Radiocarbon-dated archaeological record of early first millennium B.C. mounted pastoralists in the Kunlun Mountains, China

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 108, Issue 38, 2011, Pages 15733-15738

  Wagner, Mayke ^a   Wu, Xinhua ^b   Tarasov, Pavel ^c   Aisha, Ailijiang ^b   Bronk Ramsey, Christopher ^d   Schultz, Michael ^e   Schmidt Schultz, Tyede ^e   Gresky, Julia ^a  

^a GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^b CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES   (China)

^c FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bronze age; Climate change; Horse riding; Socioeconomic models

Indexed keywords

CHARCOAL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARCHEOLOGY; ARTICLE; BONE; CHILD; CHINA; FEMALE; GOAT; HORSE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; MUSCLE STRAIN; NONHUMAN; POSTHUMOUS CARE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOMETRIC DATING; SCHOOL CHILD; SEA LEVEL; SHEEP; SKELETON; SKULL; WAR; WOOD;

ALTITUDE; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; ARCHAEOLOGY; BONE AND BONES; BURIAL; CEMETERIES; CHINA; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; GEOGRAPHY; GOATS; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HORSES; HUMANS; RADIOMETRIC DATING; SHEEP; SKELETON;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 80053153330     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105273108     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Khazanov AM (1984) Nomads and the Outside World (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK).
2. Renfrew C (2002) Pastoralism and interaction: Some introductory questions. Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia, eds Boyle K, Renfrew C, Levine M (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK), pp 1-10.
3. Levine M, Renfrew C, Boyle K, eds (2003) Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK).
4. Parzinger H (2006) Die Frühen Völker Eurasiens [The Early Peoples of Eurasia] (C. H. Beck, Munich) (German).
5. Gryaznov MP (1980) Arzhan. Zarskii kurgan ranneskifskogo vremeny [Arzhan. Royal Tomb from the Early Scythian Period] (Nauka, Leningrad, Russia) (Russian).
6. Menghin W, Parzinger H, Nagler A, Nawroth M, eds (2007) Im Zeichen des Goldenen Greifen: Königsgräber der Skythen [Under the Sign of the Golden Griffin: The Royal Tombs of the Scythians] (Prestel, Munich) (German).
7. Čugunov KV, Parzinger H, Nagler A (2010) Der skythenzeitliche Fürstenkurgan Aržan 2 in Tuva [The Scythian-Period Royal Kurgan Arzhan 2 in Tuva] (Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, Germany) (German).
8. Yablonsky LT (2001) "Scythian Triad" and "Scythian World" kurgans. Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age, eds Davis-Kimball J, Murphy EM, Koryakova L, Yablonsky LT (BAR 890, Oxford) pp 3-8.
9. Kradin N (2002) Nomadism, evolution and world-systems: Pastoral societies in theories of historical development. J World-Systems Research 8:368-388.
10. Kohl PL (2007) The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge).
11. Koryakova LN, Epimakhov AV (2007) The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge).
12. Barnard H, Wendrich W, eds (2008) The Archaeology of Mobility (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, Los Angeles).
13. Hanks B (2010) Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia. Annu Rev Anthropol 39:469-486.
14. Allard F, Erdenebaatar D (2005) Khirigsuurs, ritual and mobility in the Bronze Age of Mongolia. Antiquity 79:547-563. (Pubitemid 41341911)
15. Chang C (2008) Mobility and sedentism of the Iron Age agropastoralists of Southeast Kazakhstan. The Archaeology of Mobility, eds Barnard H, Wendrich W (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, Los Angeles) pp 329-342.
16. Frachetti MD (2008) Variability and dynamic landscapes of mobile pastoralism in ethnography and prehistory. The Archaeology of Mobility, eds Barnard H, Wendrich W (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, Los Angeles) pp 366-396.
17. Jacobson-Tepfer E (2008) The emergence of cultures of mobility in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. The Archaeology of Mobility, eds Barnard H, Wendrich W (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, Los Angeles) pp 200-229.
18. Shishlina NI, Gak EI, Borisov AV (2008) Nomadic sites of the South Yergueni Hills on the Eurasian Steppe. The Archaeology of Mobility, eds Barnard H, Wendrich W (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at University of California, Los Angeles) pp 230-249.
19. Boyle K, Renfrew C, Levine M, eds (2002) Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK).
20. Scott EM, Alekseev AY, Zaitseva G, eds (2004) Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).
21. Hanks BK, Linduff KM, eds (2009) Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia-Monuments, Metals, and Mobility (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge).
22. Zaitseva GI, et al. (1998) A tree-ring and 14C chronology of the key Sayan-Altai monuments. Radiocarbon 40:571-580. (Pubitemid 29120824)
23. Wu XH, et al. (2006) Das Gräberfeld Liushui des 9. bis 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. im Kunlun-Gebirge, NW-China [Graveyard Liushui of the ninth to seventh century B.C. in the Kunlun Mountains, NW-China]. Eurasia Antiqua, 12:173-191 (German).
24. Schultz M, Schmidt-Schultz TH, Wu XH (2007) Ergebnisse der paläopathologischanthropologischen Untersuchung der menschlichen Skeletfunde aus dem Grab 26 von Liushui, Xinjiang (China). Eurasia Antiqua, 13:181-197 (German).
25. Gresky J, Wu XH, Wagner M, Schmidt-Schultz T, Schultz M (2008) Alltagsstress in Liushui: Krankheitsbilder des Bewegungsapparates im bronzezeitlichen Westchina. Eurasia Antiqua, 14:167-191 (German).
26. Reimer PJ, et al. (2009) IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51:1111-1150.
27. Bronk Ramsey C (2009a) Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51: 337-360.
28. Bronk Ramsey C (2009b) Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 51:1023-1045.
29. Beijing Shi wen wu yan jiu suo, ed (2007) Jundushan mu di-Yuhuangmiao [Jundushan Graveyard-Yuhuangmiao] (Wenwu, Beijing) (Chinese).
30. Fitzhugh WW (2009) Pre-Scythian ceremonialism, deer stone art, and cultural intensification in NorthernMongolia. Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia-Monuments, Metals, and Mobility, eds Hanks BK, Linduff KM (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge) pp 378-411.
31. Han JY (2007) Xinjiang de qing tong shi dai he zao qi tie qi shi dai wen hua [Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cultures of Xinjiang] (Wenwu, Beijing) (Chinese).
32. Wagner M, Parzinger H (1999) Bemerkungen zur inneren Gliederung der spätbronzezeitlichen Kultur Oberes Xiajiadian und deren Bedeutung für die südsibirische Kulturentwicklung. Eurasia Antiqua, 4:37-72 (German).
33. Wu EY (2007) Beifang cao yuan kao gu xue wen hua yan jiu [Studies on Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Steppes] (Kexue, Beijing) (Chinese).
34. Xinjiang wen wu kao gu yan jiu suo (2004) Tashkurgan xian Xiabandi mu di kao gu fa jue bao gao [Excavation report on the Xiabandi graveyard in Tashkurgan county]. Xinjiang Wenwu, 75:1-59 (Chinese).
35. Debaine-Francfort C, Idriss A, eds (2001) Keriya, mémoires d'un fleuve, Archéologie et civilisation des oasis du Taklamakan [Keriya, Studies of a River, Archaeology and Civilization of the Oasis of Taklamakan] (Findakly, Paris) (French).
36. Shou WH, et al. (2010) Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians. J Hum Genet 55:314-322.
37. Xinjiang wen wu kao gu yan jiu suo (2007) 2003 nian Luobupo Xiaohe mu di fa jue jian bao [Short report on the 2003 excavation of Xiaohe graveyard, Lop Nor]. Xinjiang Wenwu, 1:1-54 (Chinese).
38. Li C, et al. (2010) Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age. BMC Biol 8:15.
39. Academia Turfanica Xinjiang, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2011) Excavation on the Yanghai Cemetery in Shanshan (Piqan) County, Xinjiang. Kaogu Xuebao 1:99-150.
40. Xinjiang wen wu kao gu yan jiu suo, Turfan di qu bo wu guan (2002) Xinjiang Shanshan xian Subeshi yi zhi ji mu di [Settlement and graveyard Subeshi in Shanshan County, Xinjiang]. Kaogu, 6:42-57 (Chinese).
41. Domrös M, Peng G (1988) The Climate of China (Springer, Berlin).
42. Yuan J, Han JL, Blench R (2008) Livestock in ancient China: An archaeozoological perspective. Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics, and Genetics, Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, eds Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross MD, Peiros I, Lin M (Routledge, New York) pp 84-104.
43. Wagner M (2001) Kayue-ein Fundkomplex des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. am Nordwestrand des chinesischen Zentralreiches [Kayue-A cultural complex of the second millennium B.C. at the northwestern periphery of the central Chinese Empire]. Migration und Kulturtransfer [Migration and Cultural Transfer], eds Eichmann R, Parzinger H (Habelt, Bonn, Germany) pp 37-56 (German).
44. Xu XG, et al. (2003) Results of the first archaeological excavation and environmental survey at Fengtai, Qinghai Province, PR China, in 2001. Eurasia Antiqua 9:85-111.
45. Frachetti MD (2009) Differentiated landscapes and non-uniform complexity among Bronze Age societies of the Eurasian Steppe. Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia -Monuments, Metals, and Mobility, eds Hanks BK, Linduff KM (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge) pp 19-46.
46. Jäkel D, Zhu ZD (1991) Reports on the 1986 Sino-German Kunlun Shan Taklimakan- Expedition organized by the Institute of Desert Research, Academia Sinica (IDRAS), Lanzhou, and the Institute of Physical Geography of the Free University of Berlin. Die Erde 6:1-200.
47. Han JY (2008) Zhongguo xi bei di qu xian Qin shi dai de zi ran huan jing yu wen hua fa zhan [Natural Environment and Cultural Development in Northwestern China before the Qin Dynasty] (Wenwu, Beijing) (Chinese).
48. Tarasov P, Jin GY, Wagner M (2006) Mid-Holocene environmental and human dynamics in north-eastern China reconstructed from pollen and archaeological data. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 241:284-300. (Pubitemid 44601936)
49. Rudaya N, et al. (2009) Holocene environments and climate in the Mongolian Altai reconstructed from the Hoton-Nur pollen and diatom records: A step towards better understanding climate dynamics in Central Asia. Quat Sci Rev 28:540-554.
50. Kleinen T, Tarasov P, Brovkin V, Andreev A, Stebich M (2011) Comparison of modeled and reconstructed changes in forest cover through the past 8000 years: Eurasian perspective. Holocene 21:723-734.
51. Jones-Bley K, Zdanovich DG, eds (2002) Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the Third to First Millennium B.C (Institute for the Study of Man, Washington, DC) Vols 1 and 2.
52. Anthony DW(2007) The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton).