Analytical methods for sulfur determination in glasses, rocks, minerals and fluid inclusions

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Volumn 73, Issue , 2011, Pages 9-39

  Ripley, Edward M ^a   Li, Chusi ^a   Moore, Craig H ^a   Elswick, Erika R ^a   Maynard, J Barry ^b   Paul, Rick L ^c   Sylvester, Paul ^d   Seo, Jun Hun ^e   Shimizu, Nobomichi ^f  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^e ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^f WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL METHOD; ELECTRON MICROPROBES; ELEMENTAL ANALYZERS; FLUID INCLUSION; GEOLOGIC MATERIALS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION; INFRARED DETECTION; ION PROBE; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LA-ICP-MS; NUCLEAR METHODS; ORE GENESIS; SULFUR ANALYSIS; SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS; SULFUR ISOTOPE; VOLATILE INTERACTION;

GLASS; GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS; ISOTOPES; MASS SPECTROMETERS; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; ROCKS; SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY; SPECTROMETRY; SULFUR; TRACE ELEMENTS;

SULFUR DETERMINATION;

EID: 80053295249     PISSN: 15296466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2138/rmg.2011.73.2     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Audi G, Wapstra AH, Thibault C (2003) The 2003 atomic mass evaluation. (II). Tables, graphs and references. Nucl Phys A 729:337-676 (Pubitemid 37495859)
2. Axelsson MD, Rodushkin I (2001) Determination of major and trace elements in sphalerite using laser ablation double focusing sector field ICP-MS. J Geochem Explor 72:81-89 (Pubitemid 32541184)
3. Bach W, Erzinger J (1995) Volatile components in basalts and basaltic glasses from the EPR at 9°30 N. Proc Ocean Drill Program Part B Sci Results 142:23-29
4. Ballhaus C, Sylvester P (2000) Noble metal enrichment processes in the Merensky reef, Bushveld complex. J Petrol 41:545-561 (Pubitemid 30218422)
5. Bandura DR, Baranov VI, Tanner SD (2002) Detection of ultratrace phosphorus and sulfur by quadrupole ICPMS with dynamic reaction cell. Anal Chem 74: 1497-1502. (Pubitemid 34297582)
6. Banks DA, Yardley BWD (1992) Crush-leach analysis of fluid inclusions in small natural and synthetic samples. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56: 245-248.
7. Bendall C, Lahaye Y, Fiebig J, Weyer S, Brey GP (2006) In situ sulfur isotope analysis by laser ablation MC-ICPMS. Appl Geochem 21:782-787
8. Bouten P, Hoste J (1962) The determination of sulfur and phosphorus in steel by neutron activation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 27:315-319
9. Bower NW, Gladney ES, Ferenbaugh RW (1986) Critical comparison of X-ray fluorescence and combustion - infrared methods for the determination of sulphur in biological matrices. Analyst 111:105-106
10. 4 fluids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56: 261-272
11. Cabri L.J, Sylvester PJ, Tubrett MN, Peregoedova A, Laflamme LHG (2003) Comparison of LAM-ICP-MS and Micro-PIXE results for palladium and rhodium in selected samples of Noril'sk and Talnakh sulfides. Can Mineral 41:321-329 (Pubitemid 36803815)
12. Carroll MR, Rutherford M.J (1988) Sulfide speciation in hydrous experimental glasses of varying oxidation state: results from measured wavelength shifts of sulfur X-rays. Am Mineral 73: 845-849
13. Cauzid J, Philippot P, Martinez-Criado G, Menez B, Laboure S (2007) Contrasting Cu-complexing behaviour in vapour and liquid fluid inclusions from the Yankee Lode tin deposit, Mole Granite, Australia. Chem Geol 246: 39-54 (Pubitemid 350011800)
14. Chinchon JS, Lopez-Soler A, Traveria A, Vaquer R (1988) X-ray fluorescence analysis of samples with elemental sulphur: Effect of sulphur sublimation. X-Ray Spectrom 17:217-218
15. Craddock PR, Rouxel O, Ball L, Bach W (2008) Sulfur isotope measurement of sulfate and sulfide by high-resolution MC-ICP-MS. Chem Geol 253:102-113
16. Dabney SA, Swindle DL, Beck JN, Francis G, Schweikert EA (1973) On the determination of sulfur by charged particle activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 16:375-383
17. Dams R, Robbins JA, Rahn KA, Winchester JW (1970) Nondestructive neutron activation analysis of air pollution particulates. Anal Chem 42:861-867
18. de Hoog JM, Mason PD, van Bergen MJ (2001) Sulfur and chalcophile elements in subduction zones: constraints from a laser ablation ICP-MS study of melt inclusions from Galunggung Volcano, Indonesia. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:3147-3164 (Pubitemid 32978558)
19. de Hoog JCM, Hattori HK, Hoblitt RP (2004) Oxidized sulfur-rich mafic magma at Moutn Pinatubo, Philippines. Contrib Mineral Petrol 146:750-761 (Pubitemid 38319498)
20. De Laeter JR, Böhlke JK, De Bièvre P, Hidaka H, Peiser HS, Rosman KJR, Taylor PDP (2003) Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Appl Chem 75:683-800
21. Diana M, Gabrielli N, Ridolfi S (2007) Sulfur determination on stone monuments with a field-transportable EDXRF system. X-Ray Spectrom 36:424-428, doi: 10.1002/xrs.1005
22. Elswick ER, Hower JC, Carmo AM, Sun T, Mardon SM (2007) Sulfur isotope geochemistry of coal and derived combustion products: an example from an Eastern Kentucky mine and power plant. Appl Geochem 22:2065-2077 (Pubitemid 47285661)
23. Evans KA, O'Neill HStC, Mavrogenes JA (2008) Sulphur solubility and sulphide immiscibility in silicate melts as a function of the concentration of manganese, nickel, tungsten and copper at 1 atm and 1400 °C. Chem Geol 255:236-249
24. Failey MP, Anderson DL, Zoller WH, Gordon GE (1979) Neutron-capture prompt γ-ray activation analysis for multielement determination in complex samples. Anal Chem 51:2209-2221
25. Fitzpatrick AJ, Kyser K, Chipley D, Beauchemin D (2008) Fabrication of solid calibration standards by a sol-gel process and use in laser ablation ICPMS. J Anal At Spectrom 23:244-248 (Pubitemid 351162645)
26. Fleming RF, Lindstrom RM (1982) Limitations on the accuracy of sulfur determination in NAA. Trans Am Nucl Soc 41:223
27. Foriel J, Philippot P, Rey P, Somogyi A, Banks D, Menez B (2004) Biological control of CI/Br and low sulfate concentration in a 3.5-Gyr-old seawater from North Pole, Western Australia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 228:451-463 (Pubitemid 40005266)
28. Gazulla MP, Gómez MP, Orduña M, Rodrigo M (2008) New methodology for sulfur analysis in geological samples by WD-XRF spectrometry. X-ray Spectrom 38:3-8, doi 10.1002/xrs.1092
29. Germani MS, Gokmen I, Sigleo AC, Kowalczyk GS, Olmez I, Small AM, D. Anderson DL, Failey MP, Gulvali MC, Choquette CE, Lepel EA, Gordon GE, Zollar WH (1980) Concentrations of elements in the National Bureau of Standards' bituminous and subbituminous coal Standard Reference Materials. Anal Chem 52:240-245 (Pubitemid 10101122)
30. Giblin AE, Likens GE, White D, Howarth RW (1990) Sulfur storage and alkalinity generation in New England lake sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 35:852-869
31. Gibson EK Jr, Andrawes FF (1978) Sulfur abundances in the 74001/74002 drive tube core from Shorty Crater, Apollo 17. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 9th, Houston, TX, March 13-17, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 2. (A79-39176 16-91) New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., p 2011-2017
32. Giles HL, Hurley PW, Webster HWM (1995) Simple approach to the analysis of oxides, silicates and carbonates using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. X-ray Spectrom 24:205-218
33. Gray AL (1985) Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry. Analyst 110:551-556
34. Greenberg RR, Lindstrom RM, Simons DS (2000) Instrumental neutron activation analysis for certification of ion-implanted arsenic in silicon. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 245:57-63 (Pubitemid 30469544)
35. Guillong M, Heinrich CA (2007) Sensitivity enhancement in laser ablation ICP-MS using small amounts of hydrogen in the carrier gas. J Anal At Spectrom 22:1488-1494 (Pubitemid 350136766)
36. Guillong M, Latkoczy C, Seo JH, Gunther D, Heinrich CA (2008a) Determination of sulfur in fluid inclusions by laser ablation ICP-MS. J Anal At Spectrom 23:1581-1589
37. Guillong M, Meier DL, Allan MM, Heinrich CA, Yardley BWD (2008b) SILLS: A MATLAB-based program for the reduction of laser ablation ICP-MS data of homogeneous materials and inclusions. In: Laser Ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: Current Practices and Outstanding Issues. Sylvester P (ed) Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, 40:328-333
38. Gunther D, Audetat A, Frischknecht R, Heinrich CA (1998) Quantitative analysis of major, minor and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 13:263-270 (Pubitemid 128562589)
39. Hauri E, Wang J, Dixon JE, King PL, Mandeville C, Newman S (2002) SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses. 1. Calibration, matrix effects and comparisons with FTIR. Chem Geol 183:99-114 (Pubitemid 34268163)
40. Heinrich CA, Pettke T, Halter WE, Aigner-Torres M, Audetat A, Gunther D, Hattendorf B, Bleiner D, Guillong M, Horn I (2003) Quantitative multi-element analysis of minerals, fluid and melt inclusions by laserablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:3473-3497
41. Hettipathirana TD, Grey NA, Naidu R (2004) Analysis of silicates using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for major elements: Effects of loss elimination and catch-weights. X-Ray Spectrom 33:117-123, doi: 10.1002/xrs.709. (Pubitemid 40190302)
42. Hunger PD, Hervig RL,McMilIan PF (1994) Analytical methods for volatiles in glasses. Rev Mineral 30:67-121
43. Jochum KP, Stoll B, Herwig K, Willbold M, Hofmann AW (2006) MPI-DING reference glasses for in situ microanalysis: New reference values for element concentrations and isotope ratios. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 7:002008, doi:10.1029/2005GC001060
44. Jurney ET, Curtis DB, Gladney ES (1977) Determination of sulfur in environmental materials by thermal neutron capture prompt gamma-ray spectrometry. Anal Chem 49:1741-1743 (Pubitemid 8221083)
45. Kerr 2001 The calculation and use of sulfide metal contents in the study of magmatic ore deposits: a methodological analysis. Explor Min Geol 10:289-301
46. KibaT, Takagi T, Yoshimura Y, Kishi I (1955) Tin (II)-strong phosphoric acid. A new reagent for the determination of sulfate by reduction to hydrogen sulfide. Bull Chem Soc Japan 28: 641-644
47. Klie JH, Sharma HD (1982) Sulfur determination in coal by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 71:299-309
48. Knoll GF (1989) Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley and Sons, New York
49. Kosler J (2008) Laser ablation sampling strategies for concentration and isotope ratio analyses by ICP-MS. In: Laser Ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: Current Practices and Outstanding Issues. Sylvester P (ed) Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, 40:79-92
50. Krouse HR, Ueda A (1987) Contents and sulphur isotope composition of trace sulfate and sulphide in various rock types. Appl Geochem 2:127-131
51. Leoni L, Menichini M, Saitta M (1982) Determination of S, CI and F in silicate rocks by X-ray fluorescence analyses. X-ray Spectrom 11:135-137
52. Li M, Filby RH (1983) Determination of sulfur in fly ash and fuel oil Standard Reference Materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis and liquid scintillation counting. Anal Chem 55:2336-2340 (Pubitemid 14175209)
53. Liu Y, Samaha N, Baker DR (2007) Sulfur concentration at sulfide saturation (SCSS) in magmatic silicate melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:1783-1799 (Pubitemid 46420111)
54. Longerich HP, Jackson SE, Gunther D (1996) Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. J Anal At Spectrom 11:899-904 (Pubitemid 126581213)
55. Lytle D, Gerke TL, Maynard JB (2005) Geochemistry of sulfur in iron corrosion scales found in drinking water distribution systems: Role of sulfate reducing bacteria. J Am Water Works Assoc 97:109-120
56. Mackey EA, Paul RL, Lindstrom RM, Anderson DL, Greenberg RR (2005) Evaluation of uncertainties in prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 265:273-281 (Pubitemid 41024917)
57. Mandeville CW, Sasaki A, SaitoG, Faure K, King R, Hauri E (1998) open-system degassing of sulfur from Krakatau 1883 magma. Earth Planet Sci Lett 160:709-722 (Pubitemid 29105731)
58. Mandeville CW, Webster J, Tappan C, Taylor B, Timbal A, Sasaki A, Hauri E, Bacon C (2009) Stable isotopic and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climatic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:2978-3012
59. Marini L, Moretti R, Accornero M (2011) Sulfur isotopes in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, melts, and magmas. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:423-492
60. Mason PRD, Kaspers K, van Bergen MJ (1999) Determination of sulfur isotope ratios and concentrations in water samples using ICP-MS incorporating hexapole ion optics. J Anal At Spectrom 14:1067-1074
61. Mason PRD, Kosler J, de Hoog, JCM, Sylvester PJ, Meffan-Main S (2006) In situ determination of sulfur isotopes in sulfur-rich materials by laser ablation-multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS). J Anal At Spectrom 21:177-186
62. Mason PRD, Mank AJG (2001) Depth-resolved analysis in multi-layered glass and metal materials using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). J Anal At Spectrom 16:1381-1388 (Pubitemid 34030304)
63. Mathez EA (1980) Sulfide relations in Hole 418A flows and sulfur contents of glasses. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 51, 52, 53, Part 2. Donnelly T, Francheteau J, Bryan W, Robinson P, Flower M, Salisbury M, et al. (eds) Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), p 1069-1085. http://www.deepseadrilling.org/51-52-53/volume/dsdp51-52-53pt2-31.pdf
64. McCandless EL (1964) Determination of sulfur in polysaccharides by neutron activation analysis. Anal Biochem 7:357-365
65. Metrich N, Bertagnini A, Landi P, Rosi Mauro (2001) Crystallization driven by decompression and water loss at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Island, Italy. J Petrol 42:1471-1490 (Pubitemid 32736480)
66. Norman M, Robinson P, Clark D (2003) Major-and trace-element analysis of sulfide ores by laser-ablation ICP-MS, solution ICP-MS, and XRF: new data on international reference materials. Can Mineral 41:293-305 (Pubitemid 36803813)
67. O'Neill HC, Mavrogenes JA (2002) The sulfide capacity and the sulfur content at sulfide saturation of silicate melts at 1400 °C and 1 bar. J Petrol 43:1049-1087 (Pubitemid 34667923)
68. Ohmoto H, Lasaga AC (1982) Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:1727-1745
69. Olivier C, Peisach M, Morland HJ, De Wet BS (1986) Sulphur determination by proton-induced prompt gamma emission: The effect of the matrix and its importance in coal analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 106:107-122
70. Paul RL (1997) Hydrogen measurement by prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. Analyst 122:35R-41R (Pubitemid 27182157)
71. Paul RL (2008) Determination of sulfur in steels by radiochemical neutron activation analysis with liquid scintillation counting. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 276:243-249 (Pubitemid 351569700)
72. Paul RL, Simons DS, Guthrie WF, Lu J (2003) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis for certification of ion-implanted phosphorus in silicon. Anal Chem 75:4028-4033 (Pubitemid 37012532)
73. Pearce WC, Hill JWF, Kerry I (1990) Use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the direct multi-element analysis of coal powders. Analyst 115:1397-1403 (Pubitemid 20365482)
74. Pelikánová M (1985) Determination of sulphur in silicate and carbonate rocks by wavelength dispersive XRF. Fresnius J Anal Chem 320:338-340
75. Pettke T, Halter WE, Webster JD, Aigner-Torres M, Heinrich CA (2004) Accurate quantification of melt inclusion chemistry by LA-ICPMS: a comparison with EMP and SIMS and advantages and possible limitations of these methods. Lithos 78:333-361 (Pubitemid 39437048)
76. Richards JP, Larson PB (eds) (1998) Techniques in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Geology. Reviews in Economic Geology, Volume 10. Society of Economic Geologists 264pp
77. Rocholl A, Simon K, Jochum KP, Brunn F, Gehann R, Kramar U, Luecke W, Molzahn M, Pernicka E, Seufert HM, Spettel B, Stummeier J (1997) Chemical characterisation of NIST silicate glass certified reference material SRM 610 by 1CP-MS. TIMS, LIMS, SSMS, 1NAA, AAS and PIXE. Geostand Geoanal Res 24:101-114 (Pubitemid 43892013)
78. Rose-Koga EF, Albarede F (2010) A data brief on magnesium isotope compositions of marine calcareous sediments and ferromanganese nodules. Geochem Geophys Geosys 11, Q03006, doi: 1029/2009GC002899
79. Rousseau M, Friedli C, Lerch P (1984) Trace determination of sulfur by heavy ion activation analysis. Anal Chem 56:2854-2856
80. Rowan JT, Houk RS (1989) Attenuation of polyatomic ion interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by gas-phase collisions. Appl Spectrosc 43:976-980
81. Roy P, Balaram V, Singh RS, Krishna AK, Charan CD, Charan SN, Murthy NN (2009) A simplified and rapid method for the determination of sulphur in kimberlites and other geological samples by WD-XRF spectrometry. At Spectrosc 30:178-183
82. Ryan CG, Heinrich CA, Mernagh TP (1993) PIXE microanalysis of fluid inclusions and its application to study ore metal segregation between magmatic brine and vapor. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B 77:463-471
83. Sakai H, Ueda A, Field CW (1978) δ 34S and concentration of sulphide and sulphate sulphurs in some ocean floor basalts and serpentinites. In: Short Papers of the Fourth International Conference, Geochronology, Cosmochronology, Isotope Geology. Zartman RE (ed), US Geol Surv Open-file Rept 78-701:372-374
84. Sasaki A, Arikawa Y, Folinsbee RE (1979) Kiba reagent method of sulphur extraction applied to isotope work. Bull Geol Survey Japan 30:241-245
85. Sasaki A, Ishihara S (1979) Sulfur isotopic composition of the magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitoids in Japan. Contrib Mineral Petrol 68:107-115
86. Seo JH, Guillong M, Heinrich CA (2009) The role of sulfur in the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal copper-gold deposits. Earth and Planet Sci Lett 282:323-328
87. Seo JH, Guilong M, Aerts M, Zajacz Z, Heinrich CA (2011) Microanalysis of S, Cl and Br in fluid inclusions by LA-ICP-MS. Chem Geol 284:35-44, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.003
88. Shah KR, Filby RH, Haller WA (1970) Determination of trace elements in petroleum by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Chem 6:185-192
89. Shani G, Cohen D (1976) The lower detectable limit of sulfur by fast neutron activation analysis. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 27:349-350
90. Simon AC, Ripley RM (2011) The role of magmatic sulfur in the formation of ore deposits. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:513-578
91. Sohn RA, Menke W (2002) Application of maximum likelihood and bootstrap methods to nonlinear curve-fit problems in geochemistry. Geochem Geophys Geosys 3, doi:10.1029/2001GC000253
92. Souliotis AG (1964) Combined radiochemical-neutron activation analysis method for the determination of sulfur and phosphorus in high-purity paper and beer. Anal Chem 36:811-814
93. Stefansson A, Seward TM (2004) Gold(I) complexing in aqueous sulphide solutions to 500 degrees C at 500 bar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:4121-4143 (Pubitemid 39342117)
94. Strijckmans K, De Brucker N, Vanecasteele C (1985) Determination of sulphur in fly ash by instrumental proton activation analysis. J. Radioanal Nucl Chem Lett 96:389-398
95. Studley SA, Ripley EM, Elswick ER, Dorais MJ, Fong J, Finkelstein D, Pratt LM (2002) Analysis of sulfides in whole rock matrices by elemental analyzer-continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Chem Geol 192:141-148 (Pubitemid 35372092)
96. Sylvester PJ (ed) (2008a) Laser ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: current practices and outstanding issues. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, Volume 40
97. Sylvester PJ (2008b) Matrix effects in laser ablation ICP-MS. In: Laser ablation ICP-MS in the Earth sciences: current practices and outstanding issues. Sylvester P (ed), Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, 40:67-78
98. Sylvester PJ, Cabri LJ, Tubrett MN, McMahon G, Laflamme JHG, Peregoedova A (2005) Synthesis and evaluation of a fused pyrrhotite standard reference material for platinum group element and gold analysis by laser ablation-ICPMS. Abstract, 10th Intern Platinum Symp, p 16-20
99. Thomas JP, Schweiker EA (1972) A rapid method for assaying sulfur using proton activation analysis. Nucl Instrum Meth 99:461-467
100. Thordarson T, Self S, Oskarsson N, Hulsebosch T (1996) Sulfur, chlorine and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the 1783-1784 AD Laki (Skaftai Fires) eruption in Iceland. Bull Volcanol 58:205-225
101. Ueda A, Sakai H (1983) Simultaneous determinations of the concentration and isotope ratio of sulfate-and sulfide-sulfur and carbonate-carbon in geological samples. Geochem J 17:185-196
102. Vanecasteele C, Dewaele J, Esprit M, Goethals P (1980) The determination of sulphur in copper, nickel, and aluminum alloys by proton activation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 119:121-127
103. Vourvopoulos G, Womble PC (1989) On-line sulfur determination in coal with prompt gamma neutron activation. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res B 36:200-205
104. Walker FW, Partington JR, Feiner F (1989) Nuclides and Isotopes-Chart of the Nuclides, 14th edition. General Electric
105. Wallace P, Carmichael ISE (1992) Sulfur in basaltic magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1863-1874
106. Wayman CH (1964) Determination of total sulfur in water by neutron activation analysis. Anal Chem 36:665-666
107. Wilke M, Klimm K, Kohn SC (2011) Spectroscopic studies on sulfur speciation in synthetic and natural glasses. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:41-78
108. Williams JP, Farncomb FJ, Magliocca TS (1957) Determination of sulfur in glass. J Am Ceram Soc 40:352-354
109. Wilson SA, Ridley WI, Koenig AE (2002) Development of sulfide calibration standards for the laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. J Anal At Spectrom 17:406-409 (Pubitemid 34476766)
110. Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser CC, Ballhaus C, Berndt J, Stotter nee Paliulionyte V, Meisel T (2007) Synthesis of PGE sulfide standards for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Contrib Mineral Petrol 154:607-617 (Pubitemid 47456743)
111. Yule HP (1965) Experimental reactor thermal-neutron activation analysis sensitivities. Anal Chem 37:29-132
112. Zajacz Z, Halter W (2009) Copper transport by high temperature, sulfur-rich magmatic vapor: Evidence from silicate melt and vapor inclusions in a basaltic and esite from the Villarrica volcano (Chile). Earth Planet Sci Lett 282:115-121