Biology of Deep-Water Octocorals

Advances in Marine Biology

Volumn 60, Issue , 2011, Pages 41-122

  Watling, Les ^a,b   France, Scott C ^c   Pante, Eric ^c   Simpson, Anne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMENSALISM; CORAL; DEEP WATER; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GAMETOGENESIS; MUTUALISM; PHYLOGENETICS; POLYP; PREDATOR; RELATEDNESS; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY; SYMBIONT; ZOOGEOGRAPHY;

EID: 80053312760     PISSN: 00652881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385529-9.00002-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (223)

1. Agassiz A. Three cruises of the United States Coast and Geodetic Steamer "Blake" in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880 1888, 2 vols.. Houghton, Mifflin & Company, Boston.
2. Agell G., Rius M., Pascual M. Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata. Conservation Genetics 2009, 10:2025-2027.
3. Alderslade P. Revisionary systematics in the gorgonian family Isididae, with descriptions of numerous new taxa (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Records of the Western Australian Museum 1998, S55:1-359.
4. Althaus F., Williams A., Schlacher T.A., Kloser R.J., Green M.A., Barker B.A., Bax N.J., Brodie P., Schlacher-Hoenlinger M.A. Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-coral ecosystems of seamounts are long-lasting. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:279-294.
5. Andrews A.H., Cordes E.E., Mahoney M.M., Munk K., Coale K.H., Cailliet G.M., Heifetz J. Age, growth and radiometric age validation of a deep-sea, habitat-forming gorgonian (Primnoa resedaeformis) from the Gulf of Alaska. Hydrobiologia 2002, 471:101-110.
6. Andrews A., Cailliet G., Kerr L., Coale K., Lundstrom C., DeVogelaere.A. Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from the Davidson Seamount off central California. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems 2005, 1021-1038. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A. Freiwald, J.M. Roberts (Eds.).
7. 210 Pb dating. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:173-185.
8. Aurivillius M. The gorgonarians of Dr. Sixteen Bocks Expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands, 1914. Kungliska Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 3 ser. 1931, 9:1-337.
9. Babcock R. Reproduction and development of the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (Alcyonaria: Coenothecalia). Marine Biology 1990, 104:75-481.
10. Baco A.R., Shank T.M. Population genetic structure of the Hawaiian precious coral Corallium lauuense (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) using microsatellites. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems 2005, 663-678. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A. Freiwald, J.M. Roberts (Eds.).
11. Bayer, F.M. (1956). Octocorallia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (R. Moore, ed.). Volume F, Coelenterata, F166-F230.
12. Bayer F.M. Colonial organization in octocorals. Animal Colonies 1973, 69-93. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA. R.S. Boardman, A.H. Cheetham, W.A. Oliver (Eds.).
13. Bayer F.M. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnosis of new taxa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1981, 94:902-947.
14. Bayer F.M. A new isidid octocoral (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea) from New Caledonia, with descriptions of other new species from elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1990, 103:205-228.
15. Bayer F.M. A new scleraxonian octocoral (Coelenterate: Anthozoa) from Antarctic waters. Precious Corals and Octocoral Research 1993, 2:11-18.
16. Bayer F.M., Muzik K.M. A New Solitary Octocoral, Taiaroa tauhou gen. et sp. nov. (Coelenterata: Protoalcyonaria) from New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1976, 6:499-515.
17. e série 1987, 1:47-106.
18. Bayer F.M., Stefani J. New and previously known taxa of isidid octocorals (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea), partly from Antarctic waters. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1987, 100:937-991.
19. Bayer F., Stefani J. A new species of Chrysogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Caledonia, with descriptions of some other species from the Western Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1988, 101:257-279.
20. e série 1988, 3:449-518.
21. Beazley L.I. Reproductive Biology of the Deep-Water Gorgonian Coral Acanella arbuscula from the Northwest Atlantic 2011, Dalhousie University, Halifax, M.Sc thesis.
22. Beiring E.A., Lasker H.R. Egg production by colonies of a gorgonian coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2000, 196:169-177.
23. Benayahu Y., Loya Y. Life history studies on the Red Sea soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940. I. Annual dynamics of gonadal development. Biological Bulletin 1984, 166:32-43.
24. Benayahu Y., Loya Y. Sexual reproduction of a soft coral: Synchronous and brief annual spawning of Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). Biological Bulletin 1986, 170:32-42.
25. Bouchet, P., Héros, V., Lozouet, P. and Maestrati, P. (2008). A quarter-century of deep-sea malacological exploration in the South and West Pacific: Where do we stand? How far to go? In Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25 (V. Héros, R. H. Cowie and P. Bouchet, eds), pp. 9-40.
26. Brazeau D.A., Lasker H.R. The reproductive cycle and spawning in a Caribbean gorgonian. Biological Bulletin 1989, 176:1-7.
27. Breeze H., Davis D.S., Butler M., Kostylev V. Distribution and Status of Deep Sea Corals Off Nova Scotia 1997, Ecology Action Center, Halifax, NS, Canada, Marine Issues Committee Special Publication Number 158 p.
28. Brito T.A.S., Tyler P.A., Clarke A. Reproductive biology of the Antarctic octocoral Thouarella variabilis Wright & Studer, 1889. Coelenterate Biology: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Coelenterate Biology 1997, 63-69. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden. J.C. den Hartog (Ed.).
29. Broch, H. (1935). Oktokorallen des Nordlichsten Pazifischen Ozeans un ihre beziehungen zur Atlantishcen Fauna. Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisk-naturvidenskapelig klasse 1935, No. 1: 1-53.
30. Bronsdon S.K., Tyler P.A., Rice A.L., Gage J.R. Reproductive biology of two epizoic anemones from the deep north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1993, 73:531-542.
31. Buhl-Mortensen L., Mortensen P.B. Gorgonophilus canadensis n. gen., n. sp. (Copepoda: Lamippidae), a gall forming endoparasite in the octocoral Paragorgia arborea (L., 1758) from the Northwest Atlantic. Symbiosis 2004, 37:155-268.
32. Butler A.J., Rees T., Beesley P., Bax N.J. Marine biodiversity in the Australian region. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11831.
33. Cairns S.D. Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 1: The genus Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 2001, 114:746-787.
34. Cairns S.D. Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 6: The genera Primnoella Gray, 1858, Thouarella Gary, 1870; Dasystenella Versluys, 1906. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 2006, 119:161-194.
35. Cairns S.D. Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 8: New records of Primnoidae from the New England and Corner Rise seamounts. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 2007, 120:243-263.
36. Cairns S.D. Calcaxonian octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from eastern Pacific seamounts. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2007, 58:511-541.
37. Cairns S.D. Review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawaíi and adjacent seamounts: Part 2. Genera Paracalyptrophora Kinoshita, 1908; Candidella Bayer, 1954; and Calyptrophora Gray, 1866. Pacific Science 2009, 63:413-448.
38. Cairns S.D. Review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawaíi and adjacent seamounts. Part 3. Genera Thouarella, Plumarella, Callogorgia, Fanellia, and Parastenella. Pacific Science 2010, 64:413-440.
39. Cairns S.D., Baco A. Review and five new Alaskan species of deep-water octocoral Narella (Octocorallia: Primnoidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 2007, 5:391-407.
40. Cairns S.D., Bayer F.M. A review of the genus Primnoa (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), with the description of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science 2005, 77:225-256.
41. Cairns S.D., Bayer F.M. A review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawaíi and adjacent seamounts: the genus Narella Gray, 1870. Pacific Science 2008, 62:83-115.
42. Cairns S.D., Bayer F.M. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 2009, 629:1-79.
43. Cairns S.D., Chapman R.E. Biogeographic affinities of the North Atlantic deep-water Scleractinia. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals 2001, 30-57. Ecology Action Centre, Halifax. J.H.M. Willison, J. Hall, S.E. Gass, E.L.R. Kenchington, M. Butler, P. Doherty (Eds.).
44. Cho W., Shank T.M. Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on North Atlantic seamounts. Marine Ecology 2010, 31(suppl. 1):121-143.
45. Clark M.R., Koslow J.A. Impacts of fisheries on seamounts. Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation 2007, 413-441. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. T.J. Pitcher, T. Morato, P.J.B. Hart, M.R. Clark, N. Haggan, R.S. Santos (Eds.).
46. Clark M.R., O'Driscoll R.L. Deepwater fisheries and aspects of their impact on seamount habitat in New Zealand. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 2003, 31:441-458.
47. Clark M.R., Rowden A.A., Schlache T., Williams A., Consalvey M., Stocks K.I., Rogers A.D., O'Hara T.D., White M., Shank T.M., Hall-Spencer J.M. The ecology of seamounts: Structure, function, and human impacts. Annual Review of Marine Science 2010, 2:253-278.
48. Coleman C.O., Barnard J.L. Amatiguakius forsberghi, a new genus and species from Alaska (marine Amphipoda: Epimeriidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1991, 104:279-287.
49. Combes C. The Art of Being a Parasite 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
50. Costantini F., Taviani M., Remia A., Pintus E., Schembri P.J., Abbiati M. Deep-water Corallium rubrum (L., 1758) from the Mediterranean Sea: preliminary genetic characterisation. Marine Ecology 2010, 31:261-269.
51. Cordes E.E., Nybakken J.W., VanDykhuizen G. Reproduction and growth of Anthomastus ritteri (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from Monterey Bay, California, USA. Marine Biology 2001, 138:491-501.
52. Corselli C. Introduction: Cold-water coral communities in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2010, 57:323-325.
53. Costello M.J., Coll M., Danovaro R., Halpin P., Ojaveer H., Miloslavich P. A census of marine biodiversity knowledge, resources, and future challenges. PLoS One 2010, 5:e12110.
54. Dautova T.N. Gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) of the Northwestern Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 2007, 33:297-304.
55. Deichmann E. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 1936, 53:1-317.
56. Ditlevsen, H. (1917). Annelids. I. Ingolf Reports 4, 1-71.
57. Doflein F. Ostasienfahrt. Erlebnisse und beobachtungen eines naturforschers in China, Japan und Ceylon 1906, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, 511 p.
58. Dolan E. Phylogenetics, Systematics and Biogeography of Deep-Sea Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia): Evidence from Molecules and Morphology 2008, University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton, U.K, Doctoral Thesis p 195.
59. Dons C. Norges korallrev. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Forhandlinger 1944, 16:37-82.
60. Eckelbarger K.J., Tyler P.A., Langton R.W. Gonadal morphology and gametogenesis in the sea pen Pennatula aculeata (Anthozoa: Pennatulacea) from the Gulf of Maine. Marine Biology 1998, 132:677-690.
61. Eckelbarger K.J., Watling L., Fournier H. Reproductive biology of the deep-sea polychaete Gorgoniapolynoe caeciliae (Polynoidae), a commensal species associated with octocorals. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2005, 85:1425-1433.
62. Edwards D.C.B., Moore C.G. Reproduction in the sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis (Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 2009, 82:161-168.
63. Emson R.H., Woodley J.D. Submersible and laboratory observations on Asteroschema tenue, a long-armed euryaline brittle star epizoic on gorgonians. Marine Biology 1987, 96:31-45.
64. Fautin D.G., Mariscal R.N. Cnidaria: Anthozoa. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol 2: Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora 1991, 267-358. Wiley, New York. F.H. Harrison (Ed.).
65. Forbes E. A Natural History of the European Seas 1859, John Van Voorst, London.
66. France S.C. Genetic analysis of bamboo corals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae): Does lack of colony branching distinguish Lepidisis from Keratoisis?. Bulletin of Marine Science 2007, 81:323-333.
67. France, S.C., Pante, E., Brugler, M.R. and van der Ham, J.L. (2010). On the evolution of deep-sea octocorals and antipatharians: Patterns revealed from molecular phylogenies. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Annual Meeting 2010, Seattle, Washington (; accessed 5-12-2011). http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2010/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=226.
68. Fujita T. Submersible observations on the euryaline brittle star, Asteronyx loveni (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), living in association with a gorgonaceans coral. Echinoderms 2000 2001, 267-272. Swets and Zellinger, Lisse. M. Barker (Ed.).
69. Fujita T., Ohta S. Photographic observations of the life style of a deep-sea ophiuroid Asteronyx loveni (Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Research 1988, 35:2029-2043.
70. Gage J.D., Tyler P.A. Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Grant R. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Isididae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Zealand and the Antarctic. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 1976, 66:1-54.
72. e série (1981) 1982, 3:731-766.
73. Grasshoff M. Die Gorgonaria, Pennatularia und Antipatharia des Tiefswassers der Biskaya. III. Ergänzungen. Peuplements profonds du Golfe de Gascogne 1985, 229-310. IFREMER, Brest. L. Laubier, C. Monniot (Eds.).
74. e série 1986, 8:9-38.
75. Grasshoff M. The geographical and bathymetric distribution of the Gorgonacea and Antipatharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) of St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands (Indian Ocean). Mesogée 1988, 48:115-124.
76. Grasshoff M. The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana Biologica 1999, 78:1-121.
77. Gravier Ch. Isidicola antarctica, Crustacé parasite de quelques Isidae de l'Antarctique Sud-américaine, Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908-1910). Les Alcyonaires. Appendice 1914, 99-100.
78. Grigg R.W., Bayer F.M. Present knowledge of the systematics and zoogeography of the order Gorgonacea in Hawaii. Pacific Science 1976, 30:167-175.
79. Grygier M.J. Two new lamippid copepods parasitic on gorgonians from Hawaii and the Bahamas. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1980, 93:662-673.
80. Grygier M.J. Redescription of Gorgonolaureus bikiniensis (Crustacea: Ascothoracica), with a reevaluation of it familial affinities. Micronesica 1981, 17:67-76.
81. Grygier M.J. Gorgonolaureus muzikae sp. nov. (Crustacea: Ascothoracica) parasitic on a Hawaiian gorgonian, with special reference to its protandric hermaphroditism. Journal of Natural History 1981, 15:1019-1045.
82. Grygier M.J. An endoparasitic lamippid copepod in Acanella from the North Atlantic. Crustaceana 1983, 45:176-182.
83. Grygier M.J. Ascothoracida (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) parasitic on Chrysogorgia (Gorgonacea) in the Pacific and western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 1984, 34:141-169.
84. Grygier M.J. Additions to the ascothoracidan fauna of Australia and South-east Asia (Crustacea, Maxillopoda): Synagogidae (part), Lauridae and Petrarcidae. Records of the Australian Museum 1991, 43:1-46.
85. Gutierrez-Rodriguez C., Lasker H.R. Reproductive biology, development, and planula behavior in the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. Invertebrate Biology 2004, 123:54-67.
86. Hall V.R., Hughes T.P. Reproductive strategies of modular organisms: Comparative studies of reef-building corals. Ecology 1996, 77:950-963.
87. Harrison P.L., Wallace C.C. Reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. Ecosystems of the World 25, Coral Reefs 1990, 133-207. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. Z. Dubinsky (Ed.).
88. Hartmann-Schröder G. Polynoe thouarellicola n. sp. aus der Antarktis, assoziiert mit Hornkorallen, und Wiederbeschreibung von Polynoe antarctica Kinberg, 1858 (Polychaeta, Polynoidae). Zoologisches Anzeiger 1989, 222:205-221.
89. Hartnoll R.G. The annual cycle of Alcyonium digitatum. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 1975, 3:71-78.
90. Heath H. Solenogastres from the eastern coast of North America. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 1918, 45:187-261.
91. Hecker B. Variation in megafaunal assemblages on the continental margin south of New England. Deep-Sea Research 1990, 37:37-57.
92. Hecker B., Blechschmidt G., Gibson P. Final Report - Canyon Assessment Study in the Mid- and North Atlantic Areas of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. U.S. Department of the Interior 1980, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C, Contract No. BLM-AA551-CT8-49.
93. Hecker, B., Logan, D.T., Gandarillas, F.E. and Gibson, P.R. (1983). Megafaunal assemblages in Lydonia Canyon, Baltimore Canyon, and selected slope areas. Canyon and Slope Processes Study, Vol. 3, Final Report for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service Contract 14-12-001-29178.
94. Heifetz J., Wing B.L., Stone R.P., Malecha P.W., Courtney D.L. Corals of the Aleutian Islands. Fisheries Oceanography 2005, 14(Suppl. 1):131-138.
95. Herrera S., Baco A., Sánchez J.A. Molecular systematics of the bubblegum coral genera (Paragorgiidae, Octocorallia) and description of a new deep-sea species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010, 55:123-135.
96. Hessler R.R., Wilson G.D.F. The origin and biogeography of malacostracan crustaceans in the deep sea. The Emergence of the Biosphere 1983, 227-254. Academic Press, New York. R.W. Sims, J.H. Price, P.E.S. Whalley (Eds.).
97. Ingole B., Koslow J.A. Deep-sea ecosystems of the Indian Ocean. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 2005, 34:27-34.
98. Jamieson G.S., Pellegrin N., Jesson S. Taxonomy and zoogeography of cold-water corals in coastal British Columbia. Conservation and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems 2007, 215-229. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. R.Y. George, S.D. Cairns (Eds.).
99. Kapela W., Lasker H.R. Size-dependent reproduction in the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudoplexaura porosa. Marine Biology 1999, 135:107-114.
100. Kinoshita K. Primnoidae von Japan. Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University 1908, 23:1-74.
101. Kinoshita K. Studien über einige Chrysogorgiiden Japans. Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University 1913, 33:1-47.
102. Koslow J.A., Gowlett-Holmes K., Lowry J.K., O'Hara T., Poore G.C.B., Williams A. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: Community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2001, 213:111-125.
103. Kruger A., Schleyer M.H., Benayahu Y. Reproduction in Anthelia glauca (Octocorallia: Xeniidae). I. Gametogenesis and larval brooding. Marine Biology 1998, 131:423-432.
104. Kükenthal W. Japansiche Gorgoniden. II Teil. Die Familien der Plexauriden, Chrysogorgiden und Melitoiden. Beitrage sur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens 1909, Bayer Akademische Wissenschaftliche, pp. 1-78. Abhandlungen math.-physik. Klasse K., Supplement Band 1. F. Doflein (Ed.).
105. Kükenthal W. Die Alcyonaria der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901-1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern 1912, 13:289-347.
106. Kükenthal W. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia", 1898-1899 1919, 13:1-946. pls. 30-89.
107. Kükenthal W. Coelenterata Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich 1924, 47:xxviii-478.
108. Kükenthal W., Gorzawsky H. Japansiche Gorgoniden. I Teil. Die Familien der Primnoiden, Muriceiden und Acanthogorgiden. Beitrage sur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens 1908, Bayer Akademische Wissenschaftliche, pp. 1-78. Abhandlungen math.-physik. Klasse K., Supplement Band 1. F. Doflein (Ed.).
109. Lasker H.R. Clonal propagation and population dynamics of a gorgonian coral. Ecology 1990, 71:1578-1589.
110. Levitan D.R. The importance of sperm limitation to the evolution of egg size in marine invertebrates. American Naturalist 1993, 141:517-536.
111. Lewis D.H. Symbiosis and mutualism: Crisp concepts and soggy semantics. The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution 1985, 29-39. Croom Helm Ltd., Kent, U.K. D.H. Boucher (Ed.).
112. Lindner A., Cairns S.D., Cunningham C.W. From offshore to onshore: Multiple origins of shallow-water corals from deep-sea ancestors. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e2429.
113. López-González P.J., Briand P. A new scleraxonian genus from Josephine Bank, north-eastern Atlantic (Cnidaria, Octocorallia). Hydrobiologia 2002, 482:97-105.
114. López-González P.J., Cunha M.R. Two new species of Dendrobrachia Brook, 1889 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Dendrobrachiidae) from the north-eastern Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Scientia Marina 2010, 74:423-434.
115. López-González P.J., Gili J.-M. A new octocoral genus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Antarctic waters. Polar Biology 2000, 23:452-458.
116. López-González P.J., Gili J.-M. Rosgorgia inexspectata, new genus and species of Subergorgiidae (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 2001, 24:122-126.
117. López-González P.J., Gili J.-M. Two new dimorphic soft-coral species (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 2005, 544:143-153.
118. López-González P.J., Gili J.-M., Orejas C. A new primnoid genus (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Southern Ocean. Scientia Marina 2002, 66:383-397.
119. López-González P.J., Rodriguez E., Vert N. Biogeography and ecology of Cnidaria. The Expedition ANTARKTIS XIX/5 (LAMPOS) of RV "Polarstern" in 2002 2003, 13-18. Berichte zur Polar und Meeresforschung, No. 462. W. Arntz, T. Brey (Eds.).
120. Lowry J.K. Cardomanica andersoni n. gen. n. sp. from the Western Tasman Sea with notes on species from tropical western Atlantic Ocean (Crustacea: Ascothoracida: Synagogidae). Records of the Australian Museum 1985, 37:317-323.
121. Mah C. Phylogeny and biogeography of the deep-sea goniasterid Circeaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Goniasteridae) including descriptions of six new species. Zoosystema 2006, 28:917-954.
122. Mah C., Nizinski M., Lundsten L. Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 2010, 160:266-301.
123. Marschal C., Garrabou J., Harmelin J.G., Pichon M. A new method for measuring growth and age in the precious red coral, Corallium rubrum (L.). Coral Reefs 2004, 23:423-432.
124. Martin D., Britayev T.A. Symbiotic polychaetes: review of known species. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 1998, 36:217-340.
125. Matsumoto A.K., Iwase F., Imahara Y., Namikawa H. Bathymetric distribution and biodiversity of cold-water octocorals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) in Sagami Bay and adjacent waters of Japan. Conservation and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems 2007, 231-251. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, USA. R.Y. George, S.D. Cairns (Eds.).
126. McFadden C.S., Donahue R., Hadland B.K., Weston R. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of reproductive trait evolution in the soft coral genus Alcyonium. Evolution 2001, 55:54-67.
127. McFadden C.S., France S.C., Sánchez J.A., Alderslade P. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 41:513-527.
128. McFadden C.S., Sanchez J.A., France S.C. Molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of Octocorallia: A review. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2010, 50:389-410.
129. Mercier A., Hamel J.-F. Contrasting reproductive strategies in three deep-sea octocorals from eastern Canada: Primnoa resedaeformis, Keratoisis ornata, and Anthomastus grandiflorus. Coral Reefs 2011, 30:337-350.
130. Mercier A., Sun Z., Baillon S., Hamel J.-F. Lunar rhythms in the deep sea: Evidence from the reproductive periodicity of several marine invertebrates. Journal of Biological Rhythms 2011, 26:82-86.
131. Milne-Edwards H., Haime J. Histoire naturelles des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprements dits. Tome 1857, 1-3. Paris.
132. Mortensen P.B., Buhl-Mortensen L., Gebruk A.V., Krylova E.M. Occurrence of deep-water corals on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge based on MAR-ECO data. Deep-Sea Research II 2008, 55:142-152.
133. Mosher C., Watling L. Partners for life: A brittle star and its octocoral host. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:81-88.
134. Moyse J. Isidascus bassindalei gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ascothoracida: Crustacea) from North-East Atlantic with a note on the origin of barnacles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1983, 63:161-180.
135. Muzik K. A bioluminescent gorgonian, Lepidisis olapa, new species (Coelenterata, Octocorallia) from Hawaii. Bulletin of Marine Science 1978, 28:735-741.
136. Muzik K. A Systematic Revision of the Hawaiian Paramuriceidae and Plexauridae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) 1979, University of Miami, 227 pp. Ph.D. Dissertation.
137. Nutting C.C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 1908, 35:543-601.
138. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie Monographie XIII 1910, 108. pls. 1-22.
139. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie Monographie XIII 1910, 20. pls. 1-4.
140. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition V. The Isidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie XIII 1910, 24. pls. 1-6.
141. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition VI. The Gorgonellidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie XIII 1910, 39. pls. 1-11.
142. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition VII. The Gorgonidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie Monographie XIII 1910, 10. pls. 1-3.
143. Nutting C.C. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie Monographie XIII 1911, 62. pls. 1-12.
144. Nutting C.C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Fisheries steamer "Albatross," mainly in Japanese waters, during 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1912, 43:1-104.
145. Ocaña O., den Hartog J.C., van Ofwegen L.P. Ring sea anemones, an overview (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actinaria). Graellsia 2004, 60:143-154.
146. Orejas C. Role of benthic cnidarians in energy transfer processes in the southern Ocean marine ecosystem (Antarctica). Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 2001, 395:1-186.
147. Orejas C., Gili J.M., Lopez-Gonzalez P.J., Arntz W.E. Feeding strategies and diet composition of four Antarctic cnidarian species. Polar Biology 2002, 24:620-627.
148. Orejas C., Lopez-Gonzalez P.J., Gili J.M., Teixido N., Gutt J., Arntz W.E. Patterns of density and reproductive ecology of the Antarctic octocoral Ainigmaptilon antarcticum in the Weddell Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 231:101-114.
149. Orejas C., Gili J.M., Arntz W.E. Role of small-plankton communities in the diet of two Antarctic octocorals (Primnoisis antarctica and Primnoella sp.). Marine Ecology Progress Series 2003, 250:105-116.
150. Orejas C., Gili J.M., Lopez-Gonzalez P.J., Hasemann C., Arntz W.E. Reproduction patterns of four Antarctic octocorals in the Weddell Sea: An inter-specific, shape, and latitudinal comparison. Marine Biology 2007, 150:551-563.
151. Pante E. Biogeography and Evolution of Chrysogorgiid Corals 2011, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, Ph.D. thesis.
152. Pante E., France S.C. Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen. n. sp.: A new genus and species of chrysogorgiid octocoral (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Coral Sea. Zoosystema 2010, 32:595-612.
153. Pante, E. and Watling, L. (2012, in press). Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic - Pacific connections. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
154. Parrish F.A., Roark E.B. Growth validation of gold coral Gerardia sp. in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:163-172.
155. Pettibone M.H. The genera Polyeunoa McIntosh, Hololepidella Willey, and three new genera (Polychaeta, Polynoidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1969, 82:43-62.
156. Pettibone M.H. Polynoids commensal with gorgonian and stylasterid corals, with a new genus, new combinations, and new species (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1991, 104:688-713.
157. Pettibone M.H. Polynoid polychaetes commensal with antipatharian corals. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1991, 104:714-726.
158. Picciano M., Ferrier-Pagès C. Ingestion of pico- and nanoplankton by the Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubrum. Marine Biology 2007, 150:773-782.
159. Pires D.O., Castro C.B., Silva J.C. Reproductive biology of the deep-sea pennatulacean Anthoptilum murrayi (Cnidaria, Octocorallia). Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:103-112.
160. Puglisi M.P., Paul V.J., Biggs J., Slattery M. Co-occurrence of chemical and structural defenses in the gorgonian corals of Guam. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 239:105-114.
161. Raupach M.J., Mayer C., Malyutina M., Wagele J.W. Multiple origins of deep-sea Asellota (Crustacea: Isopoda) from shallow waters revealed by molecular data. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 2009, 276:799-808.
162. Rice A.L., Tyler P.A., Paterson G.J.L. The pennatulid Kophobelemnon stelliferum (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) in the Porcupine Seabight (North-east Atlantic Ocean). Journal Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom 1992, 72:417-434.
163. Risk M.J., Heikoop J.M., Snow M.G., Beukens R. Lifespans and growth patterns of two deep-sea corals: Primnoa resedaeformis and Desmophyllum cristagalli. Hydrobiologia 2002, 471:125-131.
164. Roark E.B., Guilderson T.P., Flood-Page S., Dunbar R.B., Ingram B.L., Fallon S., McCulloch M. Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of bamboo corals from the Gulf of Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:1-5.
165. Roark E.B., Guilderson T.P., Dunbar R.B., Ingram B.L. Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deep-sea corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 327:1-14.
166. Rogers A.D., Gianni M. The implementation of UNGA Resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in the management of deep-sea fisheries on the high seas. Report Prepared for the Deep-Sea Conservation Coalition, International Programme on the State of the Ocean 2010, 97.
167. Samadi S., Schlacher T., Richer de Forges B. Seamount benthos. Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation 2007, 119-140. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. T.J. Pitcher, T. Morato, P.J.B. Hart, M.R. Clark, N. Haggan, R.S. Santos (Eds.).
168. Sánchez J.A., Cairns S.D. An unusual new gorgonian coral (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 2004, 78:265-274.
169. Sautya S., Ingole B., Ray D., Stohr S., Samudrala K., Raju K.A.K., Mudholkar A. Megafaunal community structure of Andaman seamounts including the back-arc basin - a quantitative exploration from the Indian Ocean. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16162.
170. Sherwood O., Edinger E.N. Ages and growth rates of some deep-sea gorgonian and antipatharian corals of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2009, 66:142-152.
171. Sherwood O., Jamieson R.E., Edinger E.N., Wareham V.E. Stable C and N isotopic composition of cold-water corals from the Newfoundland and Labrador continental slope: Examination of trophic, depth and spatial effects. Deep-Sea Research I 2008, 55:1392-1402.
172. Simpson A., Watling L. Precious corals (Coralliidae) from north-western Atlantic seamounts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2011, 91:369-382.
173. Smith P.J., McVeagh S.M., Mingoia J.T., France S.C. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in deep-sea bamboo corals (Keratoisidinae) species in the Southwest and Northwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 2004, 144:253-261.
174. Stock J.H. Cases of hyperassociation in the Copepoda (Herpyllobiidae and Nereicolidae). Systematic Parasitology 1986, 8:71-81.
175. Stone R.P. Coral habitat in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska: Depth distribution, fine-scale species associations, and fisheries interactions. Coral Reefs 2006, 25:229-238.
176. Stone, R.P., Andrews, A. and Mondragon, J. (2005). Deepwater Emergence of Red Tree Coral (Primnoa sp.) in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Third International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals, Miami, FL (). http://ftp.afsc.noaa.gov/posters/pStone02_red-tree-coral.pdf.
177. Stone R.P., Shotwell S.K. State of deep coral ecosystems in the Alaska Region: Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands. The State of Deep Coral Ecosystems of the United States 2007, 65-108. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-3. Silver Spring, Maryland. S.E. Lumsden, T.F. Hourigan, A.W. Bruckner, G. Dorr (Eds.).
178. Studer T., Wright E.P. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 1887, 53:1-74.
179. er , Prince Souverain de Monaco 1901, 20:1-64.
180. Sun, Z., Hamel, J.-F. and Mercier, A. (2009a). Reproductive biology of deep-sea corals in the Newfoundland and Labrador region. In The Ecology of Deep-Sea Corals of Newfoundland and Labrador Waters: Biogeography, Life History, Biogeochemistry, and Relation to Fishes (K. Gilkinson and E. Edinger, eds), pp. 23-33. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2830.
181. Sun Z., Hamel J.-F., Mercier A. Planulation of deep-sea octocorals in the NW Atlantic. Coral Reefs 2009, 28:781.
182. Sun Z., Hamel J.-F., Edinger E., Mercier A. Reproductive biology of the deep-sea Drifa glomerata in the northwest Atlantic. Marine Biology 2010, 157:863-873.
183. Sun Z., Hamel J.-F., Edinger E., Mercier A. Planulation periodicity, settlement preferences and growth of two deep-sea octocorals from the northwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2010, 410:71-87.
184. Thoma J.N., Pante E., Brugler M.R., France S.C. Deep-sea octocorals and antipatharians show no evidence of seamount-scale endemism in the NW Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:25-35.
185. er , Prince Souverain de Monaco 1927, 73:1-87.
186. Thomson J.A., Henderson W.D. An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the deep sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta 1906, 132.
187. Thresher R.E. Environmental and compositional correlates of growth rate in deep-water bamboo corals (Gorgonacea: Isididae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 397:187-196.
188. Thresher R.E., Rintoul S.R., Koslow J.A., Weidman C., Adkins J., Proctor C. Oceanic evidence of climate change in southern Australia over the last three centuries. Geophysics Research Letters 2004, 31:L07212.
189. e séries 1974, 174:1361-1433.
190. Tracey D.M., Neil H., Marriott P., Andrews A.H., Cailliet G.M., Sanchez J.A. Age and growth of two genera of deep-sea bamboo corals (family Isididae) in New Zealand waters. Bulletin of Marine Science 2007, 81:393-408.
191. Tsounis G., Rossi S., Aranguren M., Gili J.-M., Arntz W. Effects of spatial variability and colony size on the reproductive output and gonadal development of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Marine Biology 2006, 148:513-527.
192. Tsounis G., Rossi S., Laudien J., Bramanti L., Fernández N., Gili J.-M., Arntz W. Diet and seasonal prey capture rates in the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Marine Biology 2006, 149:313-325.
193. Tyler P.A. Seasonality in the deep sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 1988, 26:227-258.
194. Tyler P.A., Bronsdon S.K., Young C.M., Rice A.L. Ecology and gametogenesis biology of genus Umbellula (Pennatulacea) in the North Atlantic Ocean. International Review of Hydrobiology 1994, 80:187-199.
195. Valentine P.C., Uzmann J.R., Cooper R.A. Geology and biology of Oceanographer submarine canyon. Marine Geology 1980, 38:283-312.
196. van Ofwegen, L. (2010). Acanthogorgia Gray, 1857. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at accessed on 2011-04-12. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125293.
197. Verrill A.E. Notice of a Primnoa from Georges Bank. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts 1862, 3:127-129.
198. Verrill A.E. Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. American Journal of Science and Arts, Ser. 3 1878, 16:207-215.
199. Verrill A.E. Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. American Journal of Science and Arts, Ser. 3 1878, 16:371-379.
200. Verrill A.E. Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. American Journal of Science and Arts, Ser. 3 1879, 17:472-474.
201. Verrill A.E. Reports on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the "Blake" in 1877-1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Fish Hawk" in 1880-82. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 1883, 11:1-72.
202. Verrill A.E. Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks of the southern coast of New England. American Journal of Science, Ser. 3 1884, 28:213-220.
203. Verrill, A.E. (1922). The Actinaria of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, with notes on interesting species from Hudson Bay and other Canadian localities. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918. Vol. VIII. Mollusks, Echinoderms, Coelenterates, etc., Part G: Alcyonaria and actinaria, pp. 89-165.
204. Versluys J. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie XIII 1902, 120.
205. Versluys J. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition II. Die Primnoidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie XIII 1906, 178. pls. 1-10.
206. Wafar M., Venkataraman K., Ingole B., Ajmal Khan S., Lokabharathi P. State of knowledge of coastal and marine biodiversity of Indian Ocean countries. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e14613.
207. Waller R.G., Baco A.R. Reproductive morphology of three species of deep-water precious corals from the Hawaiian archipelago: Gerardia sp., Corallium secundum, and Corallium lauuense. Bulletin of Marine Science 2007, 81:533-542.
208. Waller R., Watling L., Auster P.J., Shank T. Anthropogenic impacts on the Corner Rise Seamounts, NW Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1075-1076.
209. Watling L. A review of the genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) and its relatives, chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:393-402.
210. Watling L. Notes on the habitat of the deep-sea caridean shrimp, Bathypalaemonella serratipalma Pequegnat. Studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bijdeley Holthuis Memorial Volume 2010, 707-714. E.J. Brill, Netherlands. C.H. Fransen, S. de Grave, P.L. Ng (Eds.).
211. Watling L., Auster P.J. Distribution of deep-water Alcyonacea off the northeast coast of the United States. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems 2005, 279-296. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A. Freiwald, J.M. Roberts (Eds.).
212. Watling, L. and France, S.C. (in press). A new genus and species of bamboo coral (Octocorallia: Isididae: Keratoisidinae) from the New England seamounts. Bulletin of the Yale Peabody Museum.
213. Watling L., Waller R., Auster P.J. Corner Rise seamounts: the impact of deep-sea fisheries. ICES Insight 2007, 44:10-14.
214. Weaver P.P.E., Boetius A., Danovaro R., Freiwald A., Gunn V., Heussner S., Morato T., Schewe I., van den Hove S. The future of integrated deep-sea research in Europe: The HERMIONE project. Oceanography 2009, 22:179-191.
215. Weber M. Siboga Expeditie - Introduction et description de l'expedition. Monographie Siboga-Expeditie 1902, 1:1-159.
216. Williams A., Althaus F., Dunstan P.K., Poore G.C., Bax N.J., Kloser R.J., McEnnulty F.R. Scales of habitat heterogeneity and megabenthos biodiversity on an extensive australian continental margin (100-1100m depths). Marine Ecology 2010, 31(suppl. 1):222-236.
217. Williams G.C. Sex and Evolution 1975, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
218. Williams G.C. Biotic diversity, biogeography and phylogeny of pennatulacean octocorals associated with coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, 1992 1993, 2:729-735.
219. Williams G.C. Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): Illustrated key and synopses. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 1995, 113:93-140.
220. Williams G.C. New taxa of Octocorals (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2005, 56:53-65.
221. Williams G.C. The Global Diversity of Sea Pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). PLoS ONE 2011, 6(7):e22747. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022747.
222. Wright E.P., Studer T. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Zoology 1889, 31:1-314. 43 pls.
223. Young C.M. Reproduction, development and life-history traits. Ecosystems of the Deep Oceans 2003, 381-426. Ecosystems of the world, Vol. 28. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.A. Tyler (Ed.).