A review of evidence-based strategies to treat obesity in adults

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 512-525

  Laddu, Deepika ^a   Dow, Caitlin ^a   Hingle, Melanie ^a   Thomson, Cynthia ^a   Going, Scott ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

bariatric surgery; diet; obesity; pharmacotherapy; physical activity; treatment; weight loss

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMFEPRAMONE; ANOREXIGENIC AGENT; ANOREXIN DERIVATIVE; BENZPHETAMINE; CAFFEINE; FECES LIPID; GHRELIN; INSULIN; LEPTIN; METHAMPHETAMINE; PHENDIMETRAZINE; PHENDIMETRAZINE TARTRATE; PHENTERMINE; PHENTERMINE RESIN; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; PREALBUMIN; PRELU 2; REDUCTI; RIMONABANT; SIBUTRAMINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ALBUMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ANASTOMOSIS LEAKAGE; ANXIETY; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BILIOPANCREATIC BYPASS; BODY IMAGE; BODY MASS; CALORIC INTAKE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONSTIPATION; COST; DEATH; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ULCER; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EATING HABIT; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EPHEDRA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FLATULENCE; FOLLOW UP; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FRUIT; GALLSTONE FORMATION; GASTRIC BANDING; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL PAIN; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROPLASTY; GLAUCOMA; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; INSOMNIA; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INTERNAL HERNIA; INTERNET; INTESTINE STENOSIS; IRRITABILITY; JEJUNOILEAL BYPASS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIP DISEASE; LIPID METABOLISM; LOW CALORY DIET; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; LOW FAT DIET; LUNG EMBOLISM; MACRONUTRIENT; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MOTIVATION; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PROTEIN DIET; PROTEIN INTAKE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; ROUX Y ANASTOMOSIS; SATIETY; SELF CONCEPT; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL STATUS; STEATORRHEA; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; SWELLING; TACHYCARDIA; THROAT TIGHTNESS; UNITED STATES; URTICARIA; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VEGETABLE; VERTICAL BANDED GASTROPLASTY; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; DIET; ENERGY INTAKE; EXERCISE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; OBESITY; WEIGHT LOSS; WEIGHT REDUCTION PROGRAMS;

EID: 80053260021     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: 19412452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0884533611418335     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010 ; 303: 235-241
2. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 2010 ; 303: 242-249
3. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009 ; 9: 88
4. Cost of obesity approaching $300 billion per year. Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/648708. html. Accessed January 15, 2011.
5. Cummings S, Parham ES, Strain GW. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 ; 109: 330-346
6. Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Washington, DC: NHLBI ; 1998 :
7. Harris JA, Benedict FG A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington ; 1919 :
8. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 ; 51: 241-247
9. Cannon CP, Kumar A. Treatment of overweight and obesity: lifestyle, pharmacologic, and surgical options. Clin Cornerstone. 2009 ; 9: 55-68
10. Turk MW, Yang K, Hravnak M, Sereika SM, Ewing LJ, Burke LE. Randomized clinical trials of weight loss maintenance: a review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009 ; 24: 58-80
11. Hainer V, Toplak H, Mitrakou A. Treatment modalities of obesity: what fits whom?. Diabetes Care. 2008 ; 31 (suppl 2). S269 - S277
12. Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, Wise A, Broom J. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obes Rev. 2009 ; 10: 36-50
13. Acheson KJ. Nutrition. 2010 ; 26: 141-145
14. Brehm BJ, D'Alessio DA. Weight loss and metabolic benefits with diets of varying fat and carbohydrate content: separating the wheat from the chaff. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 ; 4: 140-146 (Pubitemid 351301782)
15. Jimenez-Cruz A, Jimenez AB, Pichardo-Osuna A, Chaudry T, Bacardi-Gascon M. Long term effect of Mediterranean diet on weight loss. Nutr Hosp. 2009 ; 24: 753-754
16. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008 ; 359: 229-241 (Pubitemid 352008438)
17. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 ; 304: 1803-1810
18. Martin CK, Talamini L, Johnson A, Hymel AM, Khavjou O. Weight loss and retention in a commercial weight-loss program and the effect of corporate partnership. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 ; 34: 742-750
19. Wing RR. Treatment options for obesity: do commercial weight loss programs have a role?. JAMA. 2010 ; 304: 1837-1838
20. Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials.". BMJ. 2006 ; 332: 1309-1314
21. Arem H, Irwin M. A review of Web-based weight loss interventions in adults. Obes Rev. 2011 ; 12: e236 - e243
22. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA. 2001 ; 295: 1172-1177 (Pubitemid 32198482)
23. Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, Sargent SL, Rothman RA, Krauthamer-Ewing ES. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial Internet weight loss program. Obes Res. 2004 ; 12: 1011-1018 (Pubitemid 41202404)
24. Wing RR, Crane MM, Thomas JG, Kumar R, Weinberg B. Improving weight loss outcomes of community interventions by incorporating behavioral strategies. Am J Public Health. 2010 ; 100: 2513-2519
25. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, Welsh EM, Vanwormer J, Hotop AM. The drop it at last study: six-month results of a phone-based weight loss trial. Am J Health Promot. 2010 ; 24: 378-383
26. Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, et al. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000 ; 133: 92-103 (Pubitemid 30490409)
27. Williams D, Teixeira PJ, Going SB Human Body Composition. 2 nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004:313-330. Heymsfield SW Lohman T Wang Z-M Going S, ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics ; 2004: 313-330.
28. Ross R, Pedwell H, Rissanen J. Effects of energy restriction and exercise on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in women as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 ; 61: 1179-1185
29. Janssen I, Fortier A, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Diabetes Care. 2002 ; 25: 431-438 (Pubitemid 41103332)
30. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39: 1423-1434 (Pubitemid 47344026)
31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2008. http://health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/ chapter1.aspx
32. Schoeller DA, Shay K, Kushner RF. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 ; 66: 551
33. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, Napolitano M, Lang W. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 ; 290: 1323-1330 (Pubitemid 37442628)
34. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Lang W, Janney C. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med. 2008 ; 168: 1550-1559
35. Jakicic JM, Clark K, Coleman E, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 ; 33: 2145-2156 (Pubitemid 33126711)
36. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, Tate DF. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 ; 78: 684-689 (Pubitemid 39663485)
37. Saris W, Blair SN, Van Baak MA, et al. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes Reviews. 2003 ; 4: 101-114 (Pubitemid 36581847)
38. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 ; 82: 222S - 225S
39. Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR. Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals: are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 ; 85: 954-959 (Pubitemid 46557908)
40. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 ; 41: 459-471
41. Schmitz KH, Hannan PJ, Stovitz SD, Bryan CJ, Warren M, Jensen MD. Strength training and adiposity in premenopausal women: strong, healthy, and empowered study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 ; 86: 566-572 (Pubitemid 47435821)
42. Schmitz KH, Jensen MD, Kugler KC, Jeffery RW, Leon AS. Strength training for obesity prevention in midlife women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 ; 27: 326-333 (Pubitemid 36384869)
43. Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, Seyler J, Erickson DJ, Boileau RA. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. 2005 ; 135: 1903-1910 (Pubitemid 41099748)
44. Doi T, Matsuo T, Sugawara M, et al. New approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light resistance exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2001 ; 10: 226-232 (Pubitemid 33739361)
45. Jeffery RW, Levy RL, Langer SL, et al. A comparison of maintenance-tailored therapy (MTT) and standard behavior therapy (SBT) for the treatment of obesity. Prev Med. 2009 ; 49: 384-389
46. Sarwer DB, von Sydow Green A, Vetter ML, Wadden TA. Behavior therapy for obesity: where are we now?. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009 ; 16: 347-352
47. Acharya SD, Elci OU, Sereika SM, et al. Adherence to a behavioral weight loss treatment program enhances weight loss and improvements in biomarkers. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2009 ; 3: 151-160
48. Greenberg I, Stampfer MJ, Schwarzfuchs D, Shai I. Adherence and success in long-term weight loss diets: the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT). J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 ; 28: 159-168
49. Mata J, Todd PM, Lippke S. When weight management lasts: lower perceived rule complexity increases adherence. Appetite. 2010 ; 54: 37-43
50. Corbalan MD, Morales EM, Canteras M, Espallardo A, Hernandez T, Garaulet M. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the Mediterranean diet for the treatment of obesity. Nutrition. 2009 ; 25: 861-869
51. Cooper Z, Doll HA, Hawker DM, et al. Testing a new cognitive behavioural treatment for obesity: a randomized controlled trial with three-year follow-up. Behav Res Ther. 2011 ; 48: 706-713
52. Jay M, Gillespie C, Schlair S, Sherman S, Kalet A. Physicians' use of the 5As in counseling obese patients: is the quality of counseling associated with patients' motivation and intention to lose weight?. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010 ; 10: 159
53. Pollak KI, Alexander SC, Coffman CJ, et al. Physician communication techniques and weight loss in adults: Project CHAT. Am J Prev Med. 2010 ; 39: 321-328
54. DiMarco ID, Klein DA, Clark VL, Wilson GT. The use of motivational interviewing techniques to enhance the efficacy of guided self-help behavioral weight loss treatment. Eat Behav. 2009 ; 10: 134-136
55. Saper RB, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am Fam Physician. 2004 ; 70: 1731-1738 (Pubitemid 39463386)
56. Alraei RG. Herbal and dietary supplements for weight loss. Topics Clin Nutr. 2010 ; 25: 136-150
57. Blanck HM, Serdula MK, Gillespie C, et al. Use of nonprescription dietary supplements for weight loss is common among Americans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 ; 107: 441-447 (Pubitemid 46281823)
58. Pillitteri JL, Shiffman S, Rohay JM, Harkins AM, Burton SL, Wadden TA. Use of dietary supplements for weight loss in the United States: results of a national survey. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 ; 16: 790-796 (Pubitemid 351465634)
59. Herber D. Herbal preparations for obesity: are they useful?. Primary Care. 2003 ; 30: 441-463
60. Lenz TL, Hamilton WR. Supplemental products used for weight loss. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2004 ; 44: 59-67
61. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. The Evidence Report. September1998. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob-gdlns.pdf
62. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and Weight-Control Information Network. Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health; 2010. http://win.niddk.nih.gov/ publications/prescription.htm#meds
63. Bays HE. Current and investigational antiobesity agents and obesity therapeutic treatment targets. Obes Res. 2004 ; 12: 1197-1211 (Pubitemid 41137461)
64. Neff LM, Aronne LJ. Pharmacotherapy for obesity. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 ; 9: 454-462
65. Hofbauer KG, Nicholson JR, Boss O. The obesity epidemic: current and future pharmacological treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 ; 47: 565-592
66. Sonnenberg GE, Matfin G, Reinhardt RR. Drug treatments for obesity: where are we heading and how do we get there? Current obesity treatment options. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2007 ; 7: 111-118 (Pubitemid 47215224)
67. Brolin RE. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 2793-2796 (Pubitemid 35425059)
68. Jones KB. Experience with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and commentary on current trends. Obes Surg. 2000 ; 10: 183-185 (Pubitemid 30353192)
69. Mun EC, Blackburn GL, Matthews JB. Current status of medical and surgical therapy for obesity. Gastroenterology. 2001 ; 120: 669-681 (Pubitemid 32171639)
70. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 1995 ; 222: 339-350
71. Pace WG, Martin EW, Tetirick T, Fabri PJ, Carey LC. Gastric partitioning for morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 1979 ; 190: 392-400 (Pubitemid 10239446)
72. Mason EE. Vertical banded gastroplasty for obesity. Arch Surg. 1982 ; 117: 701-706 (Pubitemid 12161833)
73. Balsiger BM, Poggio JL, Mai J, Kelly KA, Sarr MG. Ten and more years after vertical banded gastroplasty as primary operation for morbid obesity. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000 ; 4: 598-605
74. Bo O, Modalsli O. Gastric banding, a surgical method of treating morbid obesity: preliminary report. Int J Obes. 1983 ; 7: 493-499 (Pubitemid 13020983)
75. Kuzmak L. Stoma adjustable silicone gastric banding. Prob Gen Surg. 1992 ; 9: 298-317
76. Cummings DE, Overduin J, Foster-Schubert KE. Gastric bypass for obesity: mechanisms of weight loss and diabetes resolution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 ; 89: 2608-2615 (Pubitemid 38766339)
77. Naslund I, Wickbom G, Christoffersson E, Agren G. A prospective randomized comparison of gastric bypass and gastroplasty: complications and early results. Acta Chir Scand. 1986 ; 152: 681-689 (Pubitemid 17229162)
78. Sugerman HJ, Starkey JV, Birkenhauer R. A randomized prospective trial of gastric bypass versus vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity and their effects on sweets versus non-sweets eaters. Ann Surg. 1987 ; 205: 613-624 (Pubitemid 17103382)
79. Howard L, Malone M, Michalek A, Carter J, Alger S, Van Woert J. Gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty: a prospective randomized comparison and 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 1995 ; 5: 55-60
80. Nightengale ML, Sarr MG, Kelly KA, Jensen MD, Zinsmeister AR, Palumbo PJ. Prospective evaluation of vertical banded gastroplasty as the primary operation for morbid obesity. Mayo Clin Proc. 1991 ; 66: 773-782
81. Faraj M, Jones P, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Enhanced dietary fat clearance in postobese women. J Lipid Res. 2001 ; 42: 571-580 (Pubitemid 32367000)
82. MacLean LD, Rhode BM, Nohr CW. Long- or short-limb gastric bypass?. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001 ; 5: 525-530 (Pubitemid 33649516)
83. Naslund I. Gastric bypass versus gastroplasty: a prospective study of differences in two surgical procedures for morbid obesity. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1987 ; 536: 1-60
84. Hickey MS, Pories WJ, MacDonald KG, et al. A new paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: could it be a disease of the foregut?. Ann Surg. 1998 ; 227: 637-643
85. Stoeckli R, Chanda R, Langer I, Keller U. Changes of body weight and plasma ghrelin levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass. Obes Res. 2004 ; 12: 346-350 (Pubitemid 41132559)
86. Kellum JM, Kuemmerle JF, O'Dorisio TM, et al. Gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals before and after gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty. Ann Surg. 1990 ; 211: 763-770
87. Pappas TN. Physiological satiety implications of gastrointestinal antiobesity surgery. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 ; 55: 571S - 572S
88. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002 ; 346: 1623-1630 (Pubitemid 34755670)
89. Geloneze B, Tambascia MA, Pilla VF, Geloneze SR, Repetto EM, Pareja JC. Ghrelin: a gut-brain hormone: effect of gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2003 ; 13: 17-22 (Pubitemid 36250233)
90. Tritos NA, Mun E, Bertkau A, Grayson R, Maratos-Flier E, Goldfine A. Serum ghrelin levels in response to glucose load in obese subjects post-gastric bypass surgery. Obes Res. 2003 ; 11: 919-924 (Pubitemid 41137501)
91. Leonetti F, Silecchia G, Iacobellis G, et al. Different plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 ; 88: 4227-4231 (Pubitemid 37153724)
92. Couce M, Cottam D, Esplen J, Teijeiro R, Schauer PR, Burguera B. Central vs. peripheral ghrelin: impact on human obesity. NAASO annual meeting. Obes Res. 2003 ; 11 (suppl). A35
93. Holdstock C, Engstrom BE, Ohrvall M, Lind L, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA. Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 ; 88: 3177-3183 (Pubitemid 36877491)
94. Deram S, Villares SM. Genetic variants influencing effectiveness of weight loss strategies. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 ; 53: 129-138
95. Hainer V, Zamrazilova H, Spalova J, et al. Role of hereditary factors in weight loss and its maintenance. Physiol Res. 2008 ; 57 (suppl 1). S1 - S15
96. Hetherington MM, Cecil JE. Gene-environment interactions in obesity. Forum Nutr. 2010 ; 63: 195-203
97. Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, et al. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 ; 14: 529-644 (Pubitemid 46219737)
98. Werrij MQ, Jansen A, Mulkens S, Elgersma HJ, Ament AJ, Hospers HJ. Adding cognitive therapy to dietetic treatment is associated with less relapse in obesity. J Psychosom Res. 2009 ; 67: 315-324
99. Middlesex, UK: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011
100. Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet. 2007 ; 369: 71-7 (Pubitemid 46027230)
101. ManatiPR. Pfizer USPI, 00674, August2010. www.pfizer.com/files/products/ uspi-didrex.pdf
102. Aliso Viejo, CA: Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America ; 2007
103. Alger S, Larson K, Boyce VL, et al. Effect of phenylpropanolamine on energy expenditure and weight loss in overweight women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 ; 57: 120-126 (Pubitemid 23039880)
104. James WP, Astrup A, Finer N, et al. Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomised trial. STORM Study Group. Sibutramine Trial of Obesity Reduction and Maintenance. Lancet. 2000 ; 356: 2119-2125