Sounds of surveillance: U.S. Spanish-language radio patrols la migra

American Quarterly

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 807-829

  Casillas, Dolores Inés ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 80053306429     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: 10806490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/aq.2011.0047     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. I have chosen not to signal to the reader by way of italics when Spanish is written, since, in my opinion, it tends to support U. S.-based class, racial, and linguistic hierarchies, particularly in regard to Spanish. For insightful discussions of language politics, I recommend Gloria Anzaldúa, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue", in Borderlands: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute, 1997), 207-43;
2. Frances R. Aparicio, "Whose Spanish? Whose Language? Whose Power? Testifying to Differential Bilingualism", Indiana Journal of Hispanic Literatures 12(1998):5-25;
3. Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998);
4. and Jane Hill, "Covert Racist Discourse: Metaphors, Mocking, and the Racialization of Historically Spanish-Speaking Populations in the United States", in The Everyday Language of White Racism (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 119-57.
5. Several musical genres from corridos to banda lyrically narrate the border crossing and political struggles of Mexican people. See Américo Paredes, "With a Pistol in His Hand": A Border Ballad and His Hero (1958; Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004);
6. and Helena Simonett, Banda: Mexican Musical Life across Borders (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 2001).
7. Félix F. Gutiérrez and Jorge Reina Schement, Spanish Language Radio in the Southwestern United States (Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas, 1979).
8. Rosaura Sánchez, "Mapping the Spanish Language along a Multi-ethnic and Multi-lingual Border", Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 21. 1-2(1992-96):49-104;
9. and Hill, "Covert Racist Discourse." Equally significant, this form of racialization takes place with Puerto Ricans as well.
10. See Uricuoli, "Exposing Prejudice."
11. Steven W. Bender, "Sight, Sound, and Stereotype: The War on Terrorism and Its Consequences for Latinas/os", Oregon Law Review 81(2002):1153-78;
12. Kevin Johnson, "September 11 and Mexican Immigrants: Collateral Damage Comes Home", DePaul Law Review 52(2003):849-70;
13. and David Manuel Hernández, "Pursuant to Deportation: Latinos and Immigrant Detention", Latino Studies 6(2008):35-63.
14. Michael Herzfeld, Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State (New York: Routledge, 1997), especially chap. 6.
15. For a rare exception, see Ari Y. Kelman, Station Identification: A Cultural History of Yiddish Radio in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
16. See, for instance the provocative arguments of Otto Santa Anna, Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Discourse (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002);
17. and Leo Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
18. Benedict R. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983; New York: Verso Books, 1991), 145.
19. William V. Flores, "Citizens vs. Citizenry: Undocumented Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship", in Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights, ed. William V. Flores and Rina Benmayor, 255-78 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998).
20. Dolores Inés Casillas, "Puuurrrooo MÉXICO! Listening to Transnationalism on U. S. Spanish-Language Radio", in Beyond el Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America, ed. Gina Perez, Frank Guridy, and Adrian Burgos (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 44-62.
21. Jacques Attali, Noise: The Political Economy of Music (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985).
22. Dolores Inés Casillas, "Adiós El Cucuy: Immigration and Laughter on Spanish-Language Radio", Boom: A Journal of California, (September 2011): 11-24.
23. Rosemary Scott with Reed Bunzel, "Muy Caliente", Radio Ink, May 27, 2002.
24. Arbitron, "Hispanic Radio Today: How America Listens to Radio" (2009), http://www.arbitron. com/radio-stations/reference-hispanic.htm (accessed July 15, 2010).
25. Arbitron/Edison Media Research, "Internet and Multimedia Research 2005: The On-Demand Media Consumer" (2005), http://www.arbitron. com/downloads/IM2005Study.pdf (accessed July 15, 2010).
26. and "The Power of Hispanic Consumers (2004-05)", http://www.arbitron. com/downloads/hisp-consumer-study-2004.pdf (accessed July 15, 2010).
27. For an example of mainstream coverage of Spanish-language radio's growth and success, see Susan Warren, "Stations Change Tune to Woo Hispanics", Wall Street Journal, January 25, 1995;
28. Donna Petrozello, "Audience Share Swells for Spanish Formats", Broadcasting and Cable, January 22, 1996, 122;
29. Kathy Haley, "Radio Rides Hispanic Population Boom", Broadcasting and Cable, October 6, 1997, 45;
30. and Alonso Alfredo, "Spanish Niche Formats: A Radio Gold Mine", Billboard, April 29, 2006, 4.
31. Mari Castañeda Paredes, "The Transformation of Spanish-Language Radio in the United States", Journal of Radio Studies 10.1(June 2003):5-15.
32. Lisa Catazanarite, "Wage Penalties in Brown-Collar Occupations", in Latino Policy and Issues Brief, no. 8 (Los Angeles: Chicano Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003), 1-4.
33. Pew Hispanic Center, "Table 34. Median Personal Earnings for Full-Time, Year-Round Workers, by Race and Ethnicity, 2009", http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2009/Table%2034.pdf (accessed on May 25, 2011).
34. Officially, the Bracero Program ended in 1947 but continued in tandem with other federal agencies in various forms until 1964. See Kitty Calavita, Inside the State, the Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I. N. S. (New York: Routledge, 1992).
35. Matt Moffett and Diana Solis, "Alien Process", Wall Street Journal, November 26, 1986.
36. Susan Warren, "INS Intensifying Publicity Efforts in Push before Amnesty Deadline", Houston Chronicle, March 3, 1988.
37. Annette Kondo, "Radio Station Spreads the Word on Green Cards", Los Angeles Times, April 5, 2001, B8;
38. and Karin Brulliard, "Spanish Radio Tunes into Immigration Quandaries", Washington Post, April 3, 2006, B1.
39. A few newspaper selections include "Labor Leaders Call Immigration Roundup 'Union Busting' Scheme", Houston Chronicle, January 25, 1986;
40. "Aliens Arrested at Fort Worth Camp", Dallas Morning News, September 30, 1986;
41. "LAX Raid Praised, INS Praised", Los Angeles Times, October 1, 1986;
42. For primary coverage see "Unemployment, Hard Times in America", Boston Globe, November 7, 1981;
43. "Reagan Abandons Pledge to Balance Budget by 1984", Washington Post, November 7, 1981;
44. "National News Brief: Radio Alerts Immigrants to Roving Border Patrols", New York Times, October 16, 2000, A20.
45. David Manuel Hernández, "Pursuant to Deportation. " Ankle bracelets, initially said to be introduced in 2004 in select areas, are now commonplace in thirty cities. See the blog riff of Sarah Phelan, "Who Profits from ICE's electronic monitoring?", San Francisco Chronicle Political Blog, March 16, 2010, http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2010/03/16/who- profits-ices-electronic-monitoring-anklets-0 (accessed May 25, 2011).
46. Moreover, in the last decade the increasing collaboration between ICE and local law enforcement has necessitated what David Manuel Hernández refers to as a "no contact zone" between immigrants and ICE, law enforcement, and other government entities. See Hernández, "'My Fellow Citizens...': Barack Obama and Immigration Policy", Journal of Race and Policy 6.1(Spring-Summer 2010):24-44.
47. Elena Shore, "Immigration Raids in California Test Spanish Language Media", Pacific News Service, June 17, 2004, http://news.newamericamedia. org/news/view-article.html?article-id=96ec947efd05 9e05acd9c716f64e3f0e (accessed May 25, 2011).
48. For a concise and critical analysis of the Proposition 187 campaign, see Kent Ono and John Sloop, Shifting Borders: Rhetoric, Immigration, and California's Proposition 187 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002).
49. Anna Pegler-Gordon, "In Sight of America: Photography and U. S. Immigration Policy" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2002), 346.
50. Randal Archibold, "Arizona's Effect to Bolster Local Immigration Authority Divides Law Enforcement", New York Times, April 21, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/us/22immig.html (accessed May 26, 2011).
51. Jennifer Stoever-Ackerman, "The Noise of SB 1070 or Do I Sound Illegal to You?" Sounding Out Blog, http://soundstudiesblog.com/2010/08/19/ the-noise-of-sb-1070/ (accessed December 5, 2010).
52. and Laura Mecoy, "Confusion Swirls around Prop 187", Sacramento Bee, December 14, 1994, A1, A24.
53. Patrick J McDonnell, "Proposition 187: Spanish-Language Media Fight Initiative", Los Angeles Times, October 7, 1994, http://articles.latimes. com/1994-10-07/local/me-47714-1-la-opinion-univisiontelevision-group-spanish- language-television-and-radio (accessed December 5, 2010).
54. Belinda I. Reyes, Hans P. Johnson, Richard Van Swearingen, "Holding the Line? The Effect of Recent Border Build-up on Unauthorized Immigration" (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California, July 2002), 2.
55. Saskia Sassen, Guests and Aliens (New York: New Press, 1999);
56. and Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan Malone, Smoke and Mirrors: U. S. Immigration Policy in the Age of Globalization (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001).
57. The decade of the 1990s ushered a sweep of Operations: "Operation Hold the Line" in El Paso, Texas (1993);
58. "Operation Gatekeeper" in San Diego and El Centro, California (1994);
59. "Operation Safeguard" in select areas in Arizona (1994);
60. and "Operation Rio Grande" in the Texas valleys of McAllen and Laredo (1997).
61. See Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U. S.-Mexico Border (New York: Routledge, 2002).
62. Josh Kun, "Playing the Fence, Listening to the Line: Sound, Sound Art, and Acoustic Politics at the US-Mexico Border", in Performance in the Borderlands: A Critical Anthology, ed. Harvey Young and Ramon Rivera-Servera (Hampshire, U. K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 117-35.
63. Edward Epstein, "Intelligence Overhaul Bill Called Bad for Immigrants", San Francisco Chronicle, September 30, 2004, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/09/30/MNGOU9185I1. DTL (accessed May 25, 2011).
64. Jonathan Xavier Inda, Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2006).
65. Anny Bakalian and Medhi Bozorgmehr, Backlash 9/11: Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans Respond (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
66. Scott Baldauf, "It's Not Easy Being Green", Christian Science Monitor, November 3, 2000.
67. Josh Kun, "Immigrant Sage: How a 70-Year-Old Curmudgeon, Played by a 28-Year-Old, Became One of the Most Popular Personalities on L. A. Radio", Los Angeles Magazine, December 2008.
68. Chris Baker, "FCC Overlooks Spanish Radio Stations in Crackdown", Washington Times, May 4, 2004, A1.