Ecotourism benefits and livelihood improvement for sustainable development in the nature conservation areas of Bhutan

Sustainable Development

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 348-358

  Gurung, Dhan Bahadur ^a   Seeland, Klaus ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Bhutan; Ecotourism; Nature conservation; Rural communities; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; INCOME; LAND DEGRADATION; LIVING STANDARD; NATURE CONSERVATION; PROTECTED AREA; RURAL AREA; STAKEHOLDER; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BHUTAN;

EID: 80053297828     PISSN: 09680802     EISSN: 10991719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/sd.443     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Bajracharya SB, Furley PA, Newton AC. 2005. Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation 32(3): 239-247.
2. Bhatt DP. 2006. Ecotourism in Nepal: with Theoretical Concepts and Principles. Quality: Kathmandu.
3. Bhattarai K, Conway D, Shrestha N. 2005. Tourism, terrorism and turmoil in Nepal. Annals of Tourism Research 32(3): 669-688.
4. Brunet S, Bauer J, Lacy TD, Tshering K. 2001. Tourism development in Bhutan: tensions between tradition and modernity. Journal of Sustainable Development 9(3): 243-263.
5. Che D. 2006. Developing ecotourism in the First World, resource-dependent areas. Geoforum 37(2): 212-226.
6. Diamantis D. 1999. The concept of ecotourism: evolution and trends. Current Issues in Tourism 2(2/3): 93-122.
7. Eggan F. 1954. Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison. American Anthropologist 56(5): 743-763.
8. Goodwin H. 1996. In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(3): 277-291.
9. Gössling S. 1999. Ecotourism: a means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions? Ecological Economics 29(2): 303-320.
10. Gurung DB, Seeland K. 2008. Ecotourism in Bhutan: extending its benefits to rural communities. Annals of Tourism Research 35(2): 489-508.
11. Gyamtsho P. 2002. Condition and potential for improvement of high altitude rangelands. The Journal of Bhutan Studies 7: 82-98.
12. Hampton LM. 1999. Ecotourism in rural developing communities. Annals of Tourism Research 26(3): 534-553.
13. Ives J, Messerli B. 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. Routledge: London.
14. Keay-Bright J, Boardman J. 2007. The influence of land management on soil erosion in the Sneeuberg Mountains, Central Karoo, South Africa. Land Degradation and Development 18: 423-439.
15. Kemper RV. 1979. Tourism in Taos and Patzcuaro: a comparison of two approaches to regional development. Annals of Tourism Research 6(1): 91-110.
16. Koku JE, Gustafsson J-E. 2003. Local institutions and natural resource management in the South Tongu District of Ghana: a case study. Sustainable Development 11: 17-35.
17. Krüger O. 2005. The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora's box? Biodiversity and Conservation 14(3): 579-600.
18. Kuenselonline. 2008. 2nd Largest Park Inaugurated. [1 January 2009].
19. Kuenselonline. 2009a. Donor Funds Dry Up. [20 August 2009].
20. Kuenselonline. 2009b. PM on Employment. [2 October 2009].
21. Mansperger MC. 1995. Tourism and cultural change in small societies. Human Organization 54(16): 87-94.
22. Mathou T. 2000. The politics of Bhutan: change in continuity. The Journal of Bhutan Studies 2(2): 250-262.
23. McDonald R. 2005. Towards a new conceptualization of gross national happiness and its foundations. Journal of Bhutan Studies 12: 23-46.
24. Norbu C, Balilie I, Dema K, Jamyang, Dema Y, Tshering K, Tamang HB, Turkelboom F, Norbu S. 2003. Types of land degradation in Bhutan. The Journal of Bhutan Studies 8: 88-114.
25. Nyaupane G, Morais D, Dowler L. 2006. The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: a controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China. Tourism Management 27(6): 1373-1385.
26. Ohsawa M, Wangda P, Kitazawa T, Pradhan R, Wangdi T, Dhendup K. 2002. Secondary succession and soil development in tseri-farming system, Southern Bhutan. In Life Zone Ecology of the Bhutan Himalaya III, Ohsawa M (ed.). University of Tokyo: Tokyo; 125-143.
27. Reed MS, Dougill AJ, Taylor MJ. 2007. Integrating local and scientific knowledge for adaptation to land degradation: Kalahari rangeland management options. Land Degradation and Development 18(3): 249-268.
28. RGOB. 1999. Bhutan 2020: a Vision for Peace, Prosperity and Happiness. Keen: Thailand.
29. RGOB. 2002. Biodiversity Action Plan for Bhutan. Keen: Thailand.
30. RGOB. 2004. Bhutan Biological Conservation Complex (Living in Harmony with Nature). Ministry of Agriculture: Bhutan.
31. RGOB. 2005a. Millennium Development Goals: Progress Reports, 2005. Ministry of Finance: Bhutan.
32. RGOB. 2005b. Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy. Department of Tourism: Bhutan.
33. RGOB. 2006. Forest and Nature Conservation Rules of Bhutan - 2006. Ministry of Agriculture: Bhutan.
34. Rinzin C, Vermeulen WJV, Glasbergen P. 2007a. Eco-tourism as a mechanism for sustainable development: the case of Bhutan. Environmental Sciences 4(2): 109-125.
35. Rinzin C, Vermeulen WJV, Glasbergen P. 2007b. Public perceptions of Bhutan's approach to sustainable development in practice. Sustainable Development 15: 52-68.
36. Scheyvens R. 1999. Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management 20(2): 245-249.
37. Seeland K. 2004. Wildlife depredations in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan. In Wildlife in Asia: cultural perspectives, Knight J (ed.). MPG: London, UK; 131-146.
38. Stronza A. 2001. Anthropology of tourism: forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 261-283.
39. Tamang NB, Perkins JM. 2005. Cattle management systems in humid subtropical areas of Western Bhutan. The Journal of Bhutan Studies 13: 105-118.
40. Timur S, Getz D. 2008. Sustainable tourism development: how do destination stakeholders perceive urban tourism. Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.1002/sd.374.
41. Wang SW, Curtis PD, Lassoie JP. 2006. Farmer perception of crop damage by wildlife in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 359-365.
42. Wang SW, Macdonald DW. 2006. Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Biological Conservation 129: 558-565.
43. Welford R, Ytterhus B, Eligh J. 1999. Tourism and sustainable development: an analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption. Sustainable Development 7: 165-177.
44. Wesche K, Miehe G, Kaeppeli M. 2000. The significance of fire for Afroalpine ericaceous vegetation. Mountain Research and Development 20(4): 340-347.
45. Wunder S. 2000. Ecotourism and economic incentives - an empirical approach. Ecological Economics 32(3): 465-479.