater.com.au viewed 16 May 2011). Key publications arising from the CRC include
65. Walsh CJ, Leonard AW, Ladson AR and Fletcher TD, Urban Stormwater and the Ecology of Streams (Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology and Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, 2004)
66. Walsh et al, n 18.
67. Moritz M, Sustainable Urban Water Systems: Policy and Professional Praxis (PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, 1996)
68. Evangelisti M and Moritz M, Water Sensitive Urban Design Seminar, How Do You Do It? (Proceedings of the Water Sensitive Urban Design Seminar, Institution of Engineers Australia, West Perth, 12 September 1994), http://www.search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=440985937980985;res=IELENGviewed 16 May 2011.
69. NSW Urban Stormwater Trust, Evaluation of the Stormwater Management Planning Process (Environmental Protection Authority, 2001), http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/stormwater/usp/usped.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
70. CSIRO, Urban Stormwater - Best Practice Environmental Management Guidelines (CSIRO Publishing, 1999)
71. Wong, n 28.
72. Water Management Act 2000 (NSW), Dictionary.
73. Taylor and Stokes, n 22.
74. First order streams are the smallest streams that make up a drainage network as proposed in Strahler AN, "Hypsometric (Area-Altitude) Analysis of Erosion Topography" (1952) 63 Bull Geol Soc Am 1117.
75. For a good discussion of the unique geomorphic and ecological features of headwater streams
76. see John PR, Gooderham JPR, Barmuta LA and Davies PE, "Upstream Heterogeneous Zones: Small Stream Systems Structured by a Lack of Competence?" (2007) 26 J N Am Benthol Soc 365.
77. Thomas DSG and Goudie AS (eds), The Dictionary of Physical Geography (Blackwell, 2000).
78. Adapted from the definition of a watercourse under the Local Government Act 1993 (NSW), s 36(5).
79. New South Wales Government, Riparian Corridor Management Study Covering all of the Wollongong Local Government Area and Calderwood Valley in the Shellharbour Local Government Area (Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, 2004) p 7.
80. Ilhardt BL, Verry ES and Palik BJ, "Defining Riparian Areas" in Verry ES, Hornbeck JW and Dolloff CA (eds), Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States (Lewis Publishers, 2000) pp 23-42.
81. Tubman W and Price P, "The Significance and Status of Riparian Land" in Lovett S and Price P, Riparian Land Management Technical Guidelines, Volume 1: Principles of Sound Management (Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, 1999) pp 1-8.
82. Hupp CR and Osterkamp WR, "Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial Geomorphic Processes" (1996) 14 Geomorphology 277.
83. Knighton AD, Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective (Arnold, 1988).
84. Christopher JW, Leonard AW, Ladson AR and Fletcher TD, Urban Stormwater and the Ecology of Streams (Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology and Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, 2004).
85. Lamaro E, Stokes R and Taylor MP, "Riverbanks and the Law: The Arbitrary Nature of River Boundaries in New South Wales, Australia" (2007) 27 The Environmentalist 131
86. Erskine WD and Livingstone EA, "In-channel Benches: The Role of Floods in their Formation and Destruction on Bedrock-confined Rivers" in Miller AJ and Gupta A (eds), Varieties of Fluvial Form (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1999) pp 445-475.
87. Naiman et al, n 38.
88. Perkins DW and Hunter ML, "Use of Amphibians to Define Riparian Zones of Headwater Streams" (2006) 36 Can J For Res 2124.
89. Clinton BD, Vose JM, Knoepp JD, Elliott KJ, Reynolds BC and Zarnoch SJ, "Can Structural and Functional Characteristics be used to Identify Riparian Zone Width in Southern Appalachian Headwater Catchments?" (2010) 40 Can J For Res 235.
90. Ku-ring-gai Council, Riparian Policy (2004), http://www.kmc.nsw.gov.au/resources/documents/Riparian_Policy_December_2004[1].pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
91. Malanson GP, Riparian Landscapes (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
92. Doyle MW and Bernhardt ES, "What is a Stream?" (2011) 45 Environ Sci Technol 354.
93. Urban Development Institute of Australia (UDIA) NSW, The Water Management Act 2000 - Riparian Corridors (submission to the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water and the Department of Planning, 2009) p 8, http://www.udia-nsw.com.au/resource/Riparian%20Corridors%20submission%202009.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
94. Taylor and Stokes, n 22
95. Taylor MP and Stokes R, "When is a River Not a River? Considerations of the Legal Definition of a River for Geomorphologists Practicing in New South Wales, Australia" (2005) 36 Aust Geogr 183.
96. Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Governments of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory (2004) at [92(iii)], [92(v)], http://www.nwc.gov.au/resources/documents/Intergovernmental-Agreement-on-a-national-water-initiative.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
97. The National Water Initiative forms Australia's blueprint for water reform (see http://www.nwc.gov.au/www/html/117-national-water-initiative.asp viewed 16 May 2011) and has as a core area of research and funding its urban water program of which the water sensitive cities is a major theme: see Australian Government, Integrated Urban Planning (National Water Commission, 2011), http://www.nwc.gov.au/www/html/214-integrated-uban-planning.asp viewed 16 May 2011.
98. New South Wales Government, City of Cities - A Plan for Sydney's Future (Department of Planning, 2005).
99. NSW Government, n 72, Action E.2.1.
100. Catchment Action Plans are developed under the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003 (NSW), s 23.
101. New South Wales Government, Catchment Action Plan (Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority, 2010), http://www.sydney.cma.nsw.gov.au/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=157&func=startdown&id=441 viewed 16 May 2011.
102. New South Wales Government, Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Action Plan (Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Authority, 2007), http://www.hn.cma.nsw.gov.au/multiattachments/3776.html viewed 16 May 2011.
103. New South Wales Government, Georges River Catchment Regional Environmental Plan (Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1999), http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/plansforaction/pdf/rep_grc.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
104. For example, the New South Wales Government, North Sub-Region Draft Sub-Regional Strategy (Department of Planning, 2007) Action E2.1.2, p 80, tasks the Sydney Metropolitan and Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Authorities to coordinate a regional approach to river values, including identifying priority areas for management.
105. Adapted from Northern Territory Government, Water Sensitive Urban Design - Implementation Framework for Darwin (discussion paper, Department of Planning and Infrastructure, May 2009), http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/planning/wsud/publications/documents/8005_Darwin%20WSUD%20Planning%20Guide%20FINAL%20_May09_.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
106. For example, in David Kettle Consulting Pty Ltd v Gosford City Council [2008] NSWLEC 1385, the commissioners utilised the broad principles of ecological sustainable development when Coca Cola Amatil Pty Ltd sought a licence to extract water from the Peats Ridge area in New South Wales. The court heard compelling evidence from a groundwater expert in regard to the effects of water extraction on the water table. However, the evidence was significantly contradictory (at [30]-[33]) to warrant concern in regard to the true sustainability of a perpetual extraction licence, such that the commissioners refused the request.
107. See NSW Land and Environment Court, Planning Principles (2010), http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/lec/ll_lec.nsf/pages/LEC_planningprinciples viewed 16 May 2011.
108. Local Environment Plans are created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW). Further information about the implementation of the new standard instrument can be found in New South Wales Government, Implementing the Standard Instrument LEP Program - Questions and Answers (Department of Planning), http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=T32N5aDk4aQ%3d&tabid=247 viewed 16 May 2011.
109. New South Wales Government, Standard Instrument for LEPs (Department of Planning, 2011), http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/LocalEnvironmentalPlans/StandardInstrument/tabid/247/language/en-US/Default.aspx viewed 16 May 2011.
110. New South Wales Government, Model Local Clauses for Standard Instrument Local Environment Plans Part 6.3 (Department of Planning, 2009), http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/lep/pdf/Part_6_Urban_release_areas_6.3.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
111. UDIA, n 68.
112. For example, Ku-ring-gai Council's Riparian Policy (n 65) and subsequent inclusion into DCP 47 was cited in Murlan Consulting Pty Ltd v Ku-ring-gai Council and John Williams Neighbourhood Group Inc [2007] NSWLEC 374.
113. New South Wales Government, Sustaining the Catchments - the Regional Plan for the Drinking Water Catchment of Sydney and Adjacent Regional Centres, Neutral or Beneficial Effect on Water Quality Assessment Guidelines (Sydney Catchment Authority, 2006).
114. A detailed outline of the purpose, elements and implementation of the community strategic plan can be found in New South Wales Government, Planning and Reporting Guidelines for Local Government in NSW (Division of Local Government, Department of Premier and Cabinet, 2010).
115. Also refer to the New South Wales Government, Guidelines on Integrated Planning and Reporting (Division of Local Government, Department of Premier and Cabinet, 2010), http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/Documents/Information/IPRGuidelinesJanuary2010.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
116. James P, Tzoulas K, Adams MD, Barber A, Box J, Breuste J, Elmqvist T, Frith M, Gordon C, Greening KL, Handley J, Haworth S, Kazmierczak E, Johnston M, Korpela K, Moretti M, Niemelä J, Pauleit S, Roe MH, Sadler JP and Ward Thompson C, "Towards an Integrated Understanding of Green Space in the European Built Environment" (2009) 8 Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 65.
117. See Gerroa Environment Protection Society Inc v Minister for Planning and Cleary Bros (Bombo) Pty Ltd [2008] NSWLEC 173
118. O'Keefe v Water Administration Ministerial Corporation [2010] NSWLEC 9
119. Murlan Consulting Pty Ltd v Ku-ring-gai Council and John Williams Neighbourhood Group Inc [2007] NSWLEC 374.
120. One example of this is Australian Government, Guide to Riparian Management (Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority, 2009), http://www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au/uploads/res/WLMW_CentralCoast.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
121. New South Wales Government, Riparian Corridor Management Study Covering all of the Wollongong Local Government Area and Calderwood Valley in the Shell Harbour Local Government Area (report prepared for Wollongong City Council by the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, 2004).
122. Ku-ring-gai Council, n 65
123. Ku-ring-gai Council, Ku-ring-gai Development Control Plan (Town Centres) (2010). http://www.kmc.nsw.gov.au/www/html/3831-ku-ring-gai-development-control-plan-town-centres-2010.asp?intSiteID=1 viewed 16 May 2011.
124. Meyer et al, n 1
125. Lawrence I and Breen PF, Stormwater Pollutant Processes and Pathways in Wong, n 28
126. Davies et al, n 9.
127. For example, the Victorian Environment Protection Policy (Waters of Victoria) was amended to include a requirement that that runoff from urban and rural areas must not compromise the identified beneficial uses of the receiving waters. Importantly, cl 56 of the Victorian Planning Provisions was amended in 2006 to incorporate integrated water management and urban runoff-management to require subdivision applications to describe how the site will be managed to minimise the environmental impacts, sets quantifiable targets and refers to a best practice guideline to achieve this outcome.
128. Queensland Government, South East Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031 Implementation Guideline No 7 Water Sensitive Urban Design: Design Objectives for Urban Stormwater Management (Department of Infrastructure and Planning, 2009), http://www.dip.qld.gov.au/resources/guideline/final-wsud-guideline-pdf-11-11-09.pdfviewed 16 May 2011.
129. Queensland Government, State Planning Policy 4/10 Health Waters (Department of Environment and Resource Management, 2010), http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/water/environmental_values_environmental_protection_water_policy/pdf/spp-healthy-waters.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
130. Queensland Government, Environmental Protection (Waters) Policy 2009 (amended 16 July 2010), http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/E/EnvProWateP09.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
131. Eg Australian and New Zealand Environmental and Conservation Council and Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC), National Water Quality Management Strategy: The Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government, 2000) Paper No 4, Vol 1, Chs 3, 4.
132. For example, the control of erosion and sediment control is incorporated as part of the development and construction guidelines in Landcom, The Blue Book - Managing Urban Stormwater: Soils and Construction (Landcom, 2010).
133. Eg Ku-ring-gai Council, n 93, Pt 5, s 5F.
134. Davies PJ, Wright IA, Findlay SJ and Jonasson OJ, The Effect of the In-Transport Process on Urban Water Chemistry - an Examination of the Contribution of Concrete Pipes and Gutters on Urban Water Quality (7th International Conference on Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management, Lyon, France, 28 July-1 June 2010).
135. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW), s 94.
136. Eg Local Government Act 1993 (NSW), s 8.
137. New South Wales Government, The State Plan (2010) Ch 5 "Green State", http://www.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/pdfs/chapters/5.%20Green%20State_WEB.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
138. New South Wales Government, Draft Development Contributions Guidelines: Preparation and Administration of Development Contributions Plans (Department of Planning, 2009) p 18, http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5OjXuNg3DlQ%3d&tabid=386 viewed 9 March 2011.
139. Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (NSW), cl 31A(1)(g)
140. New South Wales Government, n 106, s 2.2.3.
141. New South Wales Government, n 106, s 2.3.4.
142. New South Wales Government, Biobanking: Biodiversity Banking and Offsets Scheme (Department of Environment and Climate Change, 2007), http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/biobanking/biobankingoverview07528.pdf viewed 16 May 2011.
143. Ives CD, Taylor MP, Nipperess D and Hose GC, "New Directions in Urban Biodiversity Conservation: The Role of Science and its Interaction with Local Environmental Policy" (2010) 27 EPLJ 245.
144. Eco Logical Australia, Options Paper - Affordable Management of Urban Riparian Areas (prepared for the Local Government and Shires Association, 2009), http://www.lgsa.org.au/resources/documents/Riparian_Options_Paper_240909.pdf viewed 16 May 2011
145. UDIA, n 68.